Abstract
As the nineteenth century progressed, so did a growing infatuation with innovation. Philosophical discussions, national languages and literatures, new technologies, and the pure possibilities of sound were just some of the factors that shaped how composers, performers, and audiences thought about music. Larger-than-life personalities captured the public’s attention, as Russell Sherman discusses in regard to Franz Liszt and Tony Palmer does for Richard Wagner. Legendary performers discuss composers who have had significant influences on their careers: Leif Ove Andsnes on Edvard Grieg, Marureen Forrester on Gustav Mahler, Mark Markham on French Impressionists, Rudolf Firkušńy on Leoš Janáček, and György Sándor on Béla Bartók.
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- 1.
Liszt might have agreed with the depressive atmosphere associated with post-World War II existentialism in Europe , but he would have argued strongly against Sartre’s adamant atheism.
- 2.
An example of an augmented chord or triad is [C – E - G-sharp]. A whole-tone scale beginning on C is spelled [C - D – E – F-sharp – G# – A-sharp /C].
- 3.
Built on C, an augmented sixth is written C-A#. Built on C, the devil’s interval —also known as the diabolus in musica—is written C-F#. Again, I’m not sure this note is necessary for the reasons stated earlier.
- 4.
On the piano, a rapid alternation between any two notes or chords.
- 5.
Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961) believed everyone is born with innate images or archetypes of such things as fatherhood, masculinity, femininity, and death.
- 6.
Ludwig II (1854–1886) was King of Bavaria from 1864 until his death in 1886. Prior to German nationhood in 1871, Bavaria was an independent kingdom.
- 7.
A “green room” serves as a waiting room for musicians before and after a performance as well as during concerts when they’re not called upon to perform.
- 8.
Or “five-note” scale. On C the five notes are C, D, E, G, and A.
- 9.
In previous generations, Czech and Slovak proper names were often “Germanized”: thus “Jan Stamic” became “Johann Stamitz.” Today Czech and Slovak names are more often spelled in their original forms.
- 10.
With rhythmic freedom. Rubato is often employed in Romantic piano music, less often in Classical and modern music.
- 11.
Budapest became a single city in 1873, when Buda was joined by Buda and Óbuda (both on one side of the Danube) and Pest (on the other side).
- 12.
Often employed erroneously as synonyms for each other, “atonal” music is simply music without a discernible key. “Polytonal” music employs two or more keys at the same time. “Dodecaphonic” or twelve-tone music, on the other hand, was a strict system of atonal composition more or less invented by Schoenberg and practiced by Webern and Alban Berg (1885–1935). It was considered the most characteristic kind of “modern” art music until the 1960s and 1970s introduced minimalism , paper music, and other postmodern musical styles.
- 13.
Every vibrating body within an atmosphere produces overtones, notes above the primary note. The first few overtones outline a tonic chord.
- 14.
Ditta Pásztorsy-Bartók (1903–1982), Hungarian pianist and Bartók’s second wife.
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Tibbetts, J. (2018). From Romanticism Toward Modernism. In: Tibbetts, J., Saffle, M., Everett, W. (eds) Performing Music History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92471-7_7
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