Skip to main content

Reinventing Hong Kong Manhua: A Case of the Non-appearance

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: East Asian Popular Culture ((EAPC))

Abstract

Around the mid-2010s, the term kong-man (港漫), short for Hong Kong manhua, became popular in reference to kung fu or fighting theme comics—they were “the” identity of the medium. This chapter argues that this term should be redefined and updated to reflect changes in the field of Hong Kong manhua, specifically the new subjectivity of the non-appearance categories in the field. First, it conducts a divergent analysis of the “original” term manhua by tracing a history of non-lianhuantu (連環圖) works between 1949 and 1986. It then reviews the contemporary landscape of Hong Kong manhua with a focus on government-funded projects launched in the last decade to promote comics. These inquiries lead to questions of representation and blurred boundaries in Hong Kong’s comics industry and the commonly accepted definitions of mainstream and alternative.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbas, A. (1997). Hong Kong: Culture and the politics of disappearance. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ar Faun. (2011). Forty years of unwavering popularity. In C. Lam (Ed.), Kaleidoscope—History of Hong Kong comics exhibition (pp. 21–25). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Arts Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaty, B. (2012). Comics versus art. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bi, K., & Huang, Y. (1986). A history of Chinese cartoons. Beijing: Wenhua yishu chubanshe. [In Chinese] 畢克官、 黄遠林:《中國漫畫史》。北京:文化藝術出版社, 1986 年。

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow, R. (1997). Larry Feign, Ethnographer of a “lifestyle”: Political cartoons from Hong Kong. Boundary 2, 24(2), 21–45. https://doi.org/10.2307/303762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comicavenue. (2015a). Hong Kong Avenue of Comic Stars. (香港漫畫星光大道). Retrieved from https://www.comicavenue.hk/characters-eng

  • Comicavenue. (2015b). Hong Kong Avenue of Comic Stars. (香港漫畫星光大道). Retrieved from https://www.comicavenue.hk/selection-of-display-eng

  • ComiPress. (2007). Does Hong Kong comics have anything other than Kung Fu? Retrieved from https://comipress.com/article/2007/07/01/2231.html

  • CreateHK. (2016). Leaflet of Hong Kong’s Ani-com Landmarks. Retrieved from http://www.createhk.gov.hk/publication/ani_com_landmarks.pdf

  • CreateHK. (2018). CREATEHK—CreateSmart initiative. Retrieved from http://www.createhk.gov.hk/en/approved_projects.htm

  • Crespi, J. A. (2016). Beyond satire: The pictorial imagination of Zhang Guangyu’s 1945 Journey to the West in cartoons. In C. Rojas & A. Bachner (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of modern Chinese literature (pp. 215–244). London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fung, A., & Pun, B. (2016). Discourse and identity in the Hong Kong comic magazine Teddy Boy. Global Media and China, 1(4), 422–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GTO@ACSpirit. (2011). The spread of the independent spirit: Joint Publishing’s support for Hong Kong comics. In C. Lam (Ed.), Kaleidoscope—History of Hong Kong comics exhibition (pp. 103–109). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Arts Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harbsmeier, C. (1984). The cartoonist Feng Zikai: Social realism with a Buddhist face. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  • In, N. (2014). Comic industry in Hong Kong is disappearing. Coconuts. Retrieved from https://coconuts.co/hongkong/features/hong-kongs-comics-industry-proverbially-shreds-biggest-saboteur-internet/

  • Kluver, R. (2000). Comic effects: Postcolonial political mythologies in the World of Lily Wong. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 24(2), 195–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859900024002006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, V. M. (Ed.). (2015). The oral history of kung fu manhua, 1960–2014. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co. Ltd. [In Chinese] 黎明海:《功夫港漫口述歷史 1960–2014》。香港: 三聯書店, 2015 年。.

    Google Scholar 

  • Law, W. (2018). Decolonisation deferred: Hong Kong identity in historical perspective. In W. Lam & L. Cooper (Eds.), Citizenship, identity and social movements in the new Hong Kong: Localism after the umbrella movement (pp. 13–33). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lent, J. (1999). Local comic books and the curse of manga in Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan. Asian Journal of Communication, 9(1), 108–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lent, J. A. (2015). Asian comics. University Press of Mississippi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mather, J. (2017). Hong Kong comics: Reading the local and writing the city. Wasafiri, 32(3), 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/02690055.2017.1322325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, L. (2008). Shanghai style: Art and design between the wars. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing (HK) Company Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rae, C. (2013). ‘He’ll roast all subjects that may need the roasting’: Puck and Mr Punch in nineteenth-century China. In H. Harder & B. Mittler (Eds.), Asian Punches: A transcultural affair (pp. 389–422). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehling, P. (2015). Beyond the crisis: The “chaotic formula” of Hong Kong cinema. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 16(4), 531–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649373.2015.1103015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sze, Y., & Lung, W. (2017). A memoir of kong-man II: The legends of Yuk-long. Hong Kong: Funny School Publishing. [In Chinese] 施仁毅、龍榮俊:《港漫回憶錄II-玉郎傳奇》。香港: 豐林文化出版社, 2017 年。.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takungpao. (2016). Hong Kong Avenue of Comic Stars Ani-com Park@harbor FUN became the landmarks (漫畫星光大道増六角色與動漫樂園成地標). Retrieved January 3, 2018, from http://news.takungpao.com.hk/hkol/topnews/2016-01/3275644_print.html

  • Wong, W. S. (2014). Fifty years of popularity of Theresa Lee Wai-chun and Miss 13-Dot: Changing identities of women in Hong Kong. Journal of International Comic Art, 16(2), 582–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, W. S., & Lee, W. C. (2003). An illustrated history of 13-Dot Cartoon: The work of Lee Wai Chun. Hong Kong: Ng Hing Kee Book & Newspaper Agency. [In Chinese] 黃少儀、李惠珍編著:《十三點漫畫圖鑑》。香港: 吳興記書報社,2003 年。

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Wong, W.S. (2018). Reinventing Hong Kong Manhua: A Case of the Non-appearance. In: The Disappearance of Hong Kong in Comics, Advertising and Graphic Design. East Asian Popular Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92096-2_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics