Abstract
Many off-grid electrical systems in developing countries use energy storage to increase their reliability and operational flexibility. The primary goals of this chapter are to provide nonspecialists with an understanding of the basic electrochemistry occurring in chemical batteries and to describe the operation and performance of batteries from an electrical viewpoint. Particular attention is given to interpreting specifications provided by battery manufacturers. A circuit model of a chemical battery is developed which is used in subsequent chapters to analyze the operation of off-grid systems. The chapter considers flooded, absorbed glass mat (AGM), gel, and various lithium–ion batteries. Safety and maintenance aspects are covered.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Technically, the designation of anode and cathode depends on whether or not the cell is being charged or discharged, but this tends to add confusion, and so we will always refer to the positive electrode as the cathode and negative as the anode.
- 2.
The activity of a chemical is related to the concentration as α i = γ i c i where γ i is the activity coefficient and c i is the concentration; often an activity coefficient of one is assumed.
- 3.
The nominal voltage itself approximately refers to the average terminal voltage when discharged.
- 4.
See, for example, the widely used Randle’s model.
- 5.
Peukert’s equation is sometimes known as “Peukert’s law,” but this is a misnomer.
- 6.
Peukert’s exponent is often, but erroneously, referred to as “Peukert’s coefficient.”
References
Awode, M.R.: Introduction to Electrochemistry, 2nd edn. Himalaya Publishing House (2010)
Barak, M. (ed.): Electrochemical Power Sources: Primary and Secondary Batteries. The Institution of Electrical Engineers (1980)
Chagnes, A.: Chapter 2 - fundamentals in electrochemistry and hydrometallurgy. In: Chagnes, A., Wiatowska, J. (eds.) Lithium Process Chemistry, pp. 41–80. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2015). DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801417-2.00002-5. URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128014172000025
Feng, X., Ouyang, M., Liu, X., Lu, L., Xia, Y., He, X.: Thermal runaway mechanism of lithium ion battery for electric vehicles: A review. Energy Storage Mater. 10, 246–267 (2018). DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2017.05.013. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405829716303464
Franke, M., Kowal, J.: Empirical sulfation model for valve-regulated lead-acid batteries under cycling operation. J. Power Sources 380, 76–82 (2018). DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.01.053. URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775318300533
Kaushik, R., Mawston, I.: Coulombic efficiency of lead/acid batteries, particularly in remote-area power-supply (RAPS) systems. J. Power Sources 35(4), 377–383 (1991). DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(91)80055-3. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0378775391800553
Mantell, C.: Batteries and Energy Systems, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill (1983)
Mauracher, P., Karden, E.: Dynamic modelling of lead/acid batteries using impedance spectroscopy for parameter identification. J. Power Sources 67(1), 69–84 (1997). DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(97)02498-1. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775397024981. Proceedings of the Fifth European Lead Battery Conference
Rand, D., Moseley, P.: Secondary batteries – lead – acid systems overview. In: Garche, J. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, pp. 550–575. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2009). DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452745-5.00126-X. URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978044452745500126X
Reddy, T.B. (ed.): Linden’s Handbook of Batteries. McGraw Hill, New York (2011)
Spataru, C., Bouffaron, P.: Chapter 22 - off-grid energy storage. In: Letcher, T.M. (ed.) Storing Energy, pp. 477–497. Elsevier, Oxford (2016). DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803440-8.00022-1. URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128034408000221
Treptow, R.S.: The lead-acid battery: Its voltage in theory and in practice. J. Chem. Educ. 79(3), 334 (2002). DOI 10.1021/ed079p334. URL https://doi.org/10.1021/ed079p334
Vetter, M., Lux, S.: Chapter 11 - rechargeable batteries with special reference to lithium-ion batteries. In: Letcher, T.M. (ed.) Storing Energy, pp. 205–225. Elsevier, Oxford (2016). DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803440-8.00011-7. URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128034408000117
White, C., Deveau, J., Swan, L.G.: Evolution of internal resistance during formation of flooded lead-acid batteries. J. Power Sources 327, 160–170 (2016). DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.07.020. URL http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037877531630876X
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Louie, H. (2018). Battery Storage for Off-Grid Systems. In: Off-Grid Electrical Systems in Developing Countries. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91890-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91890-7_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-91889-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-91890-7
eBook Packages: EnergyEnergy (R0)