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German-Jewish Doctors as Members of the Colonial Health Service in the Dutch East Indies in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

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Jewish Medicine and Healthcare in Central Eastern Europe

Part of the book series: Religion, Spirituality and Health: A Social Scientific Approach ((RELSPHE,volume 3))

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Abstract

In the first half of the nineteenth century, a large number of German doctors entered the colonial health service in the Dutch East Indies. Among them were also a significant number of German-Jews, some of whom came from modern-day Poland. In this article, I will demonstrate that the professional outlook in the Dutch colonial service for Jewish doctors, who were often discriminated in their German home countries, was just as good as for their non-Jewish German counterparts. To this end, I will compare the time for promotion of both groups of doctors. To embed this topic into a broader context, I will start by presenting some general background information on the employment of German doctors in the Dutch military service. Then, I will focus on the Jewish doctors therein by giving some biographical details of each individual – information about their family background, education, career, decoration, and scientific work. Subsequently, I shall make some suggestions about the reasons why German-Jewish doctors entered the Dutch colonial health service, as well as about their “Jewish identity”.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Inspecteur-Generaal van de Geneeskundige Dienst der Land- en Zeemacht 1774–1868, catalog reference number 2.13.62.06, inventory number 237.

  2. 2.

    These numbers I calculated by comparing my database about German doctors in the Dutch colonial health service with the information about colonial health staff given in the Regerings-Almanak van Nederlandsch-Indië (1817 ff.) where all military doctors are yearly listed under the category “Militaire geneeskundige dienst”.

  3. 3.

    Schülein was born in 1850 and died 1915 in The Hague. For his service time in the Dutch army see: Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory number 405 (fol. 87).

  4. 4.

    Lehmann was born 1861, his death date is unknown. For his service time in the Dutch army see: Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory number 408 (fol. 91).

  5. 5.

    Paradies was born in 1872 and died shortly after his arrival in Indonesia in 1899. For his service time in the Dutch army see: Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory number 659 (fol. 1).

  6. 6.

    Hurwitz was born in 1888. According to the Netherlands War Graves Foundation he died in 1946 in Melbourne as a war victim (https://oorlogsgravenstichting.nl/persoon/67979/salomon-hurwitz). Japan had occupied Indonesia from 1942 to 1945 – during this time a lot of Dutch people got imprisoned in camps. Since Hurwitz got naturalized in 1938 he was considered to be Dutch – additionally he was Jewish, so even his German roots couldn’t prevent him from being persecuted and imprisoned: Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken: Stichting Administratie Indische Pensioenen (SAIP), Stamboekgegevens KNIL-militairen, met Japanse Interneringskaarten 1942–1996, (Japan), catalog reference number 2.10.50.03, inventory number 433. For his service time in the Dutch army see the same archive, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory number 663 (fol. 17).

  7. 7.

    Another German-Jewish doctor, Hermann Aschheim (1821–1850), born in Birnbaum (today’s Międzychód in Poland) as the son of the Jewish towel manufacturer Benjamin A., entered the Dutch colonial health services on 7 April 1847. Because he was already dismissed on 9 July 1847, he never went to the Dutch East Indies. Most probably he stayed in the Kingdom of the Netherlands where he died on 23 September 1850 in Utrecht. See Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 255 (fol. 101). For Aschheim’s Jewish background see Genest and Marquardt 2003, p. 366, no. 5150.

  8. 8.

    E.g. Abraham Lilienfeld, born on 24 September 1821 in Marburg – cf. Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Stamboeken Marinepersoneel 1813–1940, catalog reference number 2.12.14, inventory number 20 (fol. 1044).

  9. 9.

    According to the registers of the family Simon (Simche) Bensheim (later Bensbach), which are stored in the Municipal Archive of Mannheim, in 1807 Heinrich was already 6 years old! Either the Dutch sources are incorrect in this point, or Bensbach made himself younger on purpose – in a recruiting appeal from the Dutch government in the Bavarian newspaper Bayerischer Volksfreund from 22 Mai 1837 it can be read that doctors, who wanted to apply for a job as a military doctor in the Dutch East Indies, should not have been older than 30 years. See also Teichfischer 2016.

  10. 10.

    Municipal Archive of Mannheim, family registers (1807–1900), family of Simon (Simche) Bensheim, later Bensbach.

  11. 11.

    Verzeichnis des Personals und der Studierenden/Würzburg 1830/31, p. 11; 1832, p. 12. Toepke 1904, p. 496; Adressbuch der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität/Heidelberg,1836/37, p. 13.

  12. 12.

    Kössler 1970, p. 6. Apparently, Bensbach was not enrolled as a student of the university in Gießen, see Kössler 1976. A written doctoral thesis also doesn’t exist. In the so called “Dekanatsbuch” of the medical faculty of Gießen (University Archive of Gießen, Med C 1, vol. 4, p. 38) it is written that he graduated on 5 June 1837 and intended to enter the Dutch services on Java.

  13. 13.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 253 (fol. 74), 390 (fol. 106), 650 (fol. 44), 706 (fol. 360).

  14. 14.

    Municipal Archive of Mannheim, family registers (1807–1900), family of Löw/Löb Mayer Benzinger, former Bensheim.

  15. 15.

    Toepke 1904, p. 591; Adressbuch der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität/Heidelberg 1840/41, p. 10.

  16. 16.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 254 (fol. 117), 392 (fol. 110), 651 (fol. 26), 665 (fol. 44), 706 (fol. 417).

  17. 17.

    J. L. Berliner entered the military health service of the Dutch Navy on 15 April 1826 as an appointed health officer 3rd class; see Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Stamboeken Marinepersoneel 1813–1940, catalog reference number 2.12.14, inventory number 12 (fol. 227). In 1820, the year of Philipp’s birth, he was already divorced from his mother Henriette, as one can take from Breslau’s Jewish register of births – State archives of Saxony, StA-L, inventory 22,310 Familiengeschichtliche Sammlungen des Reichssippenamtes, Jüdische Personenstandsunterlagen, Sig. AS 0824 (Breslau 1812–1820), p. 240, no. 110.

  18. 18.

    So far it is unclear if Berliner studied medicine at a university.

  19. 19.

    The Dutch designation is “Onderscheidingsteken voor Langdurige Dienst als officier” – it was awarded after at least 15 years of service time.

  20. 20.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 255 (fol. 12), 393 (fol. 29), 651 (fol. 49), 665 (fol. 94). Stamboeken en pensioenregisters van militairen KNIL in Oost- en West-Indië 1815–1949, catalog reference number 2.10.50, inventory number 625 (fol. 487). At the end of 1859, Berliner got a 2-year sick leave in Europe from which he apparently didn’t return to the Dutch East Indies.

  21. 21.

    As in the case of Berliner, it is unclear if Borck studied medicine at a university.

  22. 22.

    The Dutch colonial navy was not identical to the Dutch navy at this time – it was a special branch of the colonial army and existed only from 1815 to 1841, see also Hanefeld, Royen 2001, p. 254.

  23. 23.

    The Dutch name is “Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw”, for more information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion

  24. 24.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory number 390 (fol. 12), 650 (fol. 20); Stamboeken en pensioenregisters van Militairen KNIL in Oost- en West-Indië 1815–1949 (1954), catalog reference number 2.10.50, inventory number 624 (fol. 359). Borck’s death date is documented here: Prussian Privy State Archives (GStA PK), VIII. HA J 1 registers of Jews and dissidents (Berlin), no. 61 deceased, 1872–1874.

  25. 25.

    Verzeichnis der Studirenden/Bonn SS 1831, n. p.; Toepke 1904, p. 503; Adressbuch der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität/Heidelberg 1832/33, p. 18; 1833, p. 14.

  26. 26.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 252 (fol. 108), 389 (fol. 35), 393 (fol. 37), 649 (fol. 64), 706 (fol. 325); Ministerie van Koloniën: Stamboeken Burgerlijke Ambtenaren 1836–1936, catalog reference number 2.10.36.22, inventory number 903 (fol. 161, Register: K); Stamboeken en pensioenregisters van militairen KNIL in Oost- en West-Indië 1815–1949, catalog reference number 2.10.50, inventory number 625 (fol. 551).

  27. 27.

    The original name of A. H. A. Gobée was Abraham Moses Gumbel (Gumpil), see Schlitz 2015, p. 2971. His older brother – Carl (Salomon Moses) Gobée (1804–1875) – worked also for the Dutch health services, not in the colonial services, but in the service of the Dutch Army in the Kingdom of the Netherlands itself. This member of the Gobée-family even got an entry in the biographical lexicon of Lindeboom, see Lindeboom 1984, pp. 682–683. For Moses Gumbel see also Stude 2007, p. 78.

  28. 28.

    Toepke 1904, p. 438; Verzeichniß der sämmtlichen Studirenden/Heidelberg 1830/31, p. 28; 1831, p. 29; Adressbuch der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität/Heidelberg 1831/32, p. 21.

  29. 29.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 253 (fol. 23), 390 (fol. 3), 650 (fol. 16), 706 (fol. 348); Inspecteur-Generaal van de Geneeskundige Dienst der Land- en Zeemacht 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.62.06, inventory number 238 (fol. 461); Ministerie van Justitie 1813–1876, catalog reference number 2.09.01, inventory number 4862; Gobée’s death date is documented here: Centre for Genealogy (CBG/The Hague), VIBDNI006448. See also Regerings-Almanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië, 1875, p. 276.

  30. 30.

    The Dutch designation is “Medaille van den Oorlog op Java 1825–1830” – it was awarded for participation in the Java war.

  31. 31.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 194 (fol. 54), 387 (fol. 31), 649 (fol. 19), 705 (fol. 177); Inspecteur-Generaal van de Geneeskundige Dienst der Land- en Zeemacht 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.62.06, inventory number 238 (fol. 259). For Hahn’s death date see Institute for City History/Frankfurt a. M., register of deaths 1881, registry office I, vol. 4, p. 569, no. 236.

  32. 32.

    Merkle 1922, pp. 931, 949. Toepke 1904, p. 286; Verzeichniß der sämmtlichen Studirenden/Heidelberg 1824/25, p. 24.

  33. 33.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Ministerie van Koloniën 1814–1849, catalog reference number 2.10.01, inventory number 3096 (fol. 1); Stamboeken Marinepersoneel 1813–1940, catalog reference number 2.12.14, inventory number 17 (fol. 772). It is unknown when exactly S. I. Hahn came to the Dutch East Indies. Maybe he arrived together with his brother in the beginning of 1827. His death date can be found here: Institute for City History/Frankfurt a. M., register of deaths 1829, vol. 53, p. 566. According to this record Hahn died in “Komeet/Indonesia” – “Komeet” is not an existing place name, but the name of a Dutch war ship from this time, so maybe he died on board of this ship in Indonesia.

  34. 34.

    Verzeichnis des Personals und der Studierenden/Würzburg 1833/34, p. 14.

  35. 35.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 254 (fol. 113), 392 (fol. 81), 651 (fol. 11), 665 (fol. 40), 706 (fol. 413); Ministerie van Justitie 1813–1876, catalog reference number 2.09.01, inventory number 4864; Stamboeken en pensioenregisters van militairen KNIL in Oost- en West-Indië 1815–1949, catalog reference number 2.10.50, inventory number 626 (fol. 699).

  36. 36.

    Central State Archive of Hesse/Wiesbaden, HHStAW Abt. 221 no. 1174.

  37. 37.

    Kössler 1976, p. 78; Verzeichnis der dermaligen Lehrer und Studirenden/Giessen 1823, p. 7; Verzeichnis der Studirenden/Bonn 1824/25, n. p.; 1825, n. p.; Selle 1980 (1937), p. 765.

  38. 38.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 251 (fol. 128), 387 (fol. 45), 649 (fol. 35); Stamboeken en pensioenregisters van militairen KNIL in Oost- en West-Indië 1815–1949, catalog reference number 2.10.50, inventory number 623 (fol. 97).

  39. 39.

    Jolberg’s birthdate can be found in an archival record that deals with his legacy: HStAM inventory 9 a, no. 2395, vol. 5 (1841–1847). In this archival record his forename is written as “Albert”; the name of his parents can be found there as well. Schlich writes “Anton” and gives only the name of the father, see Schlich 1990, p. 105.

  40. 40.

    Birt 1913, p. 534. In 1825, at least according to Schlich, Jolberg was also enrolled as a “chirur. cand.” at the University in Kassel, which is impossible because Jolberg already died in 1824, see Schlich 1990, p. 105.

  41. 41.

    His ship set sail to the Dutch East Indies on 15 June 1822 – at that time it took between 4 and 6 months to sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East Indies.

  42. 42.

    Thus far, I could not find any information about Jolberg’s employment in the Dutch National Archives in The Hague. That Jolberg was employed as a military surgeon in the Dutch East Indies I found in this list: “Tabellarisch overzigt”, 1859, pp. 264–265. This list says that he was engaged in 1824 and died in the same year. According to the investigations of Schlich, in 1824 Jolberg was still in Hesse. He had not emigrated before 1826 to the Netherlands, Schlich 1990, p. 105f. For now, I decided to rely on the Dutch lists because their content is also confirmed by the information given here: State Archive of Hesse/Marburg, HStAM inventory 9 a no. 2395, vol. 5 (1841–1847). The date and place of his death can also be found here: Regerings-Almanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië, 1825, p. 172.

  43. 43.

    Merkle 1922, p. 941; Birt 1913, p. 552.

  44. 44.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 387 (fol. 40), 649 (fol. 32), 666 (fol. 89); Stamboeken en pensioenregisters van militairen KNIL in Oost- en West-Indië 1815–1949, catalog reference number 2.10.50, inventory number 623 (fol. 56).

  45. 45.

    Municipal Archive of Mannheim, family registers (1807–1900), family of Jacob Lindmann.

  46. 46.

    Toepke 1904, p. 559; Adressbuch der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität/Heidelberg 1835/36, p. 16; 1839, p. 18.

  47. 47.

    The Dutch term is “Militaire Willems-Orde”, for more information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Order_of_William

  48. 48.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 254 (fol. 115), 392 (fol. 82), 651 (fol. 15), 665 (fol. 43), 706 (fol. 415); Ministerie van Justitie 1813–1876, catalog reference number 2.09.01, inventory number 4865; Stamboeken en pensioenregisters van militairen KNIL in Oost- en West-Indië 1815–1949, catalog reference number 2.10.50, inventory number 626 (fol. 762).

  49. 49.

    So far, I couldn’t find any information about Morawski’s time as a student. Maybe he studied in Breslau or Königsberg.

  50. 50.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 389 (fol. 71), 650 (fol. 3). Morawski’s death date and place are also documented here: Regerings-Almanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië, 1850, p. 451.

  51. 51.

    Apparently, the family assumed the surname “Pariser” later – in the Jewish birth register of Fraustadt the name of Bernhard Nathan’s father is simply “Jacob Thomas Nathan” (see State archives of Saxony, StA-L, inventory 22,310 Familiengeschichtliche Sammlungen des Reichssippenamtes, Jüdische Personenstandsunterlagen, Sig. AS 3556–3 (Fraustadt 1802–1833), p. 16). Even in the matriculation register of the university in Berlin his name is given only as “Bernhard Nathan”, without the surname “Pariser” (Matrikel-Nr. 302).

  52. 52.

    Pariser enrolled at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University in Berlin on 17 April 1824 under the surname “Nathan” – Bahl and Ribbe 2010a, p. 252, no. 302. On 6 May 1835 he enrolled for the second time, now under the surname “Pariser”. Finally, he was exmatriculated on 10 August 1835.

  53. 53.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 253 (fol. 9), 389 (fol. 90), 650 (fol. 10), 706 (fol. 343); Stamboeken en pensioenregisters van militairen KNIL in Oost- en West-Indië 1815–1949, catalog reference number 2.10.50, inventory number 621 (fol. 1326). Pariser’s death certificate is documented in Het Utrechts Archief – Burgerlijke Stand Utrecht, Toegang 481, inv. nr. 1189–03, aktenr. 322. Here one can read that he died in a hospital for mentally ill people (the so called “Krankzinnigengesticht”).

  54. 54.

    Toepke 1904, p. 499; Adressbuch der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität/Heidelberg 1832/33, p. 28; 1836, p. 21.

  55. 55.

    University Archive of Heidelberg, inventory H-III, Sign. 111/038, fol. 352–383.

  56. 56.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 253 (fol. 39), 390 (fol. 47), 650 (fol. 28), 706 (fol. 350).

  57. 57.

    Toepke 1904, p. 449; Adressbuch der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität/Heidelberg 1831/32, p. 33; 1835, p. 19.

  58. 58.

    University Archive of Heidelberg, inventory H-III, Sign. 111/036, fol. 63–70, 74–100; H-III, Sign. 111/038, no. 11; fol. 41.

  59. 59.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 391 (fol. 86), 650 (fol. 78), 706 (fol. 386).

  60. 60.

    Erler 1911, p. 747; Bahl and Ribbe 2010a, p. 263, no. 596, b, p. 418, no. 363.

  61. 61.

    From 1854 to 1856, Schwarz got a 2-year home leave after which he didn’t return to the Dutch East Indies. Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 253 (fol. 8), 389 (fol. 82), 650 (fol. 7), 706 (fol. 342); Stamboeken en pensioenregisters van militairen KNIL in Oost- en West-Indië, 1815–1949, catalog reference number 2.10.50, inventory number 624 (fol. 331).

  62. 62.

    Bahl and Ribbe 2010a, p. 179, no. 301; University Archive Halle-Wittenberg, UAHW, Rep. 46, Nr. 9 (1820–1826); Selle 1980 (1937), p. 702; Merkle 1922, p. 972.

  63. 63.

    University Archive of Göttingen, med. Prom. 1824, Heinrich Straus.

  64. 64.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 387 (fol. 34); Ministerie van Koloniën 1814–1849, catalog reference number 2.10.01, inventory number 3096 (fol. 2). Strauss’ death date is documented here: Kallmorgen 1936, p. 426.

  65. 65.

    Falk was born in 1806 and died in 1849 in Palembang (Indonesia). The name of his father, who was a merchant, was “Hermann Judas F.”; his mother’s name was “Rebecca Gints”. I could not find any birth certificate that documents the birth of Falk – neither in the catholic nor in the protestant parish registers of Rawitsch. Falk’s “stamboeken” can be found here: Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 255 (fol. 64, 79), 393 (fol. 125), 651 (fol. 78), 668 (fol. 31, 41).

  66. 66.

    Danziger was born in 1814 – his death date is unknown (after 1843). Danziger’s parents were Eduard Danziger and Caroline Jakobowska – both surnames can be found in the Jewish birth register of Fraustadt - State archives of Saxony, StA-L, inventory 22,310 Familiengeschichtliche Sammlungen des Reichssippenamtes, Jüdische Personenstandsunterlagen, Sig. AS 3556–3 (Fraustadt 1802–1833). In the matriculation register of the University of Leipzig where he studied one can find the information that he was catholic. Maybe his family got converted to Catholic before his birth, as I couldn’t find him or his parents in the birth register. His “stamboeken” can be found here: Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 253 (fol. 6), 389 (fol. 77), 650 (fol. 4), 706 (fol. 338).

  67. 67.

    Bloch was born in 1808 and died in 1860 in Breda (NL). The name of his father, who was a merchant, was Is(aac) Behrend Bloch (especially the forename of his father is a typical Jewish one, but also the surname was very common among Jews); his mother’s name was Johanna Broddi. In the curriculum vitae of his dissertation Bloch wrote that he was Protestant. Since I couldn’t find him in the Protestant parish register of Meseritz, his family was maybe Jewish and he or his family got converted later. Unfortunately, the Jewish birth register of Meseritz starts only in 1817, so I couldn’t check it for Bloch’s birth. His “stamboeken” can be found here: Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 391 (fol. 81), 650 (fol. 79), 706 (fol. 388).

  68. 68.

    Institute for City History Frankfurt/Main, Senatssupplikationen 205/770.

  69. 69.

    Ida Ascherberg was born on 10 August in 1837 in Köthen as the daughter of Itzig Ascherberg, who was the brother of Ludwig – this information I got from the municipal archive in Köthen. Her death certificate is stored in The Hague’s municipal archive: Haags Gemeentearchief, ‘s-Gravenhage Overlijden 1906 serie, Akte 3617.

  70. 70.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Stamboeken Marinepersoneel 1813–1940, catalog reference number 2.12.14, inventory number 10 (fol. 47).

  71. 71.

    Institute for City History Frankfurt/Main, Senatssupplikationen 146/10.

  72. 72.

    Institute for City History Frankfurt/Main, Senatssupplikationen 205/770.

  73. 73.

    Information about their promotion I took from the “stamboeken” of the health officers.

  74. 74.

    There is also one German doctor – Ernst Wilhelm Rauch (1802–1839), born in Hessen/Osterwieck (Duchy of Brunswick) – who entered the colonial service as a soldier and died as an appointed student of surgery (“élève van chirurgie”), see also Fig. 9.3.

  75. 75.

    Dutch National Archives, The Hague, Dienstaten en stamboeken der officieren van de Koninklijke Landmacht en van de koloniale troepen in Nederland 1814–1940, catalog reference number 2.13.04, inventory numbers 253 (fol. 14), 389 (fol. 90), 706 (fol. 346).

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  1. Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

    Philipp Teichfischer

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  1. Department of Social Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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  4. Department of Historical Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany

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  5. Institute for the History of Medicine and Medical Ethics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany

    Fritz Dross

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Teichfischer, P. (2019). German-Jewish Doctors as Members of the Colonial Health Service in the Dutch East Indies in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century. In: Moskalewicz, M., Caumanns, U., Dross, F. (eds) Jewish Medicine and Healthcare in Central Eastern Europe. Religion, Spirituality and Health: A Social Scientific Approach, vol 3. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92480-9_9

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