Skip to main content

Dealing with a Difficult Past: Japan, South Korea and the UNESCO World Heritage List

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cultural Contestation

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Conflict ((PSCHC))

Abstract

This chapter explores the ways in which contested colonial heritage leads to cultural contestation between Japan and South-Korea. On May 4 2015, Japan’s Agency for Cultural Affairs announced that it would recommend parts of its late nineteenth-century industrial sites to be placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. These sites symbolised Japan’s swift economic and political development towards a superpower, challenging Western nations. The South-Korean government was quick to point out that Korean civilians did forced labor at these industrial sites during the Second World War. As such, Korean government felt that Japan ignored its feelings about the shared colonial past, leading to political conflict between the two states

The author gratefully acknowledges the generous funding support for this publication provided by the Volkswagen Foundation, issued within its initiative “Key Issues for Research and Society ” for the research project “Protecting the Weak: Entangled processes of framing, mobilization and institutionalization in East Asia ” (AZ 87 382) at the Interdisciplinary Centre for East Asian Studies (IZO), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akagawa, N. (2014). Heritage Conservation and Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy: Heritage, National Identity and National Interest. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akagawa, N. (2016). Rethinking the Global Heritage Discourse—Overcoming ‘East’ and ‘West’? International Journal of Heritage Studies, 22(1), 14–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalis. London: Verso Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertacchini, E., Liuzza, C., Meskell, L., & Saccone, D. (2016). The Politicization of UNESCO World Heritage Decision Making. Public Choice, 167(1–2), 95–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brumann, C. (2014). Shifting Tides of World-Making in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention: Cosmopolitanisms Colliding. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(12), 2176–2192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuoka, K. (2015). Memory and Others: Japan’s Mnemonic Turn in the 1990s. In M. Kim (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Memory and Reconciliation in East Asia (pp. 63–78). London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Ruibal, A., & Hall, M. (2015). Heritage and Violence. In L. Meskell (Ed.), Global Heritage: A Reader (pp. 150–170). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagström, L., & Gustafsson, K. (2015). Japan and Identity Change: Why It Matters in International Relations. The Pacific Review, 28(1), 1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, J.-S. (2017). The Heritage of Resentment and Shame in Postwar Japan. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, 15, 1–4. Available at: http://apjjf.org/2017/01/Han.html.

  • Herzfeld, M. (2008). Mere Symbols. Anthropologica, 50(1), 141–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honneth, A. (1995). The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Honneth, A. (2012). Recognition Between States: On the Moral Substrate of International Relations. In A. Honneth (Ed.), The I in We: Studies in the Theory of Recognition (pp. 137–152). Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ICOMOS. (2015). ICOMOS Evaluation of Nominations of Cultural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List, ICOMOS International. Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2015/whc15-39com-inf8B1-en.pdf. Accessed 12 July 2017.

  • Inada, T. (2015). L’évolution de la protection du patrimoine au Japon depuis 1950: sa place’ dans la construction des identités régionales. Ebisu. Études japonaises, 52, 21–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Japan’s Meiji Industrial Revolution. (2015). Sekai-isan tōroku made no michinori [The Journey Towards the Registration as World Heritage]. Available at: http://www.japansmeijiindustrialrevolution.com/history. Accessed 15 July 2017.

  • Kameda, M. (2015, June 23). Japan, South Korea Mark 50 Years of Postwar Ties. The Japan Times.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katō, K. (1999). Sangyō Isan: Chiiki to Shimin No Rekishi e No Tabi [The Industrial Heritage: A Historical Voyage Through the Life of Everyday Man]. Tokyo: Nihon keizai shinbunsha.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, S. (2009). Sangyō-isan no hyōshō to chiiki-shakai no henyō’ [Representation of Industrial Heritage and the Transformation of Local Communities]. Japanese Sociological Review, 60(3), 415–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiso, I. (2015). Sekai-Isan Bijunesu [The World Heritage Business]. Tokyo: Shōgakukan shinsho.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korean Culture and Information Service. (2015, May 21). President Park Meets Education Forum Participants. Available at: http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/policies/view?articleId=127617. Accessed 11 July 2017.

  • Labadi, S., & Long, C. (Eds.). (2010). Heritage and Globalisation. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loo, T. M. (2017). Japan’s Dark Industrial Heritage: An Introduction. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, 15, 1–1. Available at: http://apjjf.org/2017/01/Loo.html.

  • Meskell, L. (2002). Negative Heritage and Past Mastering in Archaeology. Anthropological Quarterly, 75(3), 557–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meskell, L. (Ed.). (2015a). Global Heritage: A Reader. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meskell, L. (2015b). Gridlock: UNESCO, Global Conflict and Failed Ambitions. World Archaeology, 47(2), 225–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meskell, L., & Brumann, C. (2015). UNESCO and New World Orders. In L. Meskell (Ed.), Global Heritage: A Reader (pp. 22–42). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea. (2015, July 7). Spokesperson’s Press Briefing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizuno, H. (2017). Rasa Island: What Industrialization to Remember and Forget. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, 15, 1–2. Available at: http://apjjf.org/2017/01/Mizuno.html.

  • Murray, M. (2014). Differentiating Recognition in International Politics. Global Discourse, 4(4), 558–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neki, A., & Satō, Y. (2016). Bunka-seisaku-gaku yōsetsu [Outline of Cultural Policy Studies]. Tokyo: Yōkōdō.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pai, H. I. (2013). Heritage Management in Korea and Japan: The Politics of Antiquity and Identity. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, H. Y. (2013). Heritage Tourism. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rico, T. (2008). Negative Heritage: The Place of Conflict in World Heritage. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 10(4), 344–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ringmar, E. (2010). The International Politics of Recognition. In E. Ringmar & T. Lindemann (Eds.), The International Politics of Recognition (pp. 3–23). Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, M. H. (2007). Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, M. H. (Ed.). (2009). Cultural Contestation and the Symbolic Landscape: Politics By Other Means? Culture and Belonging in Divided Societies: Contestation and Symbolic Landscapes (pp. 1–24). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryall, J. (2015, June 23). British PoW Families Complain as Japan Asks for World Heritage Protection for Slave Labour Sites. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/11687308/British-PoW-families-complain-as-Japan-asks-for-World-Heritage-protection-for-slave-labour-sites.html. Last Accessed 11 Oct 2017.

  • Salazar, N. B., & Zhu, Y. (2015). Heritage and Tourism. In L. Meskell (Ed.), Global Heritage: A Reader (pp. 240–258). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schachter, A. (2015, July 7). The History of Hashima, the Island in Bond Film ‘Skyfall’. Public’ Radio International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siemons, M., & Underwood, W. (2015). Island of Horror: Gunkanjima and Japan’s Quest for UNESCO World Heritage Status. The Asia-Pacific Journal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, H. (2011). Border Wars: The Ongoing Temple Dispute Between Thailand and Cambodia and UNESCO’s World Heritage List. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 17(1), 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L. (2006). Uses of Heritage. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Dong-A Ilbo. (2007, August 15). Japan Attempts to Put Island Where Koreans Were Worked to Death on World Heritage List. Available at: http://english.donga.com/List/3/all/26/254515/1. Accessed 11 July 2017.

  • The Korea Times. (2013, September 22). Heritage of Shameful. Available at: http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2017/10/202_143042.html. Accessed 12 July 2017.

  • Underwood, W. (2015a). History in a Box: UNESCO and the Framing of Japan’s Meiji Era. The Asia-Pacific Journal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, W. (2015b, June 25). Industrial Story Should Be Told, Forced Labor and All. The Japan Times.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO. (1972). Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext. Accessed 11 Aug 2017.

  • UNESCO. (2014). Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Sites, UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1449. Accessed 11 July 2017.

  • UNESCO. (2015a). Sites of Japan’s Meiji Industrial Revolution: Iron and Steel, Shipbuilding and Coal Mining. Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1484.

  • UNESCO. (2015b). Decisions Adopted by the World Heritage Committee at Its 39th Session (Bonn, 2015). Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/document/138489.

  • UNESCO. (2015c). Summary Records (World Heritage Committee, 39th session). Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/document/137710.

  • UNESCO. (2017). States Parties, UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties. Last Accessed 11 Aug 2017.

  • Utaka, Y. (2009). The Hiroshima ‘Peace Memorial’: Transforming Legacy, Memories and Landscapes. In W. Logan & K. Reeves (Eds.), Places of Pain and Shame: Dealing with “Difficult Heritage” (pp. 34–49). London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wendt, A. (2012). Why a World State Is Inevitable. In L. Cabrera (Ed.), Global Governance, Global Government: Institutional Visions for an Evolving World System (pp. 27–64). Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanagisawa, I. (2015). Meiji Nihon No Sangyô Kakumei Isan [The Sites of Japan’s Meiji Industrial Revolution]. Tokyo: Wani Bukkusu.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yomiuri Shinbun. (2015, July 6). ‘Kyōsei-rōdō’ nikkan ga tairitsu sekai-isan shinngi konran [‘Forced Labor’ Confrontation Between Japan and South Korea: Confusion at the World Heritage Committee Meeting].

    Google Scholar 

  • Yonhap News Agency. (2015, July 4). U.S. Lawmakers Step Up to Oppose Japan’s UNESCO Bid. Available at: http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2015/07/04/0301000000AEN20150704001000320.html. Accessed 11 July 2017.

  • Yonhap News Agency. (2017a, June 15). ‘The Battleship Island’ is Fact-Based Fiction Film, says Director. Available at: http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2017/06/15/0200000000AEN20170615007651315.html.

  • Yonhap News Agency. (2017b, July 31). ‘The Battleship Island’ Shown to UNESCO Officials, Diplomats in Paris. Available at: http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/culturesports/2017/07/31/0701000000AEN20170731005900315.html.

  • Yule-jung, K. (2017, August 16). After Watching ‘The Battleship Island’. The Korea Times. Available at: http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2017/08/137_234857.html.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Trifu, I. (2018). Dealing with a Difficult Past: Japan, South Korea and the UNESCO World Heritage List. In: Rodenberg, J., Wagenaar, P. (eds) Cultural Contestation. Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91914-0_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics