Abstract
Blood vessels respond to pressure and flow, more exactly to hoop stress and wall shear. In the short term, a pressure increase results in a smooth muscle contraction and thus in a diameter decrease, so that hoop stress normalizes (myogenic response, see Chap. 19). A flow increase implies an increase in wall shear stress, which is sensed by the endothelium (glycokalix). The endothelium liberates smooth muscle dilators (e.g., NO), and an increase in diameter results which reduces the wall shear stress: Flow Mediated Dilation. In the long term, a sustained high blood pressure implies a high wall hoop stress leading to wall thickening (hypertrophy), and normalization of hoop stress. Increased flow gives increased wall shear stress and leads to increase in vessel diameter. In general, vascular remodeling leads, within limits, to a restoration to control levels of hoop stress and wall shear stress.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Humphrey JD, Eberth JF, Dye WW, Gleason RL. Fundamental role of axial stress in compensatory adaptations by arteries. J Biomech. 2009;42:1–8.
Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 1980;27.;288(5789):373–6.
Palmer RMJ, Ferrige AG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature. 1987;27:524–6.
Kelly RF, Snow HM. Characteristics of the response of the iliac artery to wall shear stress in the anaesthetised pig. J Physiol. 2007;582:731–43.
Tarbell JM, Simon SI, Curry FR. Mechanosensing at the vascular interface. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2014;16:505–32. Review
Chatzizisis YS, Coskun AU, Jonas M, Edelman ER, Feldman CL, Stone PH. Role of endothelial shear stress in the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling: molecular, cellular, and vascular behavior. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:2379–793.
Davies PF. Hemodynamic shear stress and the endothelium in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2009;6:16–26.
Matsumoto T, Hayashi K. Stress and strain in hypertensive and normotensive rat aorta considering residual strain. J Biomech Eng. 1996;118:62–73.
Kamiya A, Togawa T. Adaptive regulation of wall shear stress to flow change in canine carotid artery. Am J Phys. 1980;239:14–29.
Langille BL, O'Donnell F. Reductions in arterial diameter produced by chronic decreases in blood flow are endothelium-dependent. Science. 1986;231:405–7.
Tronc F, Wassef M, Esposito B, Henrion D, Glagov S, Tedgui A. Role of NO in flow-induced remodeling of the rabbit common carotid artery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16:1256–62.
Van Loon P. Length-force and volume-pressure relationships of arteries. Biorheology. 1977;14:181–201.
Lehman RM, Owens GK, Kassell NF, Hongo K. Mechanism of enlargement of major cerebral collateral arteries in rabbits. Stroke. 1991;22:499–504.
Sho E, Nanjo H, Sho M, Kobayashi M, Komatsu M, Kawamura K, et al. Arterial enlargement, tortuosity, and intimal thickening in response to sequential exposure to high and low wall shear stress. J Vasc Surg. 2004;39:601–12.
Jackson ZS, Gotlieb AI, Langille BL. Wall tissue remodeling regulates longitudinal tension in arteries. Circ Res. 2002;90:918–25.
Eberth JF, Gresham VC, Reddy AK, Popovic N, Wilson E, Humphrey JD. Importance of pulsatility in hypertensive carotid artery growth and remodeling. J Hypertens. 2009;27:2010–21.
Fung YC, Liu SQ. Change of residual strains in arteries due to hypertrophy caused by aortic constriction. Circ Res. 1989;65:1340–9.
Mulvany MJ. Vascular remodelling of resistance vessels: can we define this? Cardiovasc Res. 1999;41:9–13.
Laurent S, Girerd X, Mourad J-J, Lacolley P, Beck L, Boutouyrie P, et al. Elastic modulus of the radial artery wall material is not increased in patients with essential hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:1223–31.
Lambert J, Aarsen M, Donker AJM, Stehouwer CDA. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation of large arteries in Normoalbuminuric insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1996;16:705–11.
Lavi T, Karasik A, Koren-Morag N, Kanety H, Feinberg MS, Shechter M. The acute effect of various glycemic index dietary carbohydrates on endothelial function in nondiabetic overweight and obese subjects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:2283–7.
Caro C, Fitzgerald J, Schroeter R. Arterial wall shear and distribution of early atheroma in man. Nature. 1969;223:1159–60.
Helderman F, Segers D, de Crom R, Hierck BP, Poelmann RE, Evans PC, et al. Effect of shear stress on vascular inflammation and plaque development. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2007;18:527–33. Review
Kelly R, Ruane-O'Hara T, Noble MIM, Drake-Holland AJ, Snow HM. Effect of hyperglycaemia on endothelial dependent dilatation in the iliac artery of the anaesthetized pig. J Physiol. 2006;573:133–45.
Rachev A, Manoach E, Berry J, Moore JE Jr. A model of stress-induced geometrical remodeling of vessel segments adjacent to stents and artery/graft anastomoses. J Theor Biol. 2000;206:429–43.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Westerhof, N., Stergiopulos, N., Noble, M.I.M., Westerhof, B.E. (2019). Mechanotransduction and Vascular Remodeling. In: Snapshots of Hemodynamics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91932-4_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91932-4_29
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-91931-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-91932-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)