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Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) Breeding

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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Fruits

Abstract

Pomegranate ( Punica granatum L; Punicaceae), is a unique fruit tree with showy edible and healthful fruit which symbolizes fertility and abundance. Breeding of deciduous fruit trees was based until recently on a combination of intuition and science. The development of high throughput sequencing and mapping techniques changed the equation and enable efficient introduction of new scientific tools in breeding. Pomegranate breeding is expected to benefit much as the pomegranate tree is most suitable for genetic analysis. Pomegranate has a short juvenile period , high number of progeny formation by a single genetic cross and is a diploid plant. Indeed, in a relatively short period of time, several transcriptomes from different pomegranate tissues including leaves, fruits and flowers were assembled, the genome was determined and the phylogenetic structure of several collections in different geographical locations was resolved. In parallel with the dramatic development in pomegranate genomics , increased economic interest in the fruit and its products resulted in the establishment of several breeding centers in countries such as Spain, Israel, Turkey Iran, the USA, China and India. The next challenge is now to integrate the data from the scientific achievements into the practice of pomegranate breeding. As genetic engineering is still not efficient for most plants, it is expected that in the short term breeding of new pomegranate cultivars will be based on classical breeding or on marker -assisted selection (MAS ). Despite the prominent progress in pomegranate genomics , functional analysis and identification of genes involved in important agricultural traits were achieved in only very few cases in pomegranate . Finding genetic markers or important genes for fruit quality , content of healthful compounds and resistance to pests and diseases could be among the achievable challenges.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unit of Deciduous Fruit Tree Sciences, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O.Box 1021, 30095, Ramat Yishay, Israel

    Doron Holland & Irit Bar-Ya’akov

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  1. Doron Holland
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  2. Irit Bar-Ya’akov
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Correspondence to Doron Holland .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Shri Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendices

Appendix 1

Major institutes involved in research related to pomegranate

Institute

Research activities

Contact information and website

Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Horticulture, germplasm collection

e-mail: samadigr@yahoo.com; http://ku.edu.af/en

Department of Biotechnology , Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Albania

Genetics, in vitro propagation

e-mail: ariolabacu@yahoo.com; http://www.unitir.edu.al/

Agricultural university of Tirana

Germplasm collection

e-mail: Tatjanakokai@hotmail.com; http://ubt.edu.al/sq/

College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang, Nanjing, P.R. China

Genetics

e-mail: fanggg@njau.edu.cn; http://www.nauacademicjobs.com/colleges.html

Zhengzhou Institute of Pomology of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, P.R. China

Genetics

email: Shangyin Cao 13937192127@163.com; http://en.zzgss.cn/

College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China

Genetics

e-mail: jbhu220@yahoo.com.cn; http://www.henau.edu.cn/

Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an, China

Genetics

e-mail: zhyuan88@hotmail.com

Institute of Horticulture, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China

Genetics, chemistry

e-mail: yiliuxu@163.com

Fruit Trees Division, Agricultural Research Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus

Germplasm collection

e-mail: s.ioannidou@ari.gov.cy; http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/ari/ari.nsf/contact_en/

University of Horticulture and Food Industry, Budapest, Hungary

Germplasm collection

https://szie.hu/budai-campus

Conservation Biology and Molecular Taxonomy , National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Genetics

e-mail: ranats@nbri.res.in; http://www.nbri.res.in/

ICAR-National Research Center on Pomegranate , Kegaon, Solapur, Maharashtra, India

Horticulture, genetics, breeding’ germplasm collection

e-mails: rchandranrcp@gmail.com; jyotisharma128@yahoo.com; nripendras72@gmail.com; http://nrcpomegranate.icar.gov.in/Staff

Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Agricultural University, Rahuri, Maharashtra, India

Germplasm collection

http://mpkv.ac.in/

Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

Genetics, germplasm collection

e-mail: sksingh1111@hotmail.com; http://cazri.res.in/

ICAR-NBPGR (National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources ), Regional Station Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

Germplasm collection

e-mail: nbpgr.jodhpur@icar.gov.in; http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in/Regional_Stations/Jodhpur_Rajasthan/did/36.aspx

Division of Fruit Crops, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research , Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Horticulture, cultivars , breeding, genetics

e-mail: jalikop@iihr.ernet.in; http://www.iihr.res.in/

Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture University of Agricultural Sciences, Bijapur, Karnataka, India

Horticulture

http://www.uasd.edu/

Department of Biotechnology , Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India

Genetics

e-mail: vipasha.verma@gmail.com; http://www.yspuniversity.ac.in/

Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinaga, Gujarat, India

Germplasm collection

http://www.sdau.edu.in/

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

Genetics

e-mails: zzamani@ut.ac.ir; sarkhosha@gmail.com; http://can.ut.ac.ir/en/sciences%20and%20engineering/default.aspx

Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

Transformation

e-mail: Ershadi@basu.ac.ir; http://www.basu.ac.ir/

Iranain National Gene Bank , Mahdasht Road, Karaj, Iran

Germplasm collection

e-mail: mzahravi@yahoo.com; http://medomed.org/featured_item/national-plant-gene-bank-of-iran/

Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Markazi Province, Arak, Iran

Germplasm collection

Sakine Faraji; http://manrrc.ir/

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, Iran

Genetics

e-mail: a-khadivi@araku.ac.ir

Department of Plant Breeding , Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Genetics, germplasm collection

Tayebe Basaki; http://www.riau.ac.ir

Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Iran

Genetics

e-mail: h_karimi1019@yahoo.com; en.vru.ac.ir/

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Agriculture, Center of Pomegranate Research , Mashhad, Iran

Genetics

e-mail: zahra.nemati@rocketmail.com; https://en.um.ac.ir/

Department of Agricultural Biotechnology , College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

Genetics

e-mails: mtalebi@cc.iut.ac.ir; sayedt@cc.iut.ac.ir; https://www.iut.ac.ir/en/

Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Yazd, Yazd, Iran

Germplasm collection , breeding

e-mail: Asman2000@gmail.com, Mohammad Reza Vazifehshenas

Pomegranate Research Station, Saveh Agriculture Research Center, Saveh, Iran

Germplasm collection , cultivars , genetics

Seyed Ziaedin Tabatabaei

Unit of Deciduous Fruit Tree Sciences, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel

Cultivars , breeding, genetics, germplasm collection , horticulture

e-mail: vhhollan@agri.gov.il; http://www.agri.gov.il/en/people/733.aspx

Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel

Horticulture

e-mail: dezra@agri.gov.il; http://www.agri.gov.il/en/people/653.aspx

Department of Post Harvest, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel

Horticulture

e-mail: rporat@agri.gov.il; http://www.agri.gov.il/en/people/702.aspx

Fruit Storage Research Laboratory, Kiryat Shmona, Israel

Horticulture

e-mail: fruitlab@netvision.net.il

Migal - Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel

Chemistry

e-mail: rachel@migal.org.il; http://www.migal.org.il/rachel-amir

Istituto Coltivazioni Arboree, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy

Cultivars

Francesco Sottile; http://www.unipa.it/Dipartimento-di-Colture-Arboree/

Department of Environmental and Agro-Forestry Biology and Chemistry, Section of Genetic and Plant Breeding , University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy

Genetics

e-mail: agata.gadaleta@uniba.it; http://www.uniba.it/

University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

Transformation

e-mail: ssumiko@sakura.cc.tsukuba.ac.jp; http://www.tsukuba.ac.jp/

Department of Plant Production , Faculty of Agriculture, Mu’tah University, Karak, Jordan

Cultivars

e-mail: owais@mutah.edu.jo; https://www.mutah.edu.jo/

Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Zahle, Lebanon; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, The Lebanese University, Dekwaneh, Beirut, Lebanon

Cultivars

e-mail: lamis.chalak@gmail.com; https://www.ul.edu.lb/faculte/

Programa de Frutales, Campo Experimental Bajio, INIFAP, Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico

Cultivars , breeding

e-mail: jaccobo77@hotmail.com; http://www.inifap.gob.mx/circe/SitePages/internas/bajio.aspx

University College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Cultivars

e-mail: muhammad.nafees@iub.edu.pk; http://www.iub.edu.pk/

Plant Science and Microbiology Department, Universitas Miguel Hernández, Elche (Alicante), Spain

Horticulture, genetics

e-mail: rafa.font@umh.es; http://www.umh.es/contenido/Investigacion/:uor_106/datos_en.html

Estacion Experimental Agraria de Elche, Elche, Elicante, Spain

Horticulture

e-mail: bartual_jul@gva.es; http://www.ivia.gva.es/

Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Moncada, Valencia, Spain

Genetics

e-mail: badenes_mlu@gva.es; http://www.ivia.gva.es/

Departamento de Produccíon Vegetal y Microbiologı´a, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Orihuela, Alicante, Spain

Cultivars

e-mails: juanjose.martinez@umh.es; pablo.melgarejo@umh.es; https://www.umh.es/

Department of Horticultural Science, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Horticulture

e-mail: opara@sun.ac.za; https://www.sun.ac.za/english/faculty/agri/horticulture

Tunisian national germplasm collection of pomegranate , Zerkin

Germplasm collection

–

University of Sousse, Chott Mariem, Sousse, Tunisia

Cultivars , genetics, chemistry

e-mails: mb.mars@yahoo.fr; trifimokhtar@yahoo.fr; http://www.uc.rnu.tn/

Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology & Biotechnology , Faculty of Sciences, University El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia

Genetics

e-mail: Amel.SalhiHannachi@fsb.rnu.tn;

Laboratory and Dry Land Crop Oasis, Institute of Arid Regions, Elfje Mednine Tunis, Tunisia

Selection , genetics

e-mail: mansourelhem@yahoo.fr; www.ira.agrinet.tn/

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey

Cultivars , breeding

e-mail: keziban.yazici@erdogan.edu.tr; https://erdogan.edu.tr/

West Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey

Cultivars , breeding

e-mail: sahinalpaslan@tarim.gov.tr;

Çukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Adana, Turkey

Cultivars , horticulture, genetics

e-mail: ashen@cu.edu.tr; http://www.cu.edu.tr/eng/detay.aspx?pageId=812

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mustafa Kemal, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey

Cultivars

e-mail: ocaliskan@mku.edu.tr; http://www.mku.edu.tr/

Department of Horticulture, Ataturk University Agricultural Faculty, Erzurum, Turkey

Horticulture, genetics

e-mail: sercisli@atauni.edu.tr; https://www.atauni.edu.tr/

Alata Horticultural Research Institute, Erdemli-Mersin, Turkey

Germplasm collection

e-mail: cenapyilmaz@yahoo.com; https://arastirma.tarim.gov.tr/alata

Turkmenistan Experimental Station of Plant Genetic Resources , Garrygala, Turkmenistan

Germplasm collection

–

The Nikita Botanical Gardens of the Ukraine Academy of Agrarian Sciences, Yalta, Crimea, Ukraine

Germplasm collection

http://nikitasad.ru/

Paramount Farming Company, Bakersfield, California, USA

Horticulture

e-mail: EricM@paramountfarming.com; http://www.wonderfulorchards.com/

Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA

Genetics

e-mail: ltian@ucdavis.edu; http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/plantsciences/visitors/map.htm

USDA/ARS Horticulture and Plant Breeding Unit, Horticultural Research Laboratory, Ft. Pierce, Florida, USA

Cultivars

e-mail: Ed.Stover@ars.usda.gov; https://iapreview.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=60-34-05-00

The National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Tree Fruit & Nut Crops & Grapes, USDA, ARS, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA

Germplasm collection

e-mail: John.Preece@ars.usda.gov; https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/davis-ca/natl-clonal-germplasm-rep-tree-fruit-nut-crops-grapes/

Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Perdue College of Agriculture, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

Horticulture

e-mail: hwetzste@purdue.edu; https://ag.purdue.edu/

Richard R. Schroeder Uzbek Research Institute of Fruit Growing , Viticulture, and. Wine Production , Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan

Germplasm collection

Mirmahsud M. Mirzaev

Appendix 2

Pomegranate varieties and their cultivation regions

Country

Cultivation regions

Varieties

Afghanistan

Kandahar

Soor Shakari, Speen Shakari, Sheen, Sheen I, Soor Maranjani, Speen, Sedana, Speen Khozh, Soor I, Pundpostai

Afghanistan

Helmand

Tursh Kaghazi, Gurmah, Speen Khozh I, Sarakhwagh, Speen I

Afghanistan

Farah

Shirinak, Shirinak I,Fakhri, Fakhri I

Afghanistan

Heart

Kadu Anar, Shirin, Fakhri

Afghanistan

Kapisa

Tursh I, Maikhosh, Khog Sedana, Kacha Tuush, Speen Danadar

Afghanistan

Nangarhar

Khog Bocha, Khog I, Pestakai, Danadar Pestakai, Taki Tursh, Srah trush, Tangali Tursh, Rankai Pastaki, Tursh Bocha, Tashgurghani, Speen Tursh, Tursh Bedana

Afghanistan

Balkh

Shir-shakar, Zati, Kadu Anar I, Post Ghasp

Afghanistan

Samangan

Kasagi, Surkhak, Safeid Nazok, Shirin Anar, Shirinak

Albania

General

Tivarash, Devedishe, Majhoshe

Algeria

General

Quares, Lahlou

Azerbaijan

General

Nasimi, Aleko, Azerbaojan, Bala-Miursel, Giulosha, Guilosha Pink, Kaim-Nar, Krmyzy-Kabukh, Nazik-Kabukh, Shakh-Nar

China

Sichuan

Qingpiruanzi

China

Yunnan

Tianlvzi, Houpitianshazi, Tianguangyan, Lvpi, Hongmanao

China

Xinjiang

Piyaman, Yechengdazi, Louke 4

China

Shandong

Daqingpitian, Dahongpao, Dahonpitian, Damayatian, Taishansanbai, Taishanhong, Tunisi, Qingpidali

China

Zhejiang

Tunisruanzi, Yiseliesuantian, Qingpi

Croatia

General

Barski Slatki, Ciparski, Glavas, Sladun

Egypt

General

Arab, Manfaloty, Nab Elgamal, Wardy

Georgia

General

Pirosmani, Gruzinskii No. 1, Gruzinskii No. 2, Vedzisuri, Lyaliya, Tengo, Imeretis Sauketeso, Bukistsikhe, Khorsha, Zugdidi, Erketuli, Forma No. 1, Forma No. 15, Forma No. 70, Shirvani, Apsheronskii Krasnyi, Burachnyi, Rubin, Frantsis, Sulu-nar, Kyrmyz Kabukh, Shir-anar, Shakh-anar, Gyuleisha Krasnaya, Apsheronskii Krasnyi, Sulunar, Imeretis Sauketeso

Greece

General

Ermioni, Persefoni, Pluto, Porfyrogenniti

India

Maharashtra

Bhagwa, Alandi, Phule Araka, Mridula, Ganesh, Karadi, Muskat

India

Karnataka

Madhugiri, Bassein Seedless , Jyothi, Madhugiri, Paper Shell

India

Gujarat

Dholka, Muskat Red, Kandhari, Ganesh

India

Himachal Pradesh

Kandhari

India

Andhra Pradesh

Ganesh, Paper Shelled, Muskati Red, Spanish Ruby

India

Rajasthan

Jodhpuri Red, Jodhpuri White, Jalore Seedless

India

Haryana

Chawla, Nabha, Country Large Red, Ganesh, Muskat Red, Paper Shell

India

Tamil nadu

Velludu, Kabul Red, Yercaud-1

India

West Bengal

Ruby, Mridula, Ganesh

Iran

General

Malas-e-Saveh, Malas-Torsh-Saveh, Rabab-e-Neyriz, Malas-e-Yazdi, Sishe Kape-Ferdos, Naderi-e-Budrood, Ardesstani Mahvalat, Bajestani Gonabad, Ghojagh Ghoni, Khazr Bardaskn, Galou Barik, Bajestan, Zagh, Shavar Daneh Ghermez, Sefid, Togh Gardan, Esfahani Daneh Ghermez, Alack, Alak Shirin, Alak Torsh, Maykhosh

Iran

Esfahan

Naderi, Ravandi, Malas, Shahvar, Zagh, Shirin

Iran

Tehran

Galou Barik, Malas, Ghojagh, Shirin, Arousak

Iran

Sout-khorasan

Shisheh-cap

Iran

Khorasan-e-Razavy

Shisheh-cap, Bajestani, Khazar, Ardestani, Ghand(Meshki), Malas, Leili

Iran

Khozestan

Malas, Shirin

Iran

Zanjan

Dousti, Shahvar, Malas, Meykhosh, Syah

Iran

Semnan

Galou Barik, Sorkhak, Shahvar, Malas

Iran

Sistan and Balouchestan

Bazmani, Sangani

Iran

Fars

Rabab, Bereit, Farough, Kadrou, Ghojagh, Malas, Syah, Shahvar, Rami, Abr

Iran

Ghom

Ghojagh, Shahpasand

Iran

Kerman

Keyvani

Iran

Kermanshah

Malas

Iran

Mazandaran

Kolbad, Shekar, Malas, Lamsari

Iran

Markazi

Malas, Agha Mohammad Ali, Alak, Syah, Shahvar

Iran

Yazd

Malas, Meykhosh, Shahvar, Zagh, Gel, Togh Gardan, Souski

Iraq

General

Ahmar, Aswad, Halwa, Salakhani

Israel

General

Wonderful, Shani-Yonay, Acco, Emek, Kamel, 116-17, Rosh Hapered, Malisi, Black

Italy

Sicily

Dente di Cavallo, Neirana, Profeta, Racalmuto, Ragana, Selinunte

Italy

Apuglia

Chinonna, Cisternino

Japan

General

Haku Botan

Jordan

General

Khdaree, Hmadee Hmaree, Khdaree Sfaree, Maleese, Hlawi, Khashaby, Khdaree Hello, Bradee Sharabee Asfar, Hasmasi, Hmaree Hmadee, Bradee Sharabee Ahmar, Zeklabee, Zokom Albagel, Khratee Ahmar Hello, Khdaree Hmadee, Lfani Sharab, Zarori, Esari

Libya

General

Khadouri

Mexico

General

Apaseo

Morocco

Meknes

Gjeigi, Dwarf ever Green, Grenade Jaune, Gordo de Javita, Djeibali, Onuk Hmam

Pakistan

General

Kandahari anaar

Saudi Arabia

General

Mangulati

Saudi Arabia

Taif

Taify, Yemeni

Spain

Murcia

Albar de Blanca, Agridulce de Ojós, Borde de Ojós, Casta del Reino, Piñonenca de Blanca, Piñón duro de Ojós, Piñón tierno de Blanca, Piñón tierno de Ojós, San Felipe de Blanca

Spain

Alicante

Mollar de Elche, Borde de Albatera, Mollar de Albatera, Mollar de Crevillente, Mollar de Orihuela, Valenciana de Albatera

Spain

Córdoba

Puente Genil

Tajikistan

General

Kai-Achik-Anar

Tunisia

General

Gabsi, Tounsi, Zehri, Chefli, Mezzi, Jebali, Garoussi, Kalaii, Zaghouani, Andalousi, Bellahi, Beyounsi, Florepleno Panache, Gabsi Khadouri, Garoussi Sahel, Kalali, Nabli

Turkey

General

Hicaznar, Katırbaşı, Aşınar, Fellahyemez, Eksilik, Mayhoş II, Mayhoş IV, Tatlı Mayhoş, Çekirdeksiz, Lefan, Ekşi Göknar, Silifke Aşısı, Çevlik, Beynarı, Ekşi Kırmızı, Ernar, Gliksiz,, Hatay, Izmir 1, Izmir 1264, Izmir 1265, Janarnar, Katrbas, Yufka Kabu

Turkey

Siirt

Zivzik

USA

California

Wonderful, Early Wonderful, Early Foothill, Granada, Ruby Red, Balegal, Cloud, Fleshman, Crab, Francis, Green Globe, Home, King, Phoenicia, Sweet, Utah Sweet, Purple Heart, Eversweet

Uzbekistan

General

Achik-Dona, Kazake-Anar, Kai-Achik-Anar, Kzyl-Anar

Vietnam

General

Vietnamese

  1. The order of the varieties listed does not indicate their relative importance

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Holland, D., Bar-Ya’akov, I. (2018). Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) Breeding. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Fruits. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91944-7_15

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