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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Fruits pp 31–88Cite as

Cherry Breeding: Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) and Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)

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Abstract

This chapter describes the cherry’s origins, botanical classification (taxonomy ) and domestication of the only two species cultivated for food and industrial processing : sweet and sour cherry . Cherry breeding programs worldwide have focused on trees, fruit quality traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic factors as well as on specific local characteristics. A detailed discussion of breeding techniques (crossbreeding , early selection , seedling screening and field assessment, embryo culture and mutagenesis ) follows. A section is dedicated to sour cherry breeding, whose problems differ from those of the sweet cherry . We underline the importance of the knowledge and conservation of genetic resources for their use in genomic approaches. Then, discuss breeding strategies and the new traits that have been introduced in new genotypes through genomics . Germplasm biodiversity is analyzed in its phylogenetic context. Then, the molecular breeding approaches are extensively described with particular attention for gene mapping and the development of marker linked to monogenic and polygenic traits . A section is dedicated to the gametophytic incompatibility of the sweet cherry , with an updated summary of the research conducted to identify the 57 incompatibility groups (the cultivars for each of these are reported). Finally, we take into account other aspects related to breeding in respect to how functional genes affect some fruit characteristics , the strategies used after the cherry genome was sequenced and the potential of genetic engineering . The Appendix provides pomological profiles of 44 of the most important innovative cultivars , according to the descriptive standard of the Brooks and Olmo official lists with each accompanied by original photos to aid in their identification .

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mrs. Clementina Forconi for her valuable assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-Alimentari, Università di Bologna, v.le G. Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy

    Luca Dondini, Stefano Lugli & Silviero Sansavini

Authors
  1. Luca Dondini
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  2. Stefano Lugli
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  3. Silviero Sansavini
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Silviero Sansavini .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendix

Appendix

List of the main sweet cherry varieties available for new orchards. The source of each profile is indicated by the number reported at the bottom as follow: [1] The Brooks & Olmo Register of Fruit & Nut Varieties. ASHS Press; October 1, 1997, 3rd ed. and Register of New Fruit and Nut Cultivars (List 34–48); [2] Reworked by Quero-Garcia J, Schuster M, Lopez-Ortega G, Charlot G (2017) Sweet cherry varieties and improvement . In: Quero-Garcia J, Iezzoni A, Pulawska J, Lang G (eds.) Cherries: botany, production and uses, 60–94.

An asterisk following the variety name signifies “patented name” while ® signifies “registered trade mark name”.

Benton ® PC7146-8*

 

Dark colored, large, shiny cherry with good taste and firmness. Origin Prosser/Washington State University (WSU), USA. Parents: Stella × Beaulieu (1971). Ripening time cherry week 4–5; ca. 19 days after Burlat; about 5 days for Kordia; 2 days before Bing. Fruit characteristics very good fruit quality ; large, firm fruits with a deep red color and light colored flesh. Crack sensitivity. Flowering & Pollination Blooms 7–10 days after Burlat; about the same as Kordia. S-Allelen S4’S9. Productivity : Benton® is self fertile. Despite this, the production on strong rootstocks may leave something to be desired. On the other hand, with weaker rootstocks like cvs. Gisela 5 or 6 the production is good to very good with a risk of excessive fruit bearing and therefore smaller fruits. Growth: Benton® is growing fairly strongly; branches well and has a somewhat upright growth habit [1]

Black Star*

 

Mid-season, dark-red skinned, pink-fleshed cherry . Origin : University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, by S. Sansavini and S. Lugli. Lapins × Burlat; crossed 1985; selected 1992; tested as DCA BO 85.723.002 (D2); introd. 2001. EU PVR 19,951; 2007. Fruit : large; cordate; symmetrical; very firm flesh; very sweet; clingstone; ripens early- to mid-season, 16–18 d after Burlat; medium-long, thick stem; almost fully resistant to rain-induced splitting. Tree: self-fertile; medium-high vigor ; upright; spreading; early bloom, 4 days before Burlat; very productive [1]

Brooks*

 

Origin at Wolfskill Ranch, Univ. of California, Davis, by P.E. Hansche, W. Beres, J. Doyle, and W.C. Micke. Introd. in 1988. Rainier × Early Burlat. Plant pat. 6676, 14 Mar. 1989; assigned to Regents of Univ. of California. Fruit : large; skin dark burgundy red, occasionally some streaking and mottling over basal shoulders; flesh color variable with rays and streaks of red and pink, firm; numerous fibers; nearly freestone without air space; susceptible to rain cracking. Flavor exceptional, sweet, well-balanced, rich; not aromatic; overall quality outstanding. Ripens midway between Early Burlat and Bing; fruit hangs well on tree. Tree slightly smaller than most sweet cherries; upright to upright spreading; hardy in San Joaquin Valley; very productive; annual bearing. Bloom date between Early Burlat and Bing [1]

Carmen*

 

Orig. at Fruitculture Research Institute, NARIC, Hungary by J. Apostol. Parentage: Yellow Dragan (Dogans Gelbe) × H-303 (Germersforfer × open pollination (o.p.)). Tree growth: semi-upright, moderate vigor . S-alleles: S4S5. Productivity : medium to good. Blooming time: early/mid-season. Ripening time: 10–12 days after Burlat. Fruit characteristics : flattened, round, very large, firm, deep red. Resistances/specifics: susceptible to cracking [2]

Celeste ® Sumpaca*

 

High-quality cherry similar to Van but earlier. Origin : in Summerland, British Columbia, by K.O. Lapins and H. Schmidt, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre. Introd. in 1993. Canadian Plant Breeders’ Rights (#0316) granted in 1997 and USPPAF; assigned to Okanogan Plant Improvement Co. Van × Newstar; cross made in 1974, selected in 1981; tested as 13S-24-28. Registered in Europe in 1995 as Sumpaca. Fruit : moderately large, resembling Van with short stems and slightly blocky shape; flesh is dark, firm, sweet; very good flavor ; good tolerance to rain-splitting, somewhat prone to pitting; early ripening , ≈5–7 days before Van. Tree: self-fertile, begins bloom 4 days after Van; semi-compact growth habit; moderate productivity [1]

Chelan*

 

Early-ripening dark red cherry , resistant to powdery mildew. Origin : in Prosser, Wash., by Thomas Toyama and Ed Proebsting, Washington State Univ. Introduced in 1991. USPP 8545; assigned to Washington State Univ. Research Foundation. Stella x Beaulieu; cross made in 1971, sel. in 1978; tested as PC 7146-23. Fruit : medium-large to large, smaller when overcropped; round to broadly cordate, with medium long slender stems; glossy, dark mahogany red skin; exceptionally firm, dark red flesh, juicy with good flavor at full ripeness; less than average susceptibility to rain-induced splitting; ripens 10–12 days before Van. Tree: self-infertile (S3S9), incompatible with Tieton and Burlat); blooms early, 3 days before Van; vigorous, upright-spreading growth habit; very productive; resistant to powdery mildew. Cristalina (Sumnue) [1]

Columbia*

 

Self-fertile midseason dark red cherry . Origin : in Prosser, Wash., by Thomas Toyama, Ed Proebsting, and Gregory Lang, Washington State Univ. Introd. in 2000. USPPAF; assigned to Washington State Univ. Research Foundation. Stella × Beaulieu; cross made in 1971, sel. in 1977; tested as PC 7146-8. Fruit : large, heart-shaped, with moderate length stems; dark red skin; firm, dark red flesh, with an excellent sweet-tart flavor ; less than average susceptibility to rain-induced splitting; ripens midseason, with Van. Tree: self-fertile, blooms late, 3–5 days after Van; vigorous, upright growth habit; good productivity [1]

Cowiche ® PC7903-2*

 

Dark red fruit , large, with very firm flesh, midseason. Origin : Washington State University by T. Toyama, E. Proebsting, G. Lang and M. Whiting. PC7147-4 (Stella × Early Burlat) PC7146-11 (Stella × Beaulieu); tested as PC7903-2; USPP 21,073; 22 June 2010. Fruit : large, cordate; flesh very firm, dark red; skin red-purple; flavor sweet-tart; stem length medium, 40 mm. Tree: vigorous, upright; self-incompatible (S5S9); blooms midseason, just after Bing; ripens midseason, with Bing; very productive [1]

Cristalina ® Sumnue*

 

Early-ripening Bing type. Origin : in Summerland, British Columbia, by K.O. Lapins and H. Schmidt, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre. Introd. in 1996. Canadian Plant Breeder’s Rights (#0318) granted in 1997 and USPPAF; assigned to Okanogan Plant Improvement Co. Star × Van; cross made in 1962, selected in 1968; tested as 2C-61-22. Registered in Europe in 1995 as Sumnue. Fruit : moderately large, resembling Bing (heart-shaped); flesh and skin are dark red; firm, moderately sweet; good tolerance to rain-splitting; can be picked stemless; early-to-midseason ripening , ≈5 days before Van. Tree: self-sterile, begins bloom 1 day after Van; spreading branch habit; very productive [1]

Earlise ® Rivedel* (syn. Early Lory ® )

 

Origin : selected by Pierre Argot, France. Parentage: Starking Hardy Giant × Burlat. Tree growth: semi-upright, medium to strong vigor . S-alleles: S1S9. Productivity : very good. Blooming time: early. Ripening time: 0–4 days before Burlat. Fruit characteristics : reniform round, large, low firmness, red. Resistances/specifics: very susceptible to cracking, not susceptible to mild winters [2]

Fertard*

 

Origin at INRA Grand Ferrade, France. Parentage: Sunburst × o.p. Tree growth: main branches upright, laterals spreading, medium to strong vigor . S-alleles: S3S6. Productivity : medium to good. Blooming time: late to very late. Ripening time: 31–39 days after Burlat. Fruit characteristics : elongated to heart-shaped, large to very large, very firm, dark red. Resistances/specifics: susceptible to cracking, high chilling requirements, sensitive to mild winters [2]

Folfer*

 

Origin at INRA Grand Ferrade, France. Parentage: Arcina® Fercer × o.p. Tree growth: semi-upright, medium to strong vigor . S-alleles: S6S9. Productivity : very good. Blooming time: very early. Ripening time: 7–13 days after Burlat. Fruit characteristics : round, large to very large, very firm, red. Resistances/specifics: susceptible to cracking, double fruit and mild winters [2]

Frisco*

 

Origin at SDR Fruit LLC, California, USA. Parentage: unknown. Tree growth: semi-upright to upright, low vigor . S-alleles: S1S4. Productivity : good. Blooming time: early. Ripening time: 4–7 days after Burlat. Fruit characteristics : reniform, very large, very firm, red to dark red. Resistances/specifics: susceptible to cherry leaf spot [2]

Giant Red* Giant Ruby ®

 

Very large, red cherry well-adapted to warmer climates. Origin : in Lodi, Calif., by Marvin Nies. Introd. in 1995. USPP 9659; Large Red × Ruby; cross made in 1976, sel. in 1982; tested as T 8-22-4. Fruit : very large, globose with prominent shoulders, with moderate length stems; shiny dark red skin; firm, dark red flesh, with excellent mild sweet flavor ; tolerates high temperatures that cause fruit doubles/spurs; average susceptibility to rain-splitting; early-ripening , 8 days before Van. Tree: self-infertile (S alleles unknown), blooms a week before Van; moderately vigorous, open growth habit with wide-angled, pendulous branching; very good precocity [1]

Grace Star*

 

Mid early season, dark-red skinned, pink-fleshed cherry . Origin : University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, by S. Sansavini and S. Lugli. Burlat× o.p.; crossed 1984; selected 1992; tested as DCA BO 84.703.003 (F23); introd. 2001. EU PVR 20,804; 2007. Fruit : large; cordate; symmetrical; semi-firm flesh; sweet; semi-clingstone; ripens mid-early season, 12 days after Burlat; long stem; medium resistance to rain-induced splitting. Tree: self-fertile; medium-high vigor ; semi-upright; mid-season bloom, 2 days after Burlat; very productive [1]

Kiona ® PC8007-2*

 

Dark red fruit , large, early season. Origin : Washington State University by T. Toyama, E. Proebsting, G. Lang and M. Whiting. PC7144-7 (Stella × Early Burlat) PC7144-3 (Stella × Early Burlat); tested as PC8007-2; USPP 20,526; 8 Dec. 2009. Fruit : large, round; flesh firm, red-purple; skin red-purple; flavor excellent; stem medium-long, 43 mm. Tree: semi-vigorous, spreading; self-incompatible (S4S9); blooms late, 6 days after Bing; ripens early, 6–10 days before Bing productive [1]

Kordia

 

As far as fruit characteristics are concerned, Kordia is unmatched so far. The large, dark colored and firm fruits have a very good taste . Due to the high sensitivity to low temperatures in and around the flowering , production is sometimes disappointing. Origin : Found as random seedling in the Czech Republic. Synonyms Techlovicka II, Attika. Ripening in time Cherry week 6. Fruit characteristics : large (Ø 27–29 mm, Ø 10–12 g), heart-shaped, shiny, violet-dark red to black fruits. Very attractive appearance. Firm meat firm, crunchy, very juicy and sweet (15–17 °Brix). Very good taste . Ctifl color: 5–7. Long stems. Crack sensitivity little crack sensitive. Flowering & Pollination : not self-fertile, flowering time: mid-late, S-Allele S3S6. Productivity : early entering production . Production level is strongly influenced by growth level, weather conditions, plot location, pollination etc. Growth with lots of hanging fruit . Tends to scale. Good branching. Particulars sensitive to low temperatures before and during flowering . [1]

Korvik*

 

Dark red fruit , large, late season. Origin : Horice, Czech Republic by V. Ludvik. Kordia × Vic; USPP 22,245; 15 Nov. 2011. Fruit : large, rounded cordate; medium firm; flesh and skin gray purple; sweet, 18 °Brix; stem long, 52 mm. Tree: vigor medium, upright; blooms moderately late, fourth week of April in Horice; ripens late, second week of July; yields very good on dwarfing rootstocks; tolerant to brown rot and cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii), resistant to rain-induced cracking [2]

Pacific Red*

 

Origin at SMS Unlimited, California, USA. Parentage: unknown. Tree growth: shape semi-open, vigor medium-high. S-alelles: S4” S9. Productivity : very high. Blomming time: early. Ripening time: 6 days after Burlat. Fruit characteristics : large (28–32 mm), round-shaped, stem medium, very firm, dark red. Resistances/specifics: relatively tolerant to cracking [2]

Regina

 

Late-season dark red cherry , with excellent tolerance to rain-induced fruit splitting. Origin : in Jork (Hannover), Germany, by Karl-Heinz Tiemann at the Fruit Experiment Station, Jork. Introd. in 1998. USPP 11530; assigned to Jork Fruit Research Station. Schneiders Spate Knorpelkirsche × Rube; tested as Jork 57/201. Fruit : large, slightly heart-shaped, with moderate length stems; attractive dark red skin; very firm, dark red flesh with very good sweet-tart flavor ; excellent tolerance to rain-induced splitting; late ripening , 12–16 days after Van. Tree: self-infertile (S1S3), incompatible with Van and Olympus, blooms late, 4–6 days after Van; vigorous, upright growth habit; moderate precocity and productivity [1]

Rita*

 

Orig. at Fruitculture Research Institute, NARIC, Hungary by J. Apostol. Parentage: Trusenskaja 2 × H-2 (Germersdorfer × o.p.). Tree growth: little pendula, medium vigor . S-alleles: S5S22. Productivity : very good. Blooming time: early. Ripening time: 7–14 days before Burlat. Fruit characteristics : flat to round, medium size, firm, deep red. Resistances/specifics: highly susceptible to cracking, susceptible to Leucostoma canker [2]

Rocket*

 

Orig. at SMS Unlimited, California, USA. Parentage: unknown. Tree growth: semi-upright to upright, low vigor . S-alleles: S1S9. Productivity : medium to good. Blooming time: early. Ripening time: 4–7 days after Burlat. Fruit characteristics : cordiform, large to very large, very firm, red. Resistances/specifics: susceptible to cherry leaf spot [2]

Royal Bailey*

 

Bright red fruit , large, with firm flesh, early season. Origin : Modesto, CA by G.N. Zaiger, L.M. Gardner and G.G. Zaiger. 22ZB383 (Royal Dawn·Minnie Royal) o.p.; USPP 21,835; 5 Apr. 2011. Fruit : large, cordate; flesh firm, red; skin bright red; sweet,18 °Brix; flavor very good; stem length medium-long, 45 mm. Tree: vigorous, upright; self-incompatible; blooms early midseason, early March in Modesto; ripens early, second week of May, 6 days after Burlat; productive, chilling requirement about 750 h [1]

Royal Edie*

 

Red fruit , very large, with firm flesh, late season. Origin : Modesto, CA by G.N. Zaiger, L.M. Gardner and G.G. Zaiger. 92LB341 (Bing O.P. × Royal Dawn) O.P.; USPP 19,365; 21 Oct. 2008. Fruit : very large; round; flesh very firm, red; skin red; sweet, 19 °Brix; flavor very good; stem medium-long, 47 mm; ripens late, first week of June, 10 days after Bing, in Modesto. Tree: vigorous; upright; self-incompatible; productive; blooms late midseason, third week of March in Modesto; chilling requirement 750 h [1]

Royal Hazel*

 

Red fruit , large, with very firm flesh, low chilling requirement, early season. Origin : Modesto, CA by G.N. Zaiger, L.M. Gardner and G.G.Zaiger. 25Z116 (Bing O.P. ×·Bing O.P.) o.p.; USPP 19,920; 14 Apr. 2009. Fruit : large, round to slightly oblate; flesh firm, red; skin red; sweet, 16 °Brix; flavor very good; stem medium-short, 30 mm; ripens early, second week of May, 12 days before Bing, in Modesto. Tree: vigorous, upright; very productive; self-incompatible; blooms midseason, second week of March in Modesto, 10 day before Bing; chilling requirement 500 h [1]

Royal Helen*

 

Red fruit , very large, very sweet, late midseason. Origin : Modesto, CA by G.N. Zaiger, L.M. Gardner and G.G. Zaiger. 92LB341 (Bing O.P. × Royal Dawn) o.p.; USPP 19,595; 23 Dec. 2008. Fruit : very large, round; flesh firm, red; skin red; very sweet, 22 °Brix; flavor very good; stem long, 53 mm; ripens late midseason, first week of June, 8 days after Bing, in Modesto. Tree: vigorous, upright; self-incompatible; productive; blooms late midseason, third week of March in Modesto; chilling requirement 750 h [1]

Royal Tioga*

 

Red fruit , medium to large, with firm flesh, low chilling requirement, very early season. Origin : Modesto, CA by G.N. Zaiger, L.M. Gardner and G.G. Zaiger. 25Z134 (Bing O.P. × Royal Lee) 6GM73 (Bing O.P. × Minnie Royal USPP 22,779; 12 June 2012. Fruit : medium to large, round; skin red; flesh very firm, red; sweet, 16 °Brix; flavor good; stem length medium, 40 mm; ripens very early, late April/early May, 24 days before Brooks, in Modesto. Tree: vigorous, upright; productive; self-compatible; blooms early, late February/early March in Modesto, 10 days before Bing; chilling requirement 500 h [1]

Samba® Sumste*

 

Midseason, dark red cherry that is self-fertile. Origin : in Summerland, British Columbia, by David Lane, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre. Introd. in 1996. Canadian Plant Breeders’ Rights and USPPAF; assigned to Okanogan Plant Improvement Company. 2S-84-10 × Stella; tested as 13S-36-18. Registered in Europe in 1995 as Sumste. Fruit : large, bright and attractive dark red skin; firm, moderately sweet, with good flavor ; good tolerance to rain-splitting; ripens midseason, ≈2 days after Van. Tree: self-fertile, begins bloom 3 days before Van; spurry growth habit; not precocious [1]

Santina*

 

Self-fertile black-skinned cherry . Origin : in Summerland, British Columbia, by K.O. Lapins and H. Schmidt, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre. Introd. in 1996. Canadian Plant Breeders’ Rights and USPPAF; assigned to Okanogan Plant Improvement Company. Stella × Summit; cross made in 1973, selected in 1981; tested as 13S-5-22. Fruit : moderately large, oval with a medium-long stem; black skin; firm flesh, moderately sweet; moderate tolerance to rain-splitting; early-ripening , ≈8 days before Van. Tree: self-fertile, begins bloom 1 day after Van; moderate productivity [1]

Sequoia ® Glenoia*

 

Early midseason, dark red-skinned, red fleshed cherry . Origin : Le Grand, Calif., by L. Glen Bradford. Unnamed seedling open pollinated; seed collected in 1993; selected in 1997; introd. in 2003. USPP 15,157. Fruit : large; oblate; dark red skin; red flesh; dark red juice; firm; clingstone; sweet flavor; ripens early midseason (6 days after Brooks); some resistance to rain-splitting (not as resistant as Tulare). Tree: self-infertile (S alleles unknown; Tulare and Glenred recommended as pollinizer); very early bloom (3 and 5 days before Tulare and Brooks, respectively); medium vigor ; upright; productive [1]

Skeena*

 

Very firm, late-ripening cherry . Origin : in Summerland, British Columbia, by David Lane, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre. Introd. in 1997. Canadian Plant Breeders’ Rights (#0319) granted in 1998 and USPPAF; assigned to Okanogan Plant Improvement Co. 2N60-07 × 2 N-38-32; tested as 13S-42-48. Fruit : large, round, with thick stems; very attractive dark red to black skin; very firm, moderately sweet; good tolerance to rain-splitting; late-ripening , ≈12–16 days after Van. Tree: self-fertile, blooms with Van; spreading growth habit; precocious and very productive [1]

Sonata ® Sumleta*

 

Self-fertile, black-skinned cherry . Origin : Summerland, British Columbia, by David Lane, Pacific AgriFood Research Centre. Introd. in 1996. Canadian Plant Breeders’ Rights (#0317) granted in 1997 and USPPAF; assigned to Okanogan Plant Improvement Company. Lapins × 2N-39-5; tested as 13N-6-59. Registered in Europe in 1995 as Sumleta. Fruit : very large, with long and thick stems; attractive black, lustrous skin; very firm, moderately sweet; susceptible to rain-splitting; mid-to-late ripening , ≈7 days after Van. Tree: self-fertile, begins bloom 1 day after Van; good productivity [1]

Staccato ® 13S2009*

 

Very late-season, red to dark red-skinned, self-fertile cherry . Origin : Summerland, British Columbia, by David Lane and Frank Kappel. Sweetheart open pollinated; seed collected 1982; selected in 1991; tested as 13S-20-09; introd. in 2000. USPP pending; protected in Canada. Fruit : large to very large; flattened cordate; long stems; shiny red to dark red skin; dark red flesh; red juice; very firm; clingstone; sweet flavor; ripens very late season (27 days after Bing); resistant to rain-induced splitting. Tree: self-fertile (S3S4); midseason bloom (same as Bing); moderately vigorous; upright to spreading; precocious; very productive [1]

Sweetheart ® Sumtare*

 

Self-fertile, red-skinned cherry . Origin : in Summerland, British Columbia, by David Lane, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre. Introd. in 1994. Canadian Plant Breeders’ Rights and USPPAF; assigned to Okanogan Plant Improvement Company. Van × Newstar; cross made in 1975; tested as 13S-22-8. Fruit : moderately large, round; red skin and flesh; very firm, moderately sweet with fair to good flavor ; moderate tolerance to rain-splitting; may be susceptible to sunscald under very hot conditions; late-ripening , ≈19–22 days after Van. Tree: self-fertile, begins bloom 1 day before Van; spreading growth habit; precocious and very productive [1]

Sweet Aryana ® PA1UNIBO*

 

Shiny dark red fruit , large, with firm flesh, early season. Origin : University of Bologna, Italy by S. Lugli, R. Correale and M. Grandi. Parentage unknown; tested as DCABO A1A1; USPP 25,996; 20 Oct. 2015. Fruit : large, rounded cordate; flesh firm, dark red; skin shiny, very dark red; sweet, 18°Brix; stem medium-short, 35 mm. Tree: vigorous, spreading, drooping; self-compatible (S3S4), blooms second to third week of April in Vignola, Italy; ripens 14 days before Bing and 4 days after Burlat; very productive. [1]

Sweet Gabriel ® PA3UNIBO*

 

Bright red fruit , very large, with firm flesh, early midseason. Origin : University of Bologna, Italy by S. Lugli, R. Correale and M. Grandi. Parentage unknown; tested as DCABO A1C40; USPP 25,997; 20 Oct. 2015. Fruit : very large, cordate; flesh firm, rose; skin bright purplish-red; sweet, 17°Brix; stem medium short, 34 mm. Tree: vigor moderate to high; habit spreading; self-incompatible (S1S4), blooms second to third week of April in Vignola, Italy; ripens 4 days before Bing; very productive [1]

Symphony ® Selina*

 

Self-fertile, late-ripening cherry . Origin : in Summerland, British Columbia, by David Lane, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre. Introd. in 1997. Canadian Plant Breeders’ Rights (#0321) granted in 1998 and USPPAF; assigned to Okanogan Plant Improvement Company. Lapins × Bing; tested as 13S-25-25. Fruit : moderately large; firm, moderately sweet with a pleasant flavor ; good tolerance to rain-splitting; late-ripening , ≈20 days after Van. Tree: self-fertile, begins bloom 1 day after Van [1]

Sweet Lorenz ® PA2UNIBO*

 

Shiny dark red fruit , very large, with firm flesh, moderately early season. Origin : University of Bologna, Italy by S. Lugli, R. Correale and M. Grandi. Parentage unknown; tested as DCABO A1C27; USPP 25,982; 13 Oct. 2015. Fruit : very large, cordate; flesh firm, rose; skin shiny, very dark red; sweet, 18°Brix; stem length medium, 37 mm. Tree: vigorous; growth habit semi-spreading, branching; self-incompatible (S3S4), blooms second to third week of April in Vignola, Italy; ripens 8 days before Bing; very productive [1]

Sweet Saretta ® PA5UNIBO*

 

Bright red fruit , very large, with firm flesh, late midseason. Origin : University of Bologna, Italy by S. Lugli, R. Correale and M. Grandi. Parentage unknown; tested as DCABO B5A87; USPP 25,972; 6 Oct. 2015. Fruit : very large, cordate; flesh firm, red; skin bright red; sweet, 18–19°Brix; stem length medium, 37 mm. Tree: vigorous, spreading; self-compatible (S3S4); blooms second week of April in Vignola, Italy; ripens 5 days after Bing; very productive [1]

Sweet Valina ® PA4UNIBO*

 

Bright red fruit , very large, with firm flesh, midseason. Origin : University of Bologna, Italy by S. Lugli, R. Correale and M. Grandi. Parentage unknown; tested as DCABO B5D23; USPP 25,981; 13 Oct. 2015. Fruit : very large, cordate; flesh firm, rose; skin bright red; very sweet, 21°Brix; stem length medium, 40 mm. Tree: vigorous, semi-spreading; self-incompatible (S3S4); blooms second to third week of April in Vignola, Italy; ripens 1 day after Bing; very productive [1]

Tamara*

 

Orig. at Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy, Czech Republic. Parentage: Krupnoplodnaja × Van. S-alleles: S1S9. Productivity : very good. Blooming time: medium late. Ripening time: 28 days after Burlat. Fruit characteristics : very large, wide heart-shaped form, dark to black red, firm, crunchy flesh. Resistances/specifics: relatively tolerant to cracking [2]

Tehranivee*

 

Self-fertile, upright cherry ripening in midseason. Origin : in Vineland Station, Ontario, by Ghassem Tehrani, Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario. Introd. in 1996. Canadian Plant Breeders’ Rights (#0327) granted in 1997. Van × Stella; cross made in 1969, selected in 1982; tested as V690620. Fruit : large, flat-round shaped and symmetrical, with a long stem; dark red skin and flesh; moderately firm, juicy, very sweet; good tolerance to rain-splitting; mid-to-late ripening , ≈5 days after Van. Tree: self-fertile, blooms late; upright growth habit; precocious and very productive. Prepared for release under a different name by G. Tehrani and renamed by his colleagues upon his untimely death [2]

Tieton*

 

Very large, glossy, early-ripening cherry . Origin : in Prosser, Wash., by Thomas Toyama, Washington State Univ. Introd. in 1998. USPPAF; assigned to Northwest Nursery Improvement Institute. Stella × Early Burlat; cross made in 1971, selected in 1977; tested as PC 7144-6. Fruit : very large, somewhat blocky heart shape, thick stems; very attractive, glossy dark red skin; firm, moderately sweet with a mild flavor ; average susceptibility to rain-splitting; early ripening , 7–9 days before Van. Tree: self-sterile, blooms with Van; upright growth habit; light to moderate productivity [1]

Vandalay*

 

Very sweet, midseason cherry . Origin : in Vineland Station, Ontario, by Ghassem Tehrani, Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario. Introd. in 1996. Canadian Plant Breeders’ Rights (#0326) granted in 1997. Van × Stella; cross made in 1969, selected in 1980; tested as V690618. Fruit : large, kidney-shaped and symmetrical, with a medium stem; wine-red skin and dark-red flesh; firm, moderately juicy, very sweet; good tolerance to rain-splitting; early to-mid ripening season, ≈5 days before Van. Tree: self-fertile, blooms early; spreading growth habit; precocious and very productive [1]

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Dondini, L., Lugli, S., Sansavini, S. (2018). Cherry Breeding: Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium L.) and Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.). In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Fruits. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91944-7_2

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