Skip to main content

Transactions Among Friends

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1132 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter addresses the inclusion of human behavioral aspects and implications of cognitive psychology and anthropology in decisions relating to the field of behavioral finance. It offers a broad literature review toward identifying opportunities for financial innovations that are based on the notion of friendship. This chapter also presents and discusses empirical results from two evidence-based studies, referencing 400 questionnaires answered by young adults. Principal results suggest that individuals assume different behaviors in transactions among friends rather than among strangers—friends agree about the price attributed to an asset, while strangers show the propensity to bargain. In addition, agents acting on behalf of a friend appear to devote more enforcement, even if they are not receiving any reward or are being monitored.

Portions of this chapter appeared in the 2008 paper ‘Effects of Friendship in Transactions in an Emerging Market: Empirical Evidence From Brazil’, Icfai Journal of Behavioral Finance, vol 5, pp 25–46.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    In that time: 1.00US$ = 2.12R$.

References

  • Adams, R. B., & Ferreira, D. (2007). A theory of friendly boards. Journal of Finance, 62(1), 217–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, W. (1980). Friendship and fairness: Effects of type of relationship and task performance on choice of distribution rules. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 402–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, W., & McGinn, N. C. (1977). Sex differences in choice of distribution rules. Journal of Personality, 45, 379–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, W. E. (1984). Floor trading and crowd dynamics. In P. Adler & P. Adler (Eds.), The social dynamics of financial markets (pp. 107–128). Greenwich: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulding, K. E. (1973). The economy of love and fear. Belmont: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canary, D. J., Cupach, W. R., & Messman, S. J. (1995). Relationship conflict: Conflict in parent-child, friendship, and work relationships. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll J. S., Bazerman, M. H., & Maury, R. (1988). Negotiator cognitions: A descriptive approach to negotiators’ understanding of their opponents. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 41(3), 352–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(88)90034-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castanzias, R. P., & Helfat, C. E. (1991). Managerial resources and rents. Journal of Management, 17, 12–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. S. (1990). The foundations of social theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, L. L., & Anton, R. (1990). The logical and appreciative dimensions of accountability. In S. Srivastra & D. L. Cooperider (Eds.), The functioning of executive appreciation (pp. 247–437). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demir, M., Haynes, A., & Potts, S. K. (2017). My friends are my estate: Friendship experiences mediate the relationship between perceived responses to capitalization attempts and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(4), 1161–1190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elmer, T., Boda, Z., & Stadtfeld, C. (2017). The co-evolution of emotional well-being with weak and strong friendship ties. Network Science, 5(3), 278–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fracassi, C. (2017). Corporate finance policies and social networks. Management Science, 63(8), 2420–2438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fracassi, C., & Tate, G. (2012). External networking and internal firm governance. Journal of Finance, 67(1), 153–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franken, A., Keijsers, L., Dijkstra, J. K., & ter Bogt, T. (2017). Music preferences, friendship, and externalizing behavior in early adolescence: A SIENA examination of the music marker theory using the SNARE study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46, 1839–1850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fry, W. R., Firestone, I. J., & Williams, D. L. (1983). Negotiation process and outcome of stranger dyads and dating couples: Do lovers lose? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 4(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter, M. (1974). Getting a job: A study of contacts and careers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhalgh, L., & Chapman, D. (1994). Characteristics of relationships between disputants: Impact and empirical assessment. Unpublished Manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hällsten, M., Edling, C., Rydgren, J. (2017). Social capital, friendship networks, and youth unemployment. Social Science Research, 61, 234–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.06.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, J. J. (1992). The effect of friendship on bargaining: Experimental studies of personal business transactions. In J. L. Wall & L. R. Jauch (Eds.), Best paper proceedings (pp. 64–68). Las Vegas: Academy of Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, J. J. (1994). The effect of friendship on personal business transactions. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 38(4), 647–664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, J. J. (1997). Elements of a script for friendship in transactions. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(6), 835–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hellmann, T., & Thiele, V. (2015). Friends or foes? The interrelationship between angel and venture capital markets. Journal of Financial Economics, 115(3), 639–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hennart, J. F. (2015). Leveraging Asian institutions to deepen theory: A transaction cost perspective on relational governance. Asian Business & Management, 14(4), 257–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, A. O. (1986). Rival views of market society. New York: Viking.

    Google Scholar 

  • Husted, B. (1990). Interorganizational trust (Unpublished dissertation, University of California, Berkeley).

    Google Scholar 

  • Iannone, N. E., McCarty, M. K., & Kelly, J. R. (2017). With a little help from your friend: Transactive memory in best friendships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 34, 812–832.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. (1976). Theory of firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, H. H. (1979). Personal relationships: Their structures and processes. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krackhardt, D., & Stern, R. N. (1988). Informal networks and organizational crises: An experimental simulation. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(2), 123–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Labun, A., Wittek, R., Steglich, C. (2016). The co-evolution of power and friendship networks in an organization. Network Science, 4(3), 364–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, Y., Lv, W., Wu, W., Xu, K. (2017). Friendship-aware task planning in mobile crowdsourcing. Frontiers of Information Technology and Electronic Engineering, 18(1), 107–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loewenstein, G. F., Thomson, L., & Bazerman, N. H. (1989). Social utility and decision making in interpersonal contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(3), 426–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, D., Sang, J., Chen, Z., Xu, M., & Mei, T. (2017). Who are your “Real” friends: Analyzing and distinguishing between offline and online friendships from social multimedia data. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 19, 1299–1313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski, B. (1926). Crimeny Costumbre en la Sociedad Salvage. Barcelona: Editora Ariel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauss, M. (1969). The gifts: Forms and functions of exchange in Archaic societies. London: Cohen & West.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeil, I. R. (1974). The many futures of contracts. Southern California Law Review, 47, 691–816.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeil, I. R. (1986). Exchange revisited: Individual utility and social solidary. Ethnics, 96, 567–593.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendes-Da-Silva, W. (2011). Small worlds and board interlocking in Brazil: A longitudinal study of corporate networks, 1997–2007. Brazilian Review of Finance, 9(4), 521–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendes-Da-Silva, W., Brito, T., Famá, R., & Liljegren, J. T. (2008). Effects of friendship in transactions in an emerging market: Empirical evidence from Brazil. Icfai Journal of Behavioral Finance, 5, 25–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendes-Da-Silva, W., Rossoni, L., Conte, B.S., Gattaz, C.C. (2016). Journal of Cultural Economics, 40(1), 75–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-015-9248-3

  • Meuwese, R., Cillessen, A. H. N., & Güroğlu, B. (2017). Friends in high places: A dyadic perspective on peer status as predictor of friendship quality and the mediating role of empathy and prosocial behavior. Social Development, 26(3), 503–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, W. R., & Sawyer, J. (1967). Bargaining, expectations and the preference of equality over equity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 139–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinker, S. (1997). How the mind works. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, D.L., Stone, R.T., Powell, L., Allison, J. (2016). Patterns of adult cross-racial friendships: A context for understanding contemporary race relations. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22(4), 479–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, J. H. (2017). Financial innovation: A world in transition. In 41st Annual Central Banking Seminar, Sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York. Available at: https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/powell20171018a.htm.

  • Raiffa, H. (1982). The art and science of negotiation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press/Belknap.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qin, Z., & Deng, X. (2016). Government and family Guanxi in Chinese private firms: Perceptions and preference. Review of Managerial Science, 10(1), 35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez-Fernandez, J., Ramirez-Marin, J. Y., & Munduate, L. (2017). I expected more from you: The influence of close relationships and perspective taking on negotiation offers. Group Decision and Negotiation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10726-017-9548-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, D. M., & Mclean Parks, J. (1992). The contracts of individuals and organizations. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 1–43). Greenwich: JAI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, Z. (1973). Liking and loving. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Wiston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahlins, M. (1972). Stone age economics. Chicago: Aldine Atherton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. P. (1977). Scripts, plans and understanding. Hilsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, C. (2015). Your family and friends are collateral: Microfinance and the social. Theorizing the Contemporary, Cultural Anthropology website, March 30. https://culanth.org/fieldsights/660-your-family-andfriends-are-collateral-microfinance-and-the-social.

  • Schuster, C., & Copeland, M. (1996). Global business: Planning for sales and negotiations. Fort Worth: Dryden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seabright, M. D., Levinthal, D., & Fichman, M. (1992). Role of individual attachments in the dissolution of interorganizational relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 122–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, E. G. (1975). Effects of expectations of future interactions on reward allocation in dyads: Equity or equality? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 873–880.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shefrin, H. (2015). The behavioral paradigm shift. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 55(1), 95–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R. J., Mouzon, D.M., Nguyen, A.W., Chatters, L.M. (2016). Reciprocal family, friendship and church support networks of African Americans: Findings from the national survey of American life. Race and Social Problems, 8(4), 326–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thaler, R. H. (1985). Using mental accounting in a theory of purchasing behavior. Marketing Science, 4, 12–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thaler, R. H. (1999). The end of behavioral finance. Financial Analyst Journal, 55(6), 12–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turan, S. S. (2015). Stakeholders in equity-based crowdfunding: Respective risks over the equity crowdfunding lifecycle. Journal of Financial Innovation, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.15194/jofi_2015.v1.i2.34.

  • Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty heuristics and biases. Sciences, 185, 1124–1131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, O. E. (1985). The economic institution of capitalism. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zand, D. E. (1972). Trust and managerial problem solving. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 229–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mendes-Da-Silva, W. (2019). Transactions Among Friends. In: Mendes-Da-Silva, W. (eds) Individual Behaviors and Technologies for Financial Innovations. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91911-9_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics