Abstract
In this chapter, we present an important topic, so-called: optimization, for various TES systems and applications. The basic details and concepts of optimization, along with objective functions and constraints, are discussed, and the necessary details are provided for the researchers and engineers.
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Abbreviations
- A :
-
Surface area, m2
- c :
-
Specific heat, J/kgK
- C :
-
Heat capacity rate, kW/K
- \( \dot{C} \) :
-
Cost rate, $/h
- E :
-
Energy, J
- Ex :
-
Exergy, J
- \( \dot{E}x \) :
-
The rate of exergy, W
- i :
-
Interest rate, %
- I :
-
Irreversibility, J
- \( \dot{I} \) :
-
The rate of irreversibility, kW
- \( {\dot{k}}_o \) :
-
The sum of the fixed maintenance cost and any other annual costs that apply to the storage system, $/year
- L :
-
Length of the tube, m
- m :
-
Mass, kg
- \( \dot{m} \) :
-
Mass flow rate, kg/s
- n :
-
Number of years, years
- N :
-
Total number of operating hours, hours
- N s :
-
Dimensionless entropy generation number
- NTU:
-
Number of transfer units
- P :
-
Pressure (Pa) or perimeter (m)
- q :
-
Heat transfer rate, W
- Q :
-
Total heat transfer, J
- \( \dot{Q} \) :
-
Heat transfer rate, W
- R :
-
Ideal gas constant, J/kgK
- S :
-
Total entropy, J/K
- S gen :
-
Total entropy generation, J/K
- \( {\dot{S}}_{gen} \) :
-
The rate of entropy generation, kW/K
- Ste:
-
Stefan number
- T :
-
Time, s
- T :
-
Temperature, K or °C
- U :
-
Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K
- \( \dot{W} \) :
-
Work, kW
- x :
-
Cartesian coordinates, m
- y :
-
Dimensionless parameter =1 − exp(−NTU)
- \( \dot{Z} \) :
-
The annualized total capital cost of owning the sensible heat TES system ($/year)
- ε :
-
The effectiveness of the heat exchanger
- Δ:
-
Difference
- η :
-
Energy efficiency
- ϕ :
-
Maintenance factor
- Ξ :
-
Exergy, kJ
- λ :
-
The unit cost of lost work ($/kW-hour)
- γ UA :
-
Cost per unit overall heat conductance ($°C/kW-hour)
- \( \dot{\Gamma} \) :
-
Total annual cost of owning and operating the storage system ($/year)
- ρ :
-
Density, kg/m3
- θ :
-
Dimensionless charging time
- τ :
-
Characteristic temperature difference
- ψ:
-
Exergy efficiency
- g :
-
Gas
- i :
-
Initial or inner
- in :
-
Inlet
- m :
-
Melting
- min :
-
Minimum
- o :
-
Dead state
- opt :
-
Optimum
- out :
-
Outlet
- P :
-
Pressure
- s :
-
Surface or storage
- sf :
-
Solid to liquid
- T :
-
Temperature
- u :
-
Useful
- w :
-
Working fluid
- ANN :
-
Artificial neural network
- CRF :
-
Capital recovery factor
- GA :
-
Genetic algorithm
- HEV :
-
Hybrid electric vehicle
- LINMAP :
-
Linear programming technique for multidimensional analysis of preference
- LHV :
-
Lower heating value
- TXV :
-
Thermal expansion valve
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Dincer, I., Ezan, M.A. (2018). System Optimization. In: Heat Storage: A Unique Solution For Energy Systems. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91893-8_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91893-8_6
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