Abstract
Until now, international climate change policy has neglected the potential of agroecosystems to contribute to climate change mitigation by reduction in net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and by enhancing soil inorganic carbon (SIC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. Proven agricultural practices for creating a positive soil C balance such as those under the umbrella of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) are readily available. In the future, the importance of soil C stocks for climate change mitigation will be addressed by the target of Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and land- and soil-related targets for achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Further, many nationally determined contributions (NDCs) submitted to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) after the 2015 Paris Agreement include references to soil enhancement and to the necessity of better soil management practices. Similarly, an ambitious goal to increase global soil C stocks of managed agricultural land by 0.4% per year in the topsoil was set by the ‘4 Per 1000 Initiative : Soils for Food Security and Climate’ (4p1000). Based on this, spatially diversified strategies need to be developed to sequester SOC in agroecosystems by addressing limitations imposed by nutrient (i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus) availability, and due consideration of economic and social aspects. Thus, meaningful actions that help to restore and protect soils of agroecosystems including their SOC stocks have been initiated recently. It is hoped that soils of agroecosystems will increasingly be managed to address climate climate change while at the same time contributing to food security under increasing pressure from population growth and dietary changes. This chapter begins with an overview over some practices to enhance soil C stocks in agroecosystems for climate and food security. This is followed by a description of previously proposed climate change mitigation policies and their reference to agroecosystems soil C stocks. Then, a brief overview over CSA, carbon farming , and the soil security framework is given. This chapter concludes with a section on payments for ecosystem services (ESs).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Akhtar-Schuster M, Stringer LC, Erlewein A et al (2017) Unpacking the concept of land degradation neutrality and addressing its operation through the Rio Conventions. J Environ Manage 195:4–15
Arriagada R, Perrings C (2013) Making payments for ecosystem services work. In: Kumar P, Thiaw I, Barker T (eds) Values, payments and institutions for ecosystem management: a developing country perspective. Edward Elgar Publishing Cheltenham, UK
Aubert PM, Treyer S, Sablé AL, et al (2017) Implementing the “4 per 1000” initiative: contribution for the establishment of a reference/normative framework. IDDRI Policy Brief N°02/17 JANUARY 2017
Augusto L, Achat DL, Jonard M, Vidal D, Ringeval B (2017) Soil parent material—a major driver of plant nutrient limitations in terrestrial ecosystems. Glob Change Biol 23:3808–3824. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13691
Australian Government (2012) Carbon Credits (Carbon farming initiative) Act 2011. Australian Government, Canberra
Baveye PC, Berthelin J, Tessier D, Lemaire G (2018) The “4 per 1000” initiative: A credibility issue for the soil science community? Geoderma 309:118–123
Becker K, Lawrence P (2014) Carbon farming: the best and safest way forward? Carbon Manage 5:31–33
Bispo A, Andersen L, Angers DA et al (2017) Accounting for carbon stocks in soils and measuring GHGs emission fluxes from soils: do we have the necessary standards? Front Environ Sci 5:41. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2017.00041
Boer BW, Ginzky H, Heuser IL (2017). International soil protection law: history, concepts and latest developments. In: Ginzky H, et al (eds) International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2016. Springer International Publishing AG, pp 49–72
Bouma J (2015) Reaching out from the soil-box in pursuit of soil security. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 61:556–565
Boysen LR, Lucht W, Gerten D et al (2017) The limits to global-warming mitigation by terrestrial carbon removal. Earth’s Future 5:463–474. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016EF000469
Buchner BK, Oliver P, Wang X, et al (2017) Global landscape of climate finance 2017. Climate policy initiative. https://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/2017-Global-Landscape-of-Climate-Finance.pdf
Buchner BK, Trabacchi C, Mazza F, Abramskiehn D, Wang D (2015) Global landscape of climate finance 2015. https://climatepolicyinitiative.org/publication/global-landscape-of-climate-finance-2015/
Chabbi A, Lehmann J, Ciais P et al (2017) Aligning agriculture and climate policy. Nat Clim Change 7:307–309
Chambers A, Lal R, Paustian K (2016) Soil carbon sequestration potential of US croplands and grasslands: implementing the 4 per Thousand Initiative. J Soil Water Conserv 71:68A–74A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.71.3.68A
Chatrchyan AM, Erlebacher RC, Chaopricha NT et al (2017) United States agricultural stakeholder views and decisions on climate change. WIREs Clim Change 8:e469. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.469
Claassen R, Cattaneo A, Johansson R (2008) Cost-effective design of agri-environmental payment programs: U.S. experience in theory and practice. Ecol Econ 65:737–752
Costanza R, Arge R, de Groot R et al (1997) The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253–260
Costanza R, de Groot R, Braat L et al (2017) Twenty years of ecosystem services: How far have we come and how far do we still need to go? Ecosyst Serv 28:1–16
Devaraju N, Bala G, Nemani R (2015) Modeling the influence of land-use changes on biophysical and biochemical interactions at regional and global scales. Plant Cell Environ. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12488
De Vries W (2018) Soil carbon 4 per mille: a good initiative but let’s manage not only the soil but also the expectations. Geoderma 309:111–112
Dickie A, Streck C, Roe S, et al (2014) Strategies for mitigating climate change in agriculture: abridged report. Climate Focus and California Environmental Associates, prepared with the support of the Climate and Land Use Allinace. www.agriculturalmitigation.org
Dignac MF, Derrien D, Barré P et al (2017) Increasing soil carbon storage: mechanisms, effects of agricultural practices and proxies. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 37:14
Djanibekov U, Villamor GB (2017) Market-based instruments for risk-averse farmers: rubber agroforest conservation in Jambi Province, Indonesia. Environ Dev Econ 22:133–155
Dong X, Hao Q, Li G, Lin Q, Zhao X (2017) Contrast effect of long-term fertilization on SOC and SIC stocks and distribution in different soil particle-size fractions. J Soils Sediments 17:1054–1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-016-1615-y
Dumbrell NP, Kragt ME, Gibson FL (2016) What carbon farming activities are farmers likely to adopt? Abest–worst scaling survey. Land Use Pol 54:29–37
FAO (2013a) Agriculture, forestry and other land use mitigation project database. Second assessment of the current status of land-based sectors in the carbon market. http://www.fao.org/docrep/017/i3176e/i3176e.pdf
FAO (2013b) Climate-smart agriculture sourcebook. FAO, Rome
FAO (2016) The agriculture sectors in the intended nationally determined contributions: analysis. In: Strohmaier R, Rioux J, Seggel A, Meybeck A, Bernoux M, Salvatore M, Miranda J, Agostini A (eds) Environment and natural resources management Working Paper No. 62. Rome
Forsell N, Turkovska O, Gusti M et al (2016) Assessing the INDCs’ land use, land use change, and forest emission projections. Carbon Balance Manage 11:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-016-0068-3
Gao L, Bryan BA (2017) Finding pathways to national-scale land-sector sustainability. Nature 544:217–235
Graichen J, Healy S, Siemons A, et al (2017) International climate initiatives—a way forward to close the emissions gap? Umweltbundesamt [German Environment Agency] CLIMATE CHANGE 22/2017, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/international-climate-initiatives-a-way-forward-to-0
Green JF (2017) Don’t link carbon markets. Nature 543:484–486
Grima N, Singh SJ, Smetschka B, Ringhofer L (2016) Payment for ecosystem services (PES) in Latin America: analysing the performance of 40 case studies. Ecosyst Serv 17:24–32
Griscom BW, Adams J, Ellis PW et al (2017) Natural climate solutions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114:11645–11650
Hamilton K, Sjardin M, Marcello T, Xu G (2008) Forging a frontier: state of the voluntary carbon markets 2008. Ecosystem Marketplace & New Carbon Finance, New York and Washington, DC
Heitkötter J, Heinze S, Marschner B (2017) Relevance of substrate quality and nutrients for microbial C-turnover in top and subsoil of a Dystric Cambisol. Geoderma 302:89–99
Hermann D, Sauthoff S, Mußhoff O (2017) Ex-ante evaluation of policy measures to enhance carbon sequestration in agricultural soils. Ecol Econ 140:241–250
Hobley E, Baldock J, Hua Q, Wilson B (2017) Land-use contrasts reveal instability of subsoil organic carbon. Glob Change Biol 23:955–965
Johnston AE, Poulton PR, Coleman K, Macdonald AJ, White RP (2017) Changes in soil organic matter over 70 years in continuous arable and ley–arable rotations on a sandy loam soil in England. Eur J Soil Sci 68:305–316
Koch A (2017) Soil security for agricultural productivity: the policy disconnect and a promising future. In: Field DJ, Morgan CLS, McBratney AB (eds) Global Soil Security, Progress in Soil Science. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, pp 425–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43394-3_39
Koch A, McBratney A, Adams M et al (2013) Soil security: solving the global soil crisis. Glob Pol 4:434–441
Koch A, McBratney A, Lal R (2012) Global soil week: put soil security on the global agenda. Nature 492:186
Kust G, Andreeva O, Cowie AL (2017) Land degradation neutrality: concept development, practical applications and assessment. J Environ Manage 195:16–24
Kyoto Protocol (1997) Kyoto protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change adopted at COP3 in Kyoto, Japan, 11 Dec 1997
Lal R (2014) Societal value of soil carbon. J Soil Water Conserv 69:186A–192A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.69.6.186A
Lal R (2016) Beyond COP21: potential and challenges of the “4 per Thousand” initiative. J Soil Water Conserv 71:20A–25A. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.71.1.20A
Lal R (2018) Promoting “4 per thousand” and “adapting African agriculture” by south-south cooperation: conservation agriculture and sustainable intensification. Soil Till Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.12.015
Lal R, Safriel U, Boer B (2012) Zero net land degradation. UNCCD Position Paper for Rioþ20. Bonn, Germany. http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Rioþ20/UNCCD_PolicyBrief_ZeroNetLandDegradation.pdf
Larjavaara M, Kanninen M, Gordillo H et al (2018) Global variation in the cost of increasing ecosystem carbon. Nat Clim Change 8:38–42
Lipper L, Thornton P, Campbell BM et al (2014) Climate-smart agriculture for food security. Nat Clim Change 4:1068–1072
Lorenz K, Lal R (2005) The depth distribution of soil organic carbon in relation to land use and management and the potential of carbon sequestration in subsoil horizons. Adv Agron 88:35–66
Lorenz K, Lal R (2016) Soil organic carbon—an appropriate indicator to monitor trends of land and soil degradation within the SDG Framework? Umweltbundesamt [German Environment Agency] Text 77/2016. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/soil-organic-carbon-an-appropriate-indicator-to
Macintosh A (2013) The carbon farming initiative: removing the obstacles to its success. Carbon Manage 4:185–202
Macintosh A, Waugh L (2012) An introduction to the carbon farming initiative: key concepts and principles. Environ Plan Law J 29:439–461
McBratney A, Field DJ (2015) Securing our soil. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 61:587–591
McBratney A, Field DJ, Koch A (2014) The dimensions of soil security. Geoderma 213:203–213
Minasny B, Arrouays D, McBratney AB et al (2018) Rejoinder to comments on Minasny et al., 2017 Soil carbon 4 per mille Geoderma 292, 59–86. Geoderma 309:124–129
Minasny B, Malone BP, McBratney AB et al (2017) Soil carbon 4 per mille. Geoderma 292:59–86
Minelli S, Erlewein A, Castillo V (2017) Land degradation neutrality and the UNCCD: From political vision to measurable targets. In: Ginzky H, et al. (eds) International yearbook of soil law and policy 2016. Springer International Publishing AG, pp 85–104
Monger HC, Kraimer RA, Khresat S, Cole DR, Wang X, Wang J (2015) Sequestration of inorganic carbon in soil and groundwater. Geology 43:375–378
Morgan CLS, McBratney AB, Field DJ, et al (2017) Synthesis: goals to achieve soil security. In: Field DJ, Morgan CLS, McBratney AB (eds) Global soil security, progress in soil science. Springer International Publishing Switzerland, pp 457–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43394-3_43
Ogle SM, Olander L, Wollenberg L et al (2014) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting agricultural management for climate change in developing countries: providing the basis for action. Glob Change Biol 20:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12361
Orr BJ, Cowie AL, Castillo Sanchez VM et al (2017) Scientific conceptual framework for land degradation neutrality. A report of the science-policy interface. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), Bonn, Germany
Paris Agreement (2015) Adoption of the Paris Agreement. FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1
Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia (2011) Carbon credits (Carbon Farming Initiative) bill. Explanatory Memorandum, Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT
Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia (2014) Carbon farming initiative amendment bill. Explanatory Memorandum. Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, ACT
Paustian K, Lehmann J, Ogle S et al (2016) Climate-smart soils. Nature 532:49–57
Pirard R (2012) Market-based instruments for biodiversity and ecosystem services: a lexicon. Environ Sci Pol 19–20:59–68
Pirard R, Lapeyre R (2014) Classifying market-based instruments for ecosystem service: a guide to the literature jungle. Ecosyst Serv 9:106–114
Porter JR, Howden M, Smith P (2017) Considering agriculture in IPCC assessments. Nat Clim Change 7:680–683
Porter JR, Xie L, Challinor AJ, et al (2014) Food security and food production systems. In: IPCC. 2014. Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, pp 485–533
Rao CS, Gopinath KA, Prasad JVNS, Prasannakumar Singh AK (2016) Climate resilient villages for sustainable food security in tropical India: concept, process, technologies, institutions, and impacts. Adv Agron 140:101–214
Reuters Staff (2010) ICE cuts staff at Chicago climate exchange-sources. https://www.reuters.com/article/carbon-ccx-layoffs/ice-cuts-staff-at-chicago-climate-exchange-sources-idUSLDE6791WI20100812
Ribaudo M, Greene C, Hansen L, Hellerstein D (2010) Ecosystem services from agriculture: steps for expanding markets. Ecol Econ 69:2085–2092
Rioux J, Juan MGS, Neely C, et al (2016) Planning, implementing and evaluating climate-smart agriculture in smallholder farming systems. The experience of the MICCA pilot projects in Kenya and the United Republic of Tanzania. Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture Series 11, FAO, Rome
Roesch-McNally GE, Arbuckle JG, Tyndall JC (2018) Barriers to implementing climate resilient agricultural strategies: The case of crop diversification in the U.S. Corn Belt. Glob Environ Change 48:206–215
Rogelj J, Schleussner CF, Hare W (2017) Getting it right matters: Temperature goal interpretations in geoscience research. Geophys Res Lett 44:10,662–10,665. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL075612
Rosenkranz M, Pugh TAM, Schnitzler JP, Arneth A (2015) Effect of land-use change and management on biogenic volatile organic compound emissions—selecting climate-smart cultivars. Plant Cell Environ. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12453
Rosenstock TS, Lamanna C, Chesterman S, et al. (2016) The scientific basis of climate-smart agriculture: a systematic review protocol. CCAFS Working Paper no. 138. Copenhagen, Denmark: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). https://www.ccafs.cgiar.org
Rumpel C, Lehmann J, Chabbi A (2018) Boost soil carbon for food and climate. Nature 553:27
Safriel U (2017) Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) in drylands and beyond—where has it come from and where does it go. Silva Fennica vol 51 no. 1B article id 1650. 19pp. https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1650
Saj S, Torquebiau E, Hainzelin E, Pages J, Maraux F (2017) The way forward: An agroecological perspective for climate-smart agriculture. Agric Ecosyst Environ 250:20–24
Sanderman J (2012) Can management induced changes in the carbonate system drive soil carbon sequestration? A review with particular focus on Australia. Agric Ecosyst Environ 155:70–77
Sanderman J, Hengl T, Fiske GJ (2017) Soil carbon debt of 12,000 years of human land use. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114:9575–9580
Sattler C, Trampnau S, Schomers S, Meyer C, Matzdorf B (2013) Multi-classification of payments for ecosystem services: how do classification characteristics relate to overall PES success? Ecosyst Serv 6:31–45
Scherer L, Verburg PH (2017) Mapping and linking supply- and demand-side measures in climate-smart agriculture. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 37:66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-017-0475-1
Shi HJ, Wang XJ, Zhao YJ et al (2017) Relationship between soil inorganic carbon and organic carbon in the wheat-maize cropland of the North China Plain. Plant Soil 418:423–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3310-1
Smith P (2016) Soil carbon sequestration and biochar as negative emission technologies. Glob Change Biol 22:1315–1324
Smith P, Bustamante M, Ahammad H, et al (2014) Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU). In: Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y et al (eds) Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 811–922
Smith P, Lutfalla S, Riley WJ et al (2018) The changing faces of soil organic matter research. Eur J Soil Sci 69:23–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12500
Soussana JF, Lutfalla S, Smith P, et al (2017) Letter to the editor: Answer to the viewpoint “Sequestering soil organic carbon: A nitrogen dilemma”. Environ Sci Technol 51:11502–11502. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03932
Streck C, Gay A (2017) The role of soils in international climate change policy. In: Ginzky H et al (eds) International yearbook of soil law and policy 2016. Springer International Publishing AG, pp 105–128
Tang K, Kragt ME, Hailu A, Ma C (2016) Carbon farming economics: what have we learned? J Environ Manage 172:49–57
Tietenberg TH (2006) Emissions trading: principles and practice. Resources for the Future, Washington, DC
Toensmeier E (2016) The carbon farming solution: a global toolkit of perennial crops and regenerative agriculture practices for climate change mitigation and food security. Chelsea Green Publishing, White River Junction, Vermont, USA
Trexler MC, Kosloff LH (2006) Selling carbon neutrality. The Environmental Forum, March/April, pp 34–39
Trumbore SE, Davidson EA, de Camargo PB et al (1995) Belowground cycling of carbon in forests and pastures of Eastern Amazonia. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 9:515–528
Turner WR (2018) Looking to nature for solutions. Nat Clim Change 8:14–21
UNEP (2017) The emissions gap report 2017. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) (2016) Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twelfth session, held in Ankara from 12 to 23 October 2015. Part two: Actions. ICCD/COP(12)/20/Add.1. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), Bonn, Germany
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice UNFCCC SBSTA (2017) Issues relating to agriculture. FCCC/SBSTA/2017/L.24/Add.1
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) (1994) Elaboration of an international convention to combat desertification in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa. Final text of the Convention. A/AC.241/27. http://www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/conventionText/conv-eng.pdf
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) (2015) Draft outcome document of the United Nations summit for the adoption of the post-2015 development agenda. Resolution A/69/L.85, United Nations General Assembly, New York
U.S. Department of Agriculture USDA (2016) Implementation Plan and Progress Report USDA Building Blocks for Climate Smart Agriculture and Forestry May 2016. Washington, D.C.
VandenBygaart AJ (2018) Comments on soil carbon 4 per mille by Minasny et al. 2017. Geoderma 309:113–114
van Groenigen JW, van Kessel C, Hungate BA et al (2017a) Sequestering soil organic carbon: a nitrogen dilemma. Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01427
Van Groenigen JW, van Kessel C, Hungate BA et al (2017b) Response to the letter to the edi-tor regarding our viewpoint “Sequestering soil organic carbon: a nitrogen dilemma”. Envi-ron Sci Technol 51:11503–11504. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b04554
van Oosterzee (2012) The integration of biodiversity and climate change: a contextual assessment of the carbon farming initiative. Ecol Manage Restore 13:238–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12001
Walsh B, Ciais P, Janssens IA et al (2017) Pathways for balancing CO2 emissions and sinks. Nat Commun 8:14856
Wang J, Monger C, Wang X, Serena M, Leinauer B (2016) Carbon Sequestration in response to grassland–shrubland–turfgrass conversions and a test for carbonate biomineralization in desert soils, New Mexico, USA. Soil Sci Soc Am J 80:1591–1603
Way DA, Long SP (2015) Climate-smart agriculture and forestry: maintaining plant productivity in a changing world while minimizing production system effects on climate. Plant Cell Environ 38:1683–1685
White RE, Davidson B, Lam SK, Chen D (2018) A critique of the paper ‘Soil carbon 4 per mille’ by Minasny et al. (2017). Geoderma 309:115–117
Working group report of the scientific committee of the initiative for the Adaptation of African Agriculture to Climate Change (2016) The initiative for the adaptation of African agriculture to climate change (AAA)—White Paper http://www.aaainitiative.org/sites/aaainitiative.org/files/AAA_livre_blanc_ENG.pdf
WunderS Engel S, Pagiola S (2008) Taking stock: a comparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs in developed and developing countries. Ecol Econ 65:834–852
Zamanian K, Pustovoytov K, Kuzyakov Y (2016) Pedogenic carbonates: forms and formation processes. Earth Sci Rev 157:1–17
Zomer RJ, Bossio DA, Sommer R, Verchot LV (2017) Global sequestration potential of increased organic carbon in cropland soils. Sci Rep 7:15554. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15794-8
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media B.V., part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lorenz, K., Lal, R. (2018). Importance of Soils of Agroecosystems for Climate Change Policy. In: Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Ecosystems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92318-5_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92318-5_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-92317-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-92318-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)