Stateless Nations Reconceptualised: Theoretical Framework and Choosing Wales and the Basque Country

Williams, Sophie

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91409-1_2

Stateless Nations Reconceptualised: Theoretical Framework and Choosing Wales and the Basque Country

Sophie Williams²

Chapter
First Online: 11 August 2018

293 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter begins with a summarised review of the existing scholarship, encompassing political science, sociology, social anthropology, social psychology, history and political geography. This determines the most appropriate basis from which to develop understandings of national identity, arguing that greater appreciation of the dually important elements of the ‘national’ and of ‘identity’ deepens understanding of their power and complexity and possibilities for reinvigorated debate. While recognising potential associated difficulties, it argues that an interdisciplinary approach will best improve understanding of this phenomenon and suggests the need to create an ontologically compatible framework to address national identity. The chapter concludes with the creation of this framework, one which is designed to facilitate an interdisciplinary awareness of the field.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 39.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 54.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 84.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Johann Gottfried von Herder, Philosophical Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Royal J. Schmidt, ‘Cultural Nationalism in Herder’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 17.3 (June 1956): 407–417.
2.
Whereby a distinct group of people has the right to collectively determine their actions. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). Originally published 1762.
3.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online. Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/primordial. Accessed 19 August 2013.
4.
Brass, Ethnicity and Nationalism : Theory and Comparison, 13.
5.
Ibid., 16–17, 25.
6.
Ibid., 48–49.
7.
Ibid., 63.
8.
Ibid., 41, 55.
9.
Erving Goffman, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organisation of Experience (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1974).
10.
Robert D. Benford and David A. Snow, ‘Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment’, Annual Review of Sociology , 26 (2000), 611–639; David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford, Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, ‘Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilisation and Movement Participation’, American Sociological Review, 51.4 (1986), 464–481.
11.
See, for example, Bert Klandermans, ‘Mobilisation and Participation: Social-Psychological Explanations of Resource Mobilisation Theory’, American Sociological Review, 49.5 (October 1984), 583–600.
12.
Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, eds., Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilising Structures and Cultural Framings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
13.
Enrique Laraña, Hank Johnston, and Joseph R. Gusfield, eds., New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
14.
See Benford and Snow, ‘Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment’.
15.
Myra Marx Ferree, William Anthony Gamson, Jürgen Gerhards, and Dieter Rucht, Shaping Abortion Discourse: Democracy and the Public Sphere in Germany and the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 14.
16.
Jelena Obradović-Wochnik, ‘The “Silent Dilemma” of Transitional Justice: Silencing and Coming to Terms with the Past in Serbia’, The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 7.2 (2013), 328–347.
17.
V. P. Gagnon Jr., The Myth of Ethnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2004).
18.
Gagnon Jr., The Myth of Ethnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s.
19.
Diego Muro, ‘The Politics of War Memory in Radical Basque Nationalism’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32.4 (2009), 659–678.
20.
Susan R. Pitchford, ‘Image-Making Movements: Welsh Nationalism and Stereotype Transformation’, Sociological Perspectives, 44.1 (Spring 2001), 45–65.
21.
The former under political, the latter under sociocultural.
22.
Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983); E. J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1870: Programme, Myth and Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
23.
Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Introduction: Inventing Traditions’, in The Invention of Tradition by Hobsbawm and Ranger, eds., 13.
24.
Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1870: Programme, Myth and Reality.
25.
Hobsbawm, ‘Introduction: Inventing Traditions’, in The Invention of Tradition by Hobsbawm and Ranger, eds., 12.
26.
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London and New York: Verso, 1983).
27.
Anderson, Imagined Communities, 6.
28.
Ibid., 6–7.
29.
Ibid., 6.
30.
Connor, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understandings.
31.
Walker Connor, ‘A Nation Is a Nation, Is a State, Is an Ethnic Group, Is a…’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1.4 (October 1978), 377–400, in Ethnonationalism: A Quest for Understanding by Connor, ed., 91.
32.
Connor, ‘A Nation Is a Nation, Is a State, Is an Ethnic Group, Is a…’, in Ethnonationalism: A Quest for Understanding by Connor, ed., 91.
33.
Anthony D. Smith, ‘Nationalism and the Historians’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology , 33.1–2 (1992), 73.
34.
Smith, ‘Nationalism and the Historians’, 73.
35.
John A. Armstrong, Nations Before Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982).
36.
Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (London: Penguin, 1991).
37.
Montserrat Guibernau, ‘Anthony D. Smith on Nations and National Identity: A Critical Assessment’, Nations and Nationalism , 10.1–2 (2004), 127.
38.
Ibid., 125.
39.
Özkırımlı, Theories of Nationalism : A Critical Introduction, 191.
40.
Ibid., 12.
41.
Ibid., 13.
42.
Ibid., 14.
43.
Nira Yuval-Davis, Gender and Nation (London: Sage, 1997).
44.
Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
45.
Radu Cinpoes, ‘Thematic Articles: National Identity and European Identity’, Journal of Identity and Migration Studies, 2.1 (2008), 3–14; Laura Cram, ‘Introduction—Banal Europeanism: European Union Identity and National Identities in Synergy’, Nations and Nationalism , 15.1 (2009), 101–108; Mathieu Petithomme, ‘Is There a European Identity? National Attitudes and Social Identification Toward the European Union’, Journal of Identity and Migration Studies, 2.1 (2008), 15–36; and Bo Stråth, ‘A European Identity: To the Historical Limits of a Concept’, European Journal of Social Theory, 5.4 (2002), 387–401.
46.
Michael Billig, Banal Nationalism (London: Sage, 1995).
47.
Billig, Banal Nationalism , 5.
48.
Ibid., 42.
49.
For example, ‘we’ and ‘our’. Özkırımlı, Theories of Nationalism : A Critical Introduction, 201.
50.
Billig, Banal Nationalism , 114.
51.
Erik H. Erikson, Childhood and Society (London: Vintage, 1995). First published 1950.
52.
Mary Bernstein, ‘Identity Politics’, Annual Review of Sociology , 31 (2005), 47–74.
53.
Frederick Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969).
54.
Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries, 10.
55.
Ibid., 14.
56.
Ibid., 15.
57.
Richard Jenkins, ‘Rethinking Ethnicity: Identity, Categorisation and Power’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 17.2 (1994), 198.
58.
Anthony P. Cohen, The Symbolic Construction of Community (London and New York: Routledge, 1985).
59.
Jenkins, Social Identity , 3rd edn., 139.
60.
Jenkins, Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations, 2nd edn., 55.
61.
Richard Jenkins, ‘Rethinking Ethnicity: Identity, Categorisation and Power’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 17.2 (1994), 198; Jenkins, Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations, 2nd edn., 56.
62.
Jenkins, Social Identity , 3rd edn., 44.
63.
Jenkins, Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations, 2nd edn., 171.
64.
Jenkins, ‘Rethinking Ethnicity: Identity, Categorisation and Power’, 202–203.
65.
Ibid., 21.
66.
Jenkins, ‘Rethinking Ethnicity: Identity, Categorisation and Power’, 198.
67.
McCrone, ‘Who Do You Say You Are? Making Sense of National Identities in Modern Britain’, 307.
68.
McCrone, ‘Who Do You Say You Are? Making Sense of National Identities in Modern Britain’, 307.
69.
McCrone, ‘Who Do You Say You Are? Making Sense of National Identities in Modern Britain’, 307–308.
70.
Ibid., 308.
71.
James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, ‘Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity’, International Organisation, 54.4 (2000), 845–877.
72.
Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
73.
Jennifer Todd, ‘Social Transformation, Collective Categories and Identity Change’, Theory and Society, 34.4 (August 2005), 438.
74.
Todd, ‘Social Transformation, Collective Categories and Identity Change’, 438.
75.
Bhikhu Parekh, A New Politics of Identity ; Political Principles for an Interdependent World (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); Bhikhu Parekh, ‘Being British’, The Political Quarterly, 78, Issue Supplement s1 (September 2007), 32–40; Bhikhu Parekh, ‘The Concept of National Identity’, New Community, 21.2 (1995), 255–268; Bhikhu Parekh, ‘Defining British National Identity’, The Political Quarterly, 71.1 (January–March 2000), 4–14; and Bhikhu Parekh, ‘Discourses on National Identity’, Political Studies, 42.3 (1994), 492–504.
76.
Parekh, ‘Defining British National Identity’, s252.
77.
Ibid., s253.
78.
Parekh, ‘The Concept of National Identity’, 265.
79.
Luis Moreno and Ana Arriba, ‘Dual Identity in Autonomous Catalonia’, Scottish Affairs, 17 (Autumn 1996), 78–97; Luis Moreno, ‘Scotland, Catalonia, Europeanisation and the “Moreno Question”’, Scottish Affairs, 4 (Winter 2006), 1–21.
80.
Anthony Heath and James Kellas, ‘Nationalisms and Constitutional Questions’, Scottish Affairs, Special: Understanding Constitutional Change (1998), 110–128.
81.
Heath and Kellas, ‘Nationalisms and Constitutional Questions’.
82.
McCrone, The Sociology of Nationalism , 129.
83.
Steve Reicher and Nick Hopkins, Self and Nation: Categorisation, Contestation and Mobilisation (London: Sage, 2001).
84.
Henri Tajfel, Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
85.
Jan E. Stets and Peter J. Burke, ‘Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory’, Social Psychology Quarterly, 63.3 (September 2000), 224.
86.
Stets and Burke, ‘Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory’, 224.
87.
Ibid., 224.
88.
Ibid., 224.
89.
Paul Brass, ed., Ethnic Groups and the State (London and Sydney: Croom Helm, 1985); Paul R. Brass, Ethnicity and Nationalism : Theory and Comparison (London: Sage, 1991).
90.
Jonathan Bradbury and Rhys Andrews, ‘State Devolution and National Identity: Continuity and Change in the Politics of Britishness and Welshness in Wales’, Parliamentary Affairs, 3.2 (2010), 229–249.
91.
Brass, Ethnicity and Nationalism : Theory and Comparison.
92.
An example being Cole’s comparison with Brittany: Alistair Cole, Beyond Devolution and Decentralisation: Building Regional Capacity in Wales and Brittany (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2006). See also the recent work of the Citizenship After the Nation-State project: Ailsa Henderson, Charlie Jeffery, Daniel Wincott, and Richard Wyn Jones, ‘Reflections on the “Devolution Paradox”: A Comparative Examination of Multilevel Citizenship’, Regional Studies, 47.3 (2013), 303–322.
93.
An exception being Elton Mayo’s 1974 study. Patricia Elton Mayo, The Roots of Identity : Three National Movements in Contemporary European Politics (London: Allen Lane, 1974).
94.
Michael Keating, ‘Stateless-Nation Building: Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland in the Changing State System’, Nations and Nationalism , 3.4 (1997), 689–717. Also known as ‘nations without states’ (Montserrat Guibernau, Nations Without States: Political Communities in a Global Age [Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999]) ‘sub-state nationalisms’ (André Lecours, ‘Sub-state Nationalism in the Western World: Explaining Continued Appeal’, Ethnopolitics: Formerly Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 11.3 [2012], 268–286) and minority nationalisms (Robert Andersen, ‘National Identity and Independence Attitudes: Minority Nationalism in Scotland and Wales’, CREST Centre for Research into Elections and Social Trends Working Papers, 86 [September 2001]).
95.
Around 11–13% for Wales and around 35% for the Basque Country. Euskobarómetro . Available at: http://www.ehu.eus/es/web/euskobarometro/oleadas/-/asset_publisher/R1oI/content/eusko-mayo15?redirect=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehu.eus%2Fes%2Fweb%2Feuskobarometro%2Foleadas%3Fp_p_id%3D101_INSTANCE_R1oI%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26p_p_col_id%3Dcolumn-2%26p_p_col_count%3D1 (Accessed 28 January 2016); Richard Wyn Jones and Roger Scully, Wales Says Yes: Devolution and the 2011 Welsh Referendum (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2012), 68.
96.
David McCrone, ‘Who Do You Say You Are? Making Sense of National Identities in Modern Britain’, Ethnicities, 2.3 (2002), 307.
97.
John Gerring, Case Study Research: Principles and Practices (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 131.
98.
Alan Bryman, Social Research Methods, 4th edn. (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 70.
99.
Gwyn A. Williams, When Was Wales ? The History , People and Culture of an Ancient Country (London: Penguin, 1985).
100.
Tony Curtis, ed., Wales : The Imagined Nation—Essays in Cultural and National Identity (Bridgend: Poetry Wales Press, 1986).
101.
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London and New York: Verso, 1983).
102.
See, for example, Laura McAllister, Plaid Cymru : The Emergence of a Political Party (Bridgend: Seren, 2001); Anwen Elias, ‘From Protest to Power: Mapping the Ideological Evolution of Plaid Cymru and the Bloque Nacionalista Galego’, Regional and Federal Studies, 19.4–5 (2009), 533–557.
103.
See, for example, Sydney Van Morgan, ‘Language Politics and Regional Nationalist Mobilisation in Galicia and Wales’, Ethnicities, 6.4 (2006), 451–475.
104.
See, for example, Alan Butt Philip, The Welsh Question: Nationalism in Welsh Politics 1945–1970 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1975).
105.
See, for example, Kenneth O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: A History of Modern Wales (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).
106.
See, for example, Duncan Tanner, Chris Williams, and Deian Hopkin, eds., The Labour Party in Wales 1900–2000 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2000).
107.
See, for example, Julia Edwards and Laura McAllister, ‘One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? Women in the Two Main Political Parties in Wales’, Parliamentary Affairs, 55.1 (2002), 154–166.
108.
See, for example, Jonathan Bradbury, Lynn Bennie, David Denver, and James Mitchell, ‘Devolution: Parties and New Politics: Candidate Selection for the 1999 National Assembly Elections’, Contemporary Wales , 13 (2000), 159–181.
109.
For a comprehensive overview, see Owen. Trefor M. Owen, ‘Community Studies in Wales: An Overview’, in The Welsh and Their Country by Ian Hume and W. T. R. Pryce, eds. (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1986), 91–133.
110.
Alwyn D. Rees, Life in a Welsh Countryside: A Social Study of Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996). Originally published 1950. This work was later returned to in a 2003 study: Llanfihangel Social History Group, A Welsh Countryside Revisited: A New Social Study of Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa (Welshpool: The Powysland Club, 2003).
111.
Isabel Emmett, A North Wales Village: A Social Anthropological Study (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964); Isabel Emmett, ‘Fe Godwn Ni Eto: Statis and Change in a Welsh Industrial Town’, in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures by Anthony P. Cohen, ed. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982), 165–197; and Isabel Emmett, ‘Place, Community and Bilingualism in Blaenau Ffestiniog’, in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures by Cohen, ed., 202–221.
112.
Ronald Frankenberg, Village on the Border: A Social Study of Religion, Politics and Football in a North Wales Community (London: Cohen and West, 1957).
113.
David Jenkins, Emrys Jones, T. Jones Hughes, and Trefor M. Owen, edited by Elwyn Davies and Alwyn D. Rees, Welsh Rural Communities (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1962).
114.
Charlotte Aull Davies and Stephanie Jones, eds., Welsh Communities: An Ethnographic Perspective (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003).
115.
Emmett, A North Wales Village: A Social Anthropological Study.
116.
Emmett, ‘Fe Godwn Ni Eto: Statis and Change in a Welsh Industrial Town’, in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures by Cohen, ed., 168, 170.
117.
Emmett, ‘Place, Community and Bilingualism in Blaenau Ffestiniog’, in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures by Cohen, ed., 219.
118.
Rees, Life in a Welsh Countryside: A Social Study of Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa.
119.
Ibid., 171.
120.
For example, Ronald Frankenberg, Village on the Border: A Social Study of Religion, Politics and Football in a North Wales Community (London: Cohen and West, 1957), 12; Charlotte Aull Davies, ‘Conceptualising Community’, in Welsh Communities: An Ethnographic Perspective by Charlotte Aull Davies and Stephanie Jones, eds. (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003), 17.
121.
Glyn Williams, ‘Recent Trends in the Sociology of Wales’, in The Welsh and Their Country by Ian Hume and W. T. R. Pryce, eds. (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1986), 176–192.
122.
Graham Day, ‘The Sociology of Wales: Issues and Prospects 1979 and 1985’, in The Welsh and Their Country by Hume and Pryce, eds., 153–175.
123.
Graham Day, Making Sense of Wales : A Sociological Perspective (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2002).
124.
Day, Making Sense of Wales : A Sociological Perspective, 240–241.
125.
Ibid., 23–24.
126.
Andrew Thompson and Graham Day, ‘Situating Welshness: “Local” Experience and National Identity’, in Nation, Identity and Social Theory: Perspectives from Wales by Ralph Fevre and Andrew Thompson, eds. (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1999), 32.
127.
Thompson and Day, ‘Situating Welshness: “Local” Experience and National Identity’, in Nation, Identity and Social Theory: Perspectives from Wales by Fevre and Thompson, eds., 33.
128.
Ibid., 36.
129.
Anthony P. Cohen, The Symbolic Construction of Community (London and New York: Routledge, 1984).
130.
Thompson and Day, ‘Situating Welshness: “Local” Experience and National Identity’, in Nation, Identity and Social Theory: Perspectives from Wales by Fevre and Thompson, eds.
131.
Ibid., 41.
132.
Ibid., 41.
133.
Ibid., 39.
134.
Fiona Bowie, ‘Wales from Within: Conflicting Interpretations of Welsh Identity’, in Inside European Identities by Sharon Macdonald, ed. (Providence, RI and Oxford: Berg, 1993), 171.
135.
Bowie, ‘Wales from Within: Conflicting Interpretations of Welsh Identity’, in Inside European Identities by Macdonald, ed., 177, 180.
136.
Ibid., 190.
137.
Michael Hechter, Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development 1536–1966 (London and Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975). See also A. W. Orridge, ‘Uneven Development and Nationalism’, Political Studies, 29.1 (March 1981), 1–15.
138.
Richard Wyn Jones and Roger Scully, Wales Says Yes: Devolution and the 2011 Welsh Referendum (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2012), 62.
139.
Hereafter the Assembly or the Welsh Assembly.
140.
Bridget Taylor and Katarina Thomson, eds., Scotland and Wales : Nations Again? (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1999), xxviii.
141.
Ron Davies, Devolution : A Process, Not an Event (Cardiff: Institute of Welsh Affairs Gregynog Papers, 1999).
142.
See Wyn Jones and Scully, Wales Says Yes: Devolution and the 2011 Welsh Referendum.
143.
See, for example, Howard Elcock and Michael Keating, eds., Remaking the Union: Devolution and British Politics in the 1990s (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1998); Michael Keating, ‘Devolution and Public Policy in the United Kingdom: Divergence or Convergence?’ in Devolution in Practice: Public Policy Differences Within the UK by John Adams and Peter Robinson, eds. (London: Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 3–24; and Charlotte Williams, ed., Social Policy for Social Welfare: Practice in a Devolved Wales (Birmingham: Venture Press, 2007).
144.
See Adams and Robinson, eds., Devolution in Practice: Public Policy Differences Within the UK.
145.
See, for example, Jim Gallacher and David Raffe, ‘Higher Education Policy in Post-devolution UK: More Convergence than Divergence?’ Journal of Education Policy, 27.4 (2012), 467–490.
146.
See Jim Bulpitt, Territory and Power in the United Kingdom: An Interpretation (Colchester: ECPR Press, 2008); Jonathan Bradbury, ed., Devolution , Regionalism and Regional Development: The UK Experience (London and New York: Routledge, 2008).
147.
See Paul Chaney, Tom Hall, and Andrew Pithouse, New Governance, New Democracy? Post-devolution Wales (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2001).
148.
See Jonathan Bradbury and James Mitchell, ‘Devolution: New Politics for Old?’ Parliamentary Affairs, 54.2 (2001), 257–275; Jonathan Bradbury, Lynn Bennie, David Denver, and James Mitchell, ‘Devolution, Parties and New Politics: Candidate Selection for the 1999 National Assembly Elections’, Contemporary Wales , 13 (2000), 159–181; and Laura McAllister, ‘The New Politics in Wales: Rhetoric or Reality?’ Parliamentary Affairs, 53.3 (2000), 591–604.
149.
Bradbury and Mitchell, ‘Devolution: New Politics for Old?’ 257.
150.
Michael Cole, ‘Asymmetrical Public Accountability: The National Assembly for Wales, Questions and Quangos’, The Political Quarterly, 77.1 (January–March 2006), 98–106.
151.
John Curtice, ‘Restoring Confidence and Legitimacy? Devolution and Public Opinion’, in Has Devolution Made a Difference ? The State of the Nations 2004 by Alan Trench, ed. (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2004), 217.
152.
Curtice, ‘Restoring Confidence and Legitimacy? Devolution and Public Opinion’, in Has Devolution Made a Difference ? The State of the Nations 2004 by Trench, ed., 217.
153.
This is called the Additional Member System. National Assembly for Wales , How the Assembly is Elected. Available at: http://www.assemblywales.org/abthome/role-of-assembly-how-it-works/abt-assembly-elections-2/abt-nafw-how-assembly-elected.htm (Accessed 14 November 2013); M. Cole, ‘Elections to the Welsh Assembly: Proportionality, Continuity and Change’, Regional and Federal Studies, 11.2 (2001), 147–163.
154.
Paul Chaney and Ralph Fevre, ‘Ron Davies and the Cult of “Inclusiveness”: Devolution and Participation in Wales’, Contemporary Wales , 14 (2001), 28.
155.
John Loughlin and Sophie Sykes, ‘Devolution and Policy-Making in Wales: Restructuring the System and Reinforcing Identity’, ESRC Research Programme on Devolution and Constitutional Change— Devolution Briefings (2004). Available at: http://www.devolution.ac.uk/pdfdata/Loughlin_and%20_Sykes_policy_paper.pdf (Accessed 17 February 2013); J. Barry Jones and John Osmond, Inclusive Government and Party Management: The National Assembly for Wales and the Work of Its Committees (Cardiff: Institute of Welsh Affairs, 2001).
156.
See Jones and Osmond, Inclusive Government and Party Management: The National Assembly for Wales and the Work of Its Committees.
157.
National Assembly for Wales , Petitions. Available at: http://www.assemblywales.org/gethome/e-petitions.htm (Accessed 14 November 2013).
158.
Jonathan Bradbury, Lynn Bennie, David Denver, and James Mitchell, ‘Devolution, Parties and New Politics: Candidate Selection for the 1999 National Assembly Elections’, Contemporary Wales , 13 (2000), 159–181.
159.
Jonathan Bradbury and James Mitchell, ‘Devolution: New Politics for Old?’ Parliamentary Affairs, 54.2 (2001), 257; Laura McAllister and Michael Cole, ‘Pioneering New Politics or Rearranging the Deckchairs? The 2007 National Assembly for Wales Election and Results’, The Political Quarterly, 78.4 (October–December 2007), 536–546.
160.
46.4% in 1999 (Jonathan Bradbury, David Denver and Iain MacAllister, ‘The State of Two Nations: An Analysis of Voting in the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly Elections 1999’, Representation, 37.1 [2000], 8), 38% in 2003 (Laura McAllister, ‘Steady State or Second Order? The 2003 Elections to the National Assembly for Wales’, The Political Quarterly, 75.1 [2004], 73), 43.5% in 2007 (Roger Scully and Anwen Elias, ‘The 2007 Welsh Assembly Election’, Regional and Federal Studies, 18.1 [2008], 105) and 41% in 2011 (Laura McAllister and Michael Cole, ‘The 2011 Welsh General Election: An Analysis of the Latest Staging Post in the Maturing of Welsh Politics’, Parliamentary Affairs [2012], 5); and Roger Scully and Jac Larner, ‘A Successful Defence: the 2016 National Assembly for Wales Elections’, Parliamentary Affairs, 70.3 (2017), 507–529.
161.
McAllister and Cole, ‘The 2011 Welsh General Election: An Analysis of the Latest Staging Post in the Maturing of Welsh Politics’, 7.
162.
Bridget Taylor and Katarina Thomson, eds., Scotland and Wales : Nations Again? (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1999), xxviii.
163.
Laura McAllister, ‘Steady State or Second Order? The 2003 Elections to the National Assembly for Wales’, The Political Quarterly, 75.1 (2004), 73–82.
164.
Laura McAllister, ‘Changing the Landscape? The Wider Political Lessons from Recent Elections in Wales’, The Political Quarterly, 71.2 (2000), 217.
165.
McAllister and Cole, ‘The 2011 Welsh General Election: An Analysis of the Latest Staging Post in the Maturing of Welsh Politics’, 10; John Curtice, ‘Restoring Confidence and Legitimacy? Devolution and Public Opinion’, in Has Devolution Made a Difference ? The State of the Nations 2004 by Alan Trench, ed. (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2004), 218.
166.
See, for example, Charlotte Williams, ed., Social Policy for Social Welfare: Practice in a Devolved Wales (Birmingham: Venture Press, 2007); Alan Trench, ed., Has Devolution Made a Difference ? The State of the Nations 2004 (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2004); and John Adams and Peter Robinson, Devolution in Practice: Public Policy Differences Within the UK (London: Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002).
167.
Richard Wyn Jones and Roger Scully, ‘Devolution in Wales: What Does the Public Think?’ ESRC Research Programme on Devolution and Constitutional Change— Devolution Briefings (June 2004). Available at: http://www.devolution.ac.uk/pdfdata/Scully_RLJ_Briefing7.pdf (Accessed 17 February 2013); Michael Rosie and Ross Bond, ‘National Identities and Politics After Devolution’, Radical Statistics, 97 (2008). Available at: http://www.radstats.org.uk/no097/RosieBond97.pdf (Accessed 14 November 2013).
168.
Wyn Jones and Scully, ‘Devolution in Wales: What Does the Public Think?’ 1–2.
169.
Ibid., 2–3.
170.
Ibid., 2–3.
171.
Ibid., 3.
172.
John Loughlin and Sophie Sykes, ‘Devolution and Policy-Making in Wales: Restructuring the System and Reinforcing Identity’, ESRC Research Programme on Devolution and Constitutional Change— Devolution Briefings (2004). Available at: http://www.devolution.ac.uk/pdfdata/Loughlin_and%20_Sykes_policy_paper.pdf (Accessed 17 February 2013), 3.
173.
Rhodri Morgan, Clear Red Water—Speech to the National Centre for Public Policy (Swansea, 11 December 2002). Available at: http://www.sochealth.co.uk/the-socialist-health-association/sha-country-and-branch-organisation/sha-wales/clear-red-water/ (Accessed 17 February 2013).
174.
Originally published as Mark Drakeford, ‘Progressive Universalism’, Agenda: Gwent Levels Welcome Wigeons (Cardiff: Institute of Welsh Affairs, Winter 2006), 4. Reprinted in Unpacking the Progressive Consensus by Institute of Welsh Affairs (Cardiff: Institute of Welsh Affairs, 2008), 48.
175.
Drakeford, ‘Progressive Universalism’.
176.
Jeffery, ‘Devolution and Divergence: Public Attitudes and Institutional Logics’, in Devolution in Practice 2006: Public Policy Differences Within the UK by Adams and Schmueker, eds., 11.
177.
Ibid., 11.
178.
Richard Wyn Jones and Roger Scully, ‘Devolution in Wales: What Does the Public Think?’ ESRC Research Programme on Devolution and Constitutional Change— Devolution Briefings (June 2004). Available at: http://www.devolution.ac.uk/pdfdata/Scully_RLJ_Briefing7.pdf (Accessed 17 February 2013), 7.
179.
John Curtice, ‘Restoring Confidence and Legitimacy? Devolution and Public Opinion’, in Has Devolution Made a Difference ? The State of the Nations 2004 by Alan Trench, ed. (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2004), 217.
180.
Jeffery, ‘Devolution and Divergence: Public Attitudes and Institutional Logics’, in Devolution in Practice 2006: Public Policy Differences Within the UK by Adams and Schmueker, eds., 17.
181.
Wyn Jones and Scully, ‘Devolution in Wales: What Does the Public Think?’ 4.
182.
Ibid., 4.
183.
For example, Michael Rosie and Ross Bond, ‘National Identities and Politics After Devolution’, Radical Statistics, 97 (2008). Available at: http://www.radstats.org.uk/no097/RosieBond97.pdf (Accessed 14 November 2013).
184.
Jonathan Bradbury and Rhys Andrews, ‘State Devolution and National Identity: Continuity and Change in the Politics of Welshness and Britishness in Wales’, Parliamentary Affairs, 63.2 (2010), 229–249.
185.
Bradbury and Andrews, ‘State Devolution and National Identity: Continuity and Change in the Politics of Welshness and Britishness in Wales’, 236.
186.
Michael Billig, Banal Nationalism (London: Sage, 1995).
187.
Rebecca Davies, ‘Banal Britishness and Reconstituted Welshness: The Politics of National Identities in Wales’, Contemporary Wales , 18 (2006), 106–121.
188.
Lindsay Paterson and Richard Wyn Jones, ‘Does Civil Society Drive Constitutional Change?’ in Scotland and Wales : Nations Again? by Bridget Taylor and Katarina Thomson, eds. (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1999), 185.
189.
Bradbury and Andrews, ‘State Devolution and National Identity: Continuity and Change in the Politics of Welshness and Britishness in Wales’, 236.
190.
Richard Haesly, ‘Identifying Scotland and Wales: Types of Scottish and Welsh National Identities’, Nations and Nationalism , 11.2 (2005), 243–263.
191.
Haesly, ‘Identifying Scotland and Wales: Types of Scottish and Welsh National Identities’, 259.
192.
Ibid., 257.
193.
Nikolas Coupland, Hywel Bishop, and Peter Garrett, ‘One Wales? Reassessing Diversity in Welsh Ethnolinguistic Identification’, Contemporary Wales , 18 (2006), 5.
194.
Coupland, Bishop, and Garrett, ‘One Wales? Reassessing Diversity in Welsh Ethnolinguistic Identification’, 5.
195.
Richard Wyn Jones and Roger Scully, ‘Still Three Wales? Social Location and Electoral Behaviour in Contemporary Wales’, Electoral Studies, 31.4 (2012), 657.
196.
Wyn Jones and Scully, ‘Still Three Wales? Social Location and Electoral Behaviour in Contemporary Wales’, 657.
197.
Ibid., 657.
198.
Coupland, Bishop, and Garrett, ‘One Wales? Reassessing Diversity in Welsh Ethnolinguistic Identification’, 7; Dafydd Evans, ‘“How Far Across the Border Do You Have to Be, to Be Considered Welsh?”—National Identification at a Regional Level’, Contemporary Wales , 20 (2007), 125.
199.
Coupland, Bishop, and Garrett, ‘One Wales? Reassessing Diversity in Welsh Ethnolinguistic Identification’, 7.
200.
See, for example, Luke Desforges and Rhys Jones, ‘Bilingualism and Geographical Knowledge: A Case Study of Students at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth’, Social and Cultural Geography, 2.3 (2001), 333–346; R. Jones and L. Desforges, ‘Localities and the Reproduction of Welsh Nationalism’, Political Geography , 22.3 (2003), 271–292; Rhys Jones, ‘Relocating Nationalism: On the Geographies of Reproducing Nations’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 33.3 (July 2008), 319–334; and Rhys Jones and Carwyn Fowler, ‘Where Is Wales? Narrating the Territories and Borders of the Welsh Linguistic Nation’, Regional Studies, 41.1 (2007), 89–101.
201.
Dafydd Evans, ‘“How Far Across the Border Do You Have to Be, to Be Considered Welsh?”—National Identification at a Regional Level’, Contemporary Wales , 20 (2007), 123–143.
202.
Rhys Jones and Peter Merriman, ‘Hot, Banal and Everyday Nationalism: Bilingual Road Signs in Wales’, Political Geography , 28.3 (2009), 164–173.
203.
Frederick Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969).
204.
Rhys Jones and Carwyn Fowler, ‘Where Is Wales? Narrating the Territories and Borders of the Welsh Linguistic Nation’, Regional Studies, 41.1 (2007), 89–101.
205.
Rhys Jones and Carwyn Fowler, Placing the Nation: Aberystwyth and the Reproduction of Welsh Nationalism (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2008), 3.
206.
Jones and Fowler, ‘Where Is Wales? Narrating the Territories and Borders of the Welsh Linguistic Nation’.
207.
Jones and Fowler, Placing the Nation: Aberystwyth and the Reproduction of Welsh Nationalism , 33.
208.
Ibid., 26.
209.
Ibid., 26.
210.
Ibid., 17.
211.
The acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, meaning Basque Homeland and Freedom.
212.
The acronym for Partido Nacionalista Vasco, or Basque Nationalist Party.
213.
See, for example, Raymond Carr, Modern Spain 1875–1980 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
214.
The Carlist Wars were a secession of three civil wars, the last of which ended in 1876, over rival claims to the Spanish throne. The Basques predominantly supported the Carlists, and when their side suffered defeat in 1876, their fueros, a set of particular Basque laws, were abolished. Robert P. Clark, The Basques: The Franco Years and Beyond (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1979), 27.
215.
Clark, The Basques: The Franco Years and Beyond, 34. See also André Lecours, Basque Nationalism and the Spanish State (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2007), 48; Stanley Payne, ‘Catalan and Basque Nationalism’, Journal of Contemporary History , 6.1, Nationalism and Separatism (1971), 15–33, 35–51; and Shlomo Ben-Ami, ‘Basque Nationalism Between Archaism and Modernity’, Journal of Contemporary History , 26.3–4, The Impact of Western Nationalisms: Essays Dedicated to Walter Z. Laqueur on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday (September 1991), 493–521.
216.
Carr, Modern Spain 1875–1980, 22.
217.
Ibid.
218.
Clark, The Basques: The Franco Years and Beyond.
219.
André Lecours, Basque Nationalism and the Spanish State (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2007). See also Michael Keating, ‘Spain: Peripheral Nationalism and State Response’, in The Politics of Ethnic Conflict by John McGarry and Brendan O’Leary, eds. (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), 204.
220.
Carr, Modern Spain 1875–1980, 171. See also Michael Richards, A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco’s Spain 1936–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
221.
See Daniele Conversi, The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation (London: C. Hurst and Co., 1997).
222.
Conversi, The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation.
223.
Lecours, Basque Nationalism and the Spanish State, 72, 75; see Alfonso Pérez-Agote, The Social Roots of Basque Nationalism (Reno: Centre of Basque Studies University of Nevada, 2006), 71.
224.
Lecours, Basque Nationalism and the Spanish State, 63.
225.
André Lecours, ‘Regionalism, Cultural Diversity and the State in Spain’, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 22.3 (2001), 210–226.
226.
Lecours, ‘Regionalism, Cultural Diversity and the State in Spain’, 211.
227.
Ibid., 212.
228.
Ibid., 214.
229.
Alfonso Pérez-Agote, The Social Roots of Basque Nationalism (Reno: Centre of Basque Studies University of Nevada, 2006).
230.
See, for example, Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, ‘Terrorism as War of Attrition: ETA and the IRA’, Instituto Juan March Working Paper 204 (June 2004), 1–33; Anastasia Filippidou, ‘Negotiating Tactics in Low Intensity Conflicts: The Cases of Northern Ireland, the Basque Country and Corsica’, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism , 7.3 (2007), 94–108.
231.
A former ETA militant who is now a pro-Spanish and anti-political violence poet and essayist.
232.
For example, Robert P. Clark, The Basque Insurgents: ETA 1952–1980 (Wisconsin and London: The University of Wisconsin, 1984).
233.
See, for example, Diego Muro, Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism (London and New York: Routledge, 2008); Ludger Mees, Nationalism , Violence and Democracy: The Basque Clash of Identities (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003); and William A. Douglass and Joseba Zulaika, ‘On the Interpretation of Terrorist Violence: ETA and the Basque Political Process’, Comparative Studies in Society and History , 32.2 (April 1990), 238–257.
234.
For example, institutional plurality: See Hans van Amersfoort, and Jan Mansvelt Beck, ‘Institutional Plurality: A Way Out of the Basque Conflict?’ Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26.3 (2000), 449–467; Jan Mansvelt Beck, ‘The Basque Power-Sharing Experience: From a Destructive to a Constructive Conflict?’ Nations and Nationalism , 14.1 (2008), 61–83.
235.
For example, John McGarry and Brendan O’Leary, eds., The Politics of Ethnic Conflict (London and New York: Routledge, 1993).
236.
Alfonso Pérez-Agote, The Social Roots of Basque Nationalism (Reno: Centre of Basque Studies University of Nevada, 2006), 99. Echoed in Muro, Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism , Mees, Nationalism , Violence and Democracy: The Basque Clash of Identities; and Daniele Conversi, The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation (London: C. Hurst, 1997).
237.
Daniele Conversi, The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation (London: C. Hurst, 1997), 89; Alfonso Pérez-Agote, The Social Roots of Basque Nationalism (Reno: Centre of Basque Studies University of Nevada, 2006), 83.
238.
Natalie Sabanadze, Globalisation and Nationalism : The Cases of Georgia and the Basque Country (Budapest and New York: Central European University Press, 2010), 131.
239.
Conversi, The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation, 83.
240.
Diego Muro, Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism (London and New York: Routledge, 2008), 8; Pérez-Agote, The Social Roots of Basque Nationalism , 99.
241.
Rogelio Alonso, ‘Why Do Terrorists Stop? Analysing Why ETA Members Abandon or Continue with Terrorism’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 34.9 (2011), 696–716; Paddy Woodworth, ‘Why Do They Kill? The Basque Conflict in Spain’, World Policy Journal, 18.1 (Spring 2001), 1–12; and Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca, ‘The Persistence of Nationalist Terrorism: The Case of ETA’, in Violent Non-state Actors in World Politics by Kledja Mulaj, ed. (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 2010).
242.
See Diego Muro-Ruiz, ‘State of the Art: The Logic of Violence’, Politics, 22.2 (2002), 109–117.
243.
James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, ‘Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity’, International Organisation, 54.4 (2000), 845–877; James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, ‘Explaining Interethnic Cooperation’, The American Political Science Review, 90.4 (December 1996), 715–735.
244.
Hans van Amersfoort and Jan Mansvelt Beck, ‘Institutional Plurality: A Way Out of the Basque Conflict?’ Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26.3 (2000), 449–467.
245.
See Arend Lijphart, ‘Consociational Democracy’, World Politics, 21.2 (1969), 207–225.
246.
Robert P. Clark, ‘Language and Politics in Spain’s Basque Provinces’, West European Politics, 4.1 (1981), 85–103.
247.
Clark, ‘Language and Politics in Spain’s Basque Provinces’.
248.
Euskadi.net, 2012. Available at: http://www.euskara.euskadi.net/r59-738/es/contenidos/noticia/inkesta_soziol_2012/es_berria/berria.html (Accessed 14 November 2013).
249.
BBC News, 11 December 2012. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-20677528 (Accessed 14 November 2013).
250.
Daniele Conversi, ‘Language or Race? The Choice of Core Values in the Development of Catalan and Basque Nationalism’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 13.1 (1990), 64.
251.
See, for example, John Hargreaves, Freedom for Catalonia? Catalan Nationalism , Spanish Identity and the Barcelona Olympic Games (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Kenneth McRoberts, Catalonia: Nation Building Without a State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001); Albert Balcells, Catalan Nationalism : Past and Present (Hampshire: Macmillan, 1996).
252.
Daniele Conversi, ‘Language or Race? The Choice of Core Values in the Development of Catalan and Basque Nationalism’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 13.1 (1990), 64; Daniele Conversi, The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation (London: C. Hurst, 1997); and Stanley Payne, ‘Catalan and Basque Nationalism’, Journal of Contemporary History , 6.1, Nationalism and Separatism (1971), 15–33, 35–51.
253.
Natalie Sabanadze, Globalisation and Nationalism : The Cases of Georgia and the Basque Country (Budapest and New York: Central European University Press, 2010), 6.
254.
Euskobarómetro . Available at: http://www.ehu.eus/es/web/euskobarometro/home (Accessed 14 November 2017). For older analyses, see also Francisco J. Llera, Los Vascos y la Política (Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco, 1994); Thomas C. Davis, ‘Patterns of Identity: Basques and the Basque Nation’, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 3.1 (1997), 61–88.
255.
All surveys are available at: http://www.ehu.eus/es/web/euskobarometro/oleadas (Accessed 14 November 2017).
256.
Iñaki Petxarroman, ‘Euskal herritar ez ezik, espainiar edo frantziar ere sentitzen da gehiengoa’, Berria, 5 October 2014. Available at: http://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1815/021/001/2014-10-05/euskal_herritar_ez_ezik_espainiar_edo_frantziar_ere_sentitzen_da_gehiengoa.htm (Accessed 9 October 2014).
257.
Erramun Baxok et al., Identidad y cultura vasca a comienzos del siglo XXI (San Sebastian: Eusko Ikaskuntza, 2006).
258.
Baxok et al., Identidad y cultura vasca a comienzos del siglo XXI, 51.
259.
Juan Linz, ‘From Primordialism to Nationalism’, in New Nationalisms of the Developed West: Toward Explanation by Edward A. Tiryakian and Ronald Rogowski, eds. (Boston: Allen and Urwin, 1986), 203–253.
260.
Linz, ‘From Primordialism to Nationalism’, in New Nationalisms of the Developed West: Toward Explanation by Tiryakian and Rogowski, eds., 203.
261.
Ibid., 205.
262.
Ibid., 222.
263.
Ibid., 205.
264.
Ibid., 231.
265.
Ibid., 249.
266.
Ibid., 244.
267.
Jeremy MacClancy, Expressing Identities in the Basque Arena (Oxford: James Currey, 2007).
268.
Zoe Bray, Living Boundaries: Frontiers and Identity in the Basque Country (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2004).
269.
Zoe Bray, ‘Basque Militant Youths in France: New Experiences of Ethnonational Identity in the European Context’, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 12.3–4 (2006), 533–553.

References

Adams, John and Robinson, Peter, Devolution in Practice: Public Policy Differences Within the UK (London: Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002).
Google Scholar
Alonso, Rogelio, ‘Why Do Terrorists Stop? Analysing Why ETA Members Abandon or Continue with Terrorism’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 34.9 (2011), 696–716.
Google Scholar
Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities (London and New York: Verso, 1983).
Google Scholar
Andersen, Robert, ‘National Identity and Independence Attitudes: Minority Nationalism in Scotland and Wales’, CREST Centre for Research into Elections and Social Trends Working Papers, 86 (September 2001).
Google Scholar
Armstrong, John A. Nations Before Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982).
Google Scholar
Aull Davies, Charlotte and Jones, Stephanie, eds., Welsh Communities: An Ethnographic Perspective (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003).
Google Scholar
Balcells, Albert, Catalan Nationalism: Past and Present (Hampshire: Macmillan, 1996).
Google Scholar
Barry Jones, J. and Osmond, John, Inclusive Government and Party Management: The National Assembly for Wales and the Work of Its Committees (Cardiff: Institute of Welsh Affairs, 2001).
Google Scholar
Barth, Frederick, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969).
Google Scholar
Baxok, Erramun et al., Identidad y cultura vasca a comienzos del siglo XXI (San Sebastian: Eusko Ikaskuntza, 2006).
Google Scholar
BBC News, 11 December 2012. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-20677528 (Accessed 14 November 2013).
BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-21259079 (Accessed 24 December 2013).
Ben-Ami, Shlomo, ‘Basque Nationalism Between Archaism and Modernity’, Journal of Contemporary History, 26.3–4, The Impact of Western Nationalisms: Essays Dedicated to Walter Z. Laqueur on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday (September 1991), 493–521.
Google Scholar
Benford, Robert D. and Snow, David A. ‘Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment’, Annual Review of Sociology, 26 (2000), 611–639.
Google Scholar
Bernstein, Mary, ‘Identity Politics’, Annual Review of Sociology, 31 (2005), 47–74.
Google Scholar
Billig, Michael, Banal Nationalism (London: Sage, 1995).
Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
Google Scholar
Bowie, Fiona, ‘Wales from Within: Conflicting Interpretations of Welsh Identity’, in Inside European Identities by Sharon Macdonald, ed. (Providence, RI and Oxford: Berg, 1993).
Google Scholar
Bradbury, Bradbury, ed., Devolution, Regionalism and Regional Development: The UK Experience (London and New York: Routledge, 2008).
Google Scholar
Bradbury, Jonathan and Mitchell, James, ‘Devolution: New Politics for Old?’ Parliamentary Affairs, 54.2 (2001), 257–275.
Google Scholar
Bradbury, Jonathan and Andrews, Rhys, ‘State Devolution and National Identity: Continuity and Change in the Politics of Welshness and Britishness in Wales’, Parliamentary Affairs, 63.2 (2010), 229–249.
Google Scholar
Bradbury, Jonathan, Bennie, Lynn, Denver, David, and James Mitchell, James, ‘Devolution: Parties and New Politics: Candidate Selection for the 1999 National Assembly Elections’, Contemporary Wales, 13 (2000), 159–181.
Google Scholar
Bradbury, Jonathan, Denver, David, and MacAllister, Iain, ‘The State of Two Nations: An Analysis of Voting in the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly Elections 1999’, Representation, 37.1 (2000).
Google Scholar
Brass, Paul R., ed., Ethnic Groups and the State (London and Sydney: Croom Helm, 1985).
Google Scholar
Brass, Paul R., Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Comparison (London: Sage, 1991).
Google Scholar
Bray, Zoe, Living Boundaries: Frontiers and Identity in the Basque Country (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2004).
Google Scholar
Bray, Bray, ‘Basque Militant Youths in France: New Experiences of Ethnonational Identity in the European Context’, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 12.3–4 (2006), 533–553.
Google Scholar
Bryman, Alan, Social Research Methods, 4th edn. (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
Google Scholar
Butt Philip, Alan, The Welsh Question: Nationalism in Welsh Politics 1945–1970 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1975).
Google Scholar
Carr, Raymond, Modern Spain 1875–1980 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
Google Scholar
Chaney, Paul and Fevre, Ralph, ‘Ron Davies and the Cult of “Inclusiveness”: Devolution and Participation in Wales’, Contemporary Wales, 14 (2001), 28.
Google Scholar
Chaney, Paul, Hall, Tom, and Pithouse, Andrew, New Governance, New Democracy? Post-devolution Wales (Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2001).
Google Scholar
Cinpoes, Radu, ‘Thematic Articles: National Identity and European Identity’, Journal of Identity and Migration Studies, 2.1 (2008), 3–14.
Google Scholar
Clark, Robert P., The Basque Insurgents: ETA 1952–1980 (Wisconsin and London: The University of Wisconsin, 1984).
Google Scholar
Click On Wales, Institute of Welsh Affairs. Available at: http://www.clickonwales.org/wp-content/uploads/15_Factfile_Economy.pdf (Accessed 24 December 2013.
Cohen, Anthony P., The Symbolic Construction of Community (London and New York: Routledge, 1984).
Google Scholar
Cohen, Anthony P., ‘Personal Nationalism: A Scottish View of Some Rites, Rights and Wrongs’, American Ethnologist, 23.4 (1996), 802–815.
Google Scholar
Cole, Michael, ‘Elections to the Welsh Assembly: Proportionality, Continuity and Change’, Regional and Federal Studies, 11.2 (2001), 147–163.
Google Scholar
Cole, Michael, ‘Asymmetrical Public Accountability: The National Assembly for Wales, Questions and Quangos’, The Political Quarterly, 77.1 (January–March 2006), 98–106.
Google Scholar
Cole, Alistair, Beyond Devolution and Decentralisation: Building Regional Capacity in Wales and Brittany (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2006).
Google Scholar
Connor, Walker, Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).
Google Scholar
Conversi, Daniele, The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation (London: C. Hurst, 1997).
Google Scholar
Cooper, Amanda, ‘Analysis: The Basque Economy Has Lessons for Spain’, Reuters, 28 June. Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/28/us-spain-economy-basque-idUSBRE85R0K120120628 (Accessed 24 December 2013).
Coupland, Nikolas, Bishop, Hywel, and Garrett, Peter, ‘One Wales? Reassessing Diversity in Welsh Ethnolinguistic Identification’, Contemporary Wales, 18 (2006).
Google Scholar
Cram, Laura, ‘Introduction—Banal Europeanism: European Union Identity and National Identities in Synergy’, Nations and Nationalism, 15.1 (2009), 101–108.
Google Scholar
Curtice, John, ‘Restoring Confidence and Legitimacy? Devolution and Public Opinion’, in Has Devolution Made a Difference? The State of the Nations 2004 by Alan Trench, ed. (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2004), 217.
Google Scholar
Curtis, Tony, ed., Wales: The Imagined Nation—Essays in Cultural and National Identity (Bridgend: Poetry Wales Press, 1986).
Google Scholar
Davis, Thomas C., ‘Patterns of Identity: Basques and the Basque Nation’, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 3.1 (1997), 61–88.
Google Scholar
Davies, Ron, Devolution: A Process, Not an Event (Cardiff: Institute of Welsh Affairs Gregynog Papers, 1999).
Google Scholar
Davies, Rebecca, ‘Banal Britishness and Reconstituted Welshness: The Politics of National Identities in Wales’, Contemporary Wales, 18 (2006), 106–121.
Google Scholar
Davies, Elwyn and Rees, Alwyn D., Welsh Rural Communities (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1962).
Google Scholar
Day, Graham, ‘The Sociology of Wales: Issues and Prospects 1979 and 1985’, in The Welsh and Their Country by Hume and Pryce, eds., 153–175.
Google Scholar
Day, Graham, Making Sense of Wales: A Sociological Perspective (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2002).
Google Scholar
Day, Graham and Thompson, Andrew, Theorising Nationalism (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).
Google Scholar
Desforges, Luke and Jones, Rhys, ‘Bilingualism and Geographical Knowledge: A Case Study of Students at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth’, Social and Cultural Geography, 2.3 (2001), 333–346.
Google Scholar
Douglass, William A. and Zulaika, Joseba, ‘On the Interpretation of Terrorist Violence: ETA and the Basque Political Process’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 32.2 (April 1990), 238–257.
Google Scholar
Drakeford, Mark, ‘Progressive Universalism’, Agenda: Gwent Levels Welcome Wigeons (Cardiff: Institute of Welsh Affairs, Winter 2006).
Google Scholar
Edwards, Julia and McAllister, Laura, ‘One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? Women in the Two Main Political Parties in Wales’, Parliamentary Affairs, 55.1 (2002), 154–166.
Google Scholar
Elcock, Howard and Keating, Michael, eds., Remaking the Union: Devolution and British Politics in the 1990s (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1998).
Google Scholar
Elias, Anwen, ‘From Protest to Power: Mapping the Ideological Evolution of Plaid Cymru and the Bloque Nacionalista Galego’, Regional and Federal Studies, 19.4–5 (2009), 533–557.
Google Scholar
Elton Mayo, Patricia, The Roots of Identity: Three National Movements in Contemporary European Politics (London: Allen Lane, 1974).
Google Scholar
Emmett, Isabel, A North Wales Village: A Social Anthropological Study (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964).
Google Scholar
Emmett, Isabel, ‘Fe Godwn Ni Eto: Statis and Change in a Welsh Industrial Town’, in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures by Anthony P. Cohen, ed. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982), 165–197.
Google Scholar
Erikson, Erik H., Childhood and Society (London: Vintage, 1995). First published 1950.
Google Scholar
Euskadi.net. 2012. Available at: http://www.euskara.euskadi.net/r59–738/es/contenidos/noticia/inkesta_soziol_2012/es_berria/berria.html (Accessed 14 November 2013).
Euskobarómetro. Available at: https://www.ehu.eus/es/web/euskobarometro/aurkezpenak (Accessed 25 January 2018).
Eustat. Available at: http://en.eustat.es/elementos/ele0000400/ti_Population_of_the_Basque_Country_aged_2_and_over_by_overall_level_of_Basque_province_and_year_1996-2011/tbl0000487_i.html#axzz2oOVtwArH (Accessed 24 December 2013).
Eustat, Euskal Estatistika Erakundea - Instituto Vasco de Estadística. Available at: http://en.eustat.es/estadisticas/tema_159/opt_0/ti_Population/temas.html#axzz2oOVtwArH (Accessed 24 December 2013).
Eustat, Euskal Estatistika Erakundea - Instituto Vasco de Estadística. Available at: http://en.eustat.es/elementos/ele0000400/ti_Population_of_the_Basque_Country_aged_2_and_over_by_overall_level_of_Basque_province_and_year_1996-2011/tbl0000487_i.html#axzz2oOVtwArH (Accessed 24 December 2013).
Evans, Dafydd, ‘“How Far Across the Border Do You Have to Be, to Be Considered Welsh?”—National Identification at a Regional Level’, Contemporary Wales, 20 (2007), 125.
Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. and Laitin, David D., ‘Explaining Interethnic Cooperation’, The American Political Science Review, 90.4 (December 1996), 715–735.
Google Scholar
Fearon, James D. and Laitin, David D., ‘Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity’, International Organisation, 54.4 (2000), 845–877.
Google Scholar
Filippidou, Anastasia, ‘Negotiating Tactics in Low Intensity Conflicts: The Cases of Northern Ireland, the Basque Country and Corsica’, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 7.3 (2007), 94–108.
Google Scholar
Frankenberg, Ronald, Village on the Border: A Social Study of Religion, Politics and Football in a North Wales Community (London: Cohen and West, 1957).
Google Scholar
Gagnon, V. P. Jr., The Myth of Ethnic War: Serbia and Croatia in the 1990s (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2004).
Google Scholar
Gallacher, Jim and Raffe, David, ‘Higher Education Policy in Post-devolution UK: More Convergence than Divergence?’ Journal of Education Policy, 27.4 (2012), 467–490.
Google Scholar
Gellner, Ernest, Nations and Nationalism (Malden, MA and Oxford: Blackwell, 1983).
Google Scholar
Gerring, John, Case Study Research: Principles and Practices (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organisation of Experience (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1974).
Google Scholar
Guibernau, Montserrat, Nations Without States: Political Communities in a Global Age (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999).
Google Scholar
Guibernau, Montserrat, ‘Anthony D. Smith on Nations and National Identity: A Critical Assessment’, Nations and Nationalism, 10.1–2 (2004), 127.
Google Scholar
Haesly, Richard, ‘Identifying Scotland and Wales: Types of Scottish and Welsh National Identities’, Nations and Nationalism, 11.2 (2005), 243–263.
Google Scholar
Hargreaves, John, Freedom for Catalonia? Catalan Nationalism, Spanish Identity and the Barcelona Olympic Games (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
Google Scholar
Heath, Anthony and Kellas, James, ‘Nationalisms and Constitutional Questions’, Scottish Affairs, Special: Understanding Constitutional Change (1998), 110–128.
Google Scholar
Hechter, Michael, Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development 1536–1966 (London and Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975).
Google Scholar
Henderson, Ailsa, Jeffrey, Charlie, Wincott, Daniel Wincott, and Wyn Jones, Richard, ‘Reflections on the “Devolution Paradox”: A Comparative Examination of Multilevel Citizenship’, Regional Studies, 47.3 (2013), 303–322.
Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, E. J., Nations and Nationalism Since 1870: Programme, Myth and Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence, eds., The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
Google Scholar
Jenkins, Richard, ‘Rethinking Ethnicity: Identity, Categorisation and Power’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 17.2 (1994), 198.
Google Scholar
Jenkins, Richard, Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations, 2nd edn. (London: Sage, 2008).
Google Scholar
Jenkins, Richard, Social Identity, 3rd edn. (London and New York: Routledge, 2008).
Google Scholar
Jenkins, Richard, Being Danish: Paradoxes of Identity in Everyday Life, 2nd edn. (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2016).
Google Scholar
Jones, Rhys, ‘Relocating Nationalism: On the Geographies of Reproducing Nations’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 33.3 (July 2008), 319–334.
Google Scholar
Jones, Rhys and Fowler, Carwyn, ‘Where Is Wales? Narrating the Territories and Borders of the Welsh Linguistic Nation’, Regional Studies, 41.1 (2007), 89–101.
Google Scholar
Jones, Rhys and Fowler, Carwyn, Placing the Nation: Aberystwyth and the Reproduction of Welsh Nationalism (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2008).
Google Scholar
Jones, Rhys and Merriman, Peter, ‘Hot, Banal and Everyday Nationalism: Bilingual Road Signs in Wales’, Political Geography, 28.3 (2009), 164–173.
Google Scholar
Keating, Michael, ‘Spain: Peripheral Nationalism and State Response’, in The Politics of Ethnic Conflict by John McGarry and Brendan O’Leary, eds. (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), 204.
Google Scholar
Keating, Michael, ‘Stateless-Nation Building: Quebec, Catalonia and Scotland in the Changing State System’, Nations and Nationalism, 3.4 (1997), 689–717.
Google Scholar
Keating, Michael, ‘Devolution and Public Policy in the United Kingdom: Divergence or Convergence?’ in Devolution in Practice: Public Policy Differences Within the UK by John Adams and Peter Robinson, eds. (London: Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 3–24.
Google Scholar
Laraña, Enrique, Johnston, Hank, and Gusfield, Joseph R. eds., New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
Google Scholar
Lecours, André, ‘Regionalism, Cultural Diversity and the State in Spain’, Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 22.3 (2001), 210–226.
Google Scholar
Lecours, André, Basque Nationalism and the Spanish State (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2007).
Google Scholar
Lecours, André, ‘Sub-state Nationalism in the Western World: Explaining Continued Appeal’, Ethnopolitics: Formerly Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 11.3 (2012), 268–286.
Google Scholar
Lijphart, Arend, ‘Consociational Democracy’, World Politics, 21.2 (1969), 207–225.
Google Scholar
Linz, Juan, ‘From Primordialism to Nationalism’, in New Nationalisms of the Developed West: Toward Explanation by Edward A. Tiryakian and Ronald Rogowski, eds. (Boston and Allen and Urwin, 1986), 203–253.
Google Scholar
Llanfihangel Social History Group, A Welsh Countryside Revisited: A New Social Study of Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa (Welshpool: The Powysland Club, 2003).
Google Scholar
Llera, Francisco J., Los Vascos y la Política (Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco, 1994).
Google Scholar
Loughlin, John and Sykes, Sophie, ‘Devolution and Policy-Making in Wales: Restructuring the System and Reinforcing Identity’, ESRC Research Programme on Devolution and Constitutional Change—Devolution Briefings (2004). Available at: http://www.devolution.ac.uk/pdfdata/Loughlin_and%20_Sykes_policy_paper.pdf (Accessed 17 February 2013).
Mansvelt Beck, Jan, ‘The Basque Power-Sharing Experience: From a Destructive to a Constructive Conflict?’ Nations and Nationalism, 14.1 (2008), 61–83.
Google Scholar
Marx Ferree, Myra, Gamson, William Anthony, Gerhards, Jürgen, and Rucht, Dieter, Shaping Abortion Discourse: Democracy and the Public Sphere in Germany and the United States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N. eds., Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilising Structures and Cultural Framings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
Google Scholar
McAllister, Laura, ‘Changing the Landscape? The Wider Political Lessons from Recent Elections in Wales’, The Political Quarterly, 71.2 (2000), 217.
Google Scholar
McAllister, Laura, ‘The New Politics in Wales: Rhetoric or Reality?’ Parliamentary Affairs, 53.3 (2000), 591–604.
Google Scholar
McAllister, Laura, Plaid Cymru: The Emergence of a Political Party (Bridgend: Seren, 2001).
Google Scholar
McAllister, Laura, ‘Steady State or Second Order? The 2003 Elections to the National Assembly for Wales’, The Political Quarterly, 75.1 (2004), 73.
Google Scholar
McAllister, Laura and Cole, Michael, ‘Pioneering New Politics or Rearranging the Deckchairs? The 2007 National Assembly for Wales Election and Results’, The Political Quarterly, 78.4 (October–December 2007), 536–546.
Google Scholar
McAllister, Laura and Cole, Michael, ‘The 2011 Welsh General Election: An Analysis of the Latest Staging Post in the Maturing of Welsh Politics’, Parliamentary Affairs (2012).
Google Scholar
McCrone, David, The Sociology of Nationalism (London and New York: Routledge, 1998).
Google Scholar
McCrone, David, ‘Who Do You Say You Are? Making Sense of National Identities in Modern Britain’, Ethnicities, 2.3 (2002), 301–320.
Google Scholar
McRoberts, Kenneth, Catalonia: Nation Building Without a State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
Google Scholar
Mees, Ludger, Nationalism, Violence and Democracy: The Basque Clash of Identities (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
Google Scholar
Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online. Available at: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/primordial (Accessed 19 August 2013).
Michael Billig, Michael, Banal Nationalism (London: Sage, 1995).
Google Scholar
Moreno, Luis, ‘Scotland, Catalonia, Europeanisation and the “Moreno Question”’, Scottish Affairs, 4 (Winter 2006), 1–21.
Google Scholar
Moreno, Luis and Arriba, Ana, ‘Dual Identity in Autonomous Catalonia’, Scottish Affairs, 17 (Autumn 1996), 78–97.
Google Scholar
Morgan, Kenneth O., Rebirth of a Nation: A History of Modern Wales (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).
Google Scholar
Morgan, Rhodri, Clear Red Water—Speech to the National Centre for Public Policy (Swansea, 11 December 2002). Available at: http://www.sochealth.co.uk/the-socialist-health-association/sha-country-and-branch-organisation/sha-wales/clear-red-water/ (Accessed 17 February 2013).
Muro, Diego, Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism (London and New York: Routledge, 2008).
Google Scholar
Muro, Diego, ‘The Politics of War Memory in Radical Basque Nationalism’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32.4 (2009), 659–678.
Google Scholar
Muro-Ruiz, Diego, ‘State of the Art: The Logic of Violence’, Politics, 22.2 (2002), 109–117.
Google Scholar
National Assembly for Wales, How the Assembly Is Elected. Available at: http://www.assemblywales.org/abthome/role-of-assembly-how-it-works/abt-assembly-elections-2/abt-nafw-how-assembly-elected.htm (Accessed 14 November 2013).
Obradović-Wochnik, Jelena, ‘The “Silent Dilemma” of Transitional Justice: Silencing and Coming to Terms with the Past in Serbia’, The International Journal of Transitional Justice, 7.2 (2013), 328–347.
Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics Bulletin, ‘2011 Census: An Analysis of the Third Release of Data for Wales’, 16 May 2013.
Google Scholar
Orridge, A. W. ‘Uneven Development and Nationalism’, Political Studies, 29.1 (March 1981), 1–15.
Google Scholar
Owen, Trefor M., ‘Community Studies in Wales: An Overview’, in The Welsh and Their Country by Ian Hume and W. T. R. Pryce, eds. (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1986) 91–133.
Google Scholar
Özkırımlı, Umut, Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillian, 2000).
Google Scholar
Parekh, Bhikhu, ‘Discourses on National Identity’, Political Studies, 42.3 (1994), 492–504.
Google Scholar
Parekh, Bhikhu, ‘The Concept of National Identity’, New Community, 21.2 (1995), 255–268.
Google Scholar
Parekh, Bhikhu, ‘Defining British National Identity’, The Political Quarterly, 71.1 (January–March 2000), 4–14.
Google Scholar
Parekh, Bhikhu, ‘Being British’, The Political Quarterly, 78, Issue Supplement s1 (September 2007), 32–40.
Google Scholar
Parekh, Bhikhu, A New Politics of Identity; Political Principles for an Interdependent World (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008).
Google Scholar
Payne, Stanley, ‘Catalan and Basque Nationalism’, Journal of Contemporary History, 6.1, Nationalism and Separatism (1971), 15–33, 35–51.
Google Scholar
Pérez-Agote, Alfonso, The Social Roots of Basque Nationalism (Reno: Centre of Basque Studies University of Nevada, 2006).
Google Scholar
Petithomme, Mathieu, ‘Is There a European Identity? National Attitudes and Social Identification Toward the European Union’, Journal of Identity and Migration Studies, 2.1 (2008), 15–36.
Google Scholar
Petxarroman, Iñaki, ‘Euskal herritar ez ezik, espainiar edo frantziar ere sentitzen da gehiengoa’, Berria, 5 October 2014. Available at: http://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1815/021/001/2014-10-05/euskal_herritar_ez_ezik_espainiar_edo_frantziar_ere_sentitzen_da_gehiengoa.htm (Accessed 9 October 2014).
Pitchford, Susan R., ‘Image-Making Movements: Welsh Nationalism and Stereotype Transformation’, Sociological Perspectives, 44.1 (Spring 2001), 45–65.
Google Scholar
Rees, Alwyn D., Life in a Welsh Countryside: A Social Study of Llanfihangel yng Ngwynfa (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996).
Google Scholar
Reicher, Steve and Hopkins, Nick, Self and Nation: Categorisation, Contestation and Mobilisation (London: Sage, 2001).
Google Scholar
Richards, Michael, A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco’s Spain 1936–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Google Scholar
Rosie, Michael and Bond, Ross, ‘National Identities and Politics After Devolution’, Radical Statistics, 97 (2008). Available at: http://www.radstats.org.uk/no097/RosieBond97.pdf (Accessed 14 November 2013).
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, The Social Contract (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). Originally published 1762.
Google Scholar
Sabanadze, Natalie, Globalisation and Nationalism: The Cases of Georgia and the Basque Country (Budapest and New York: Central European University Press, 2010).
Google Scholar
Sánchez-Cuenca, Ignacio, ‘Terrorism as War of Attrition: ETA and the IRA’, Instituto Juan March Working Paper 204 (June 2004), 1–33.
Google Scholar
Sánchez-Cuenca, Ignacio, ‘The Persistence of Nationalist Terrorism: The Case of ETA’, in Violent Non-state Actors in World Politics by Kledja Mulaj, ed. (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 2010).
Google Scholar
Schmidt, Royal J., ‘Cultural Nationalism in Herder’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 17.3 (June 1956), 407–417.
Google Scholar
Scully, Roger and Larner, Jac, ‘A Successful Defence: The 2016 National Assembly for Wales Elections’, Parliamentary Affairs, 70.3 (2017), 507–529.
Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony D., Theories of Nationalism (London: Duckworth, 1971).
Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony D., ‘Nationalism and the Historians’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 33.1–2 (1992).
Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony D., Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era (Cambridge and Malden, MA: Polity Press, 1995).
Google Scholar
Smith, Anthony D., ‘Adrian Hastings on Nations and Nationalism’, Nations and Nationalism, 9.1 (2003), 25–28.
Google Scholar
Snow, David A., Burke Rochford, E., Worden, Steven K., and Benford, Robert D., ‘Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilisation and Movement Participation’, American Sociological Review, 51.4 (1986), 464–481.
Google Scholar
StatsWales, Welsh Government. Available at: https://statswales.wales.gov.uk/Catalogue/Population-and-Migration/Population/Estimates/NationalLevelPopulationEstimates-by-Age-Year (Accessed 24 Decemeber 2013).
Stets, Jan E. and Burke, Peter J., ‘Identity Theory and Social Identity Theory’, Social Psychology Quarterly, 63.3 (September 2000), 224.
Google Scholar
Stråth, Bo, ‘A European Identity: To the Historical Limits of a Concept’, European Journal of Social Theory, 5.4 (2002), 387–401.
Google Scholar
Tajfel, Henri, Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
Google Scholar
Tamir, Yael, Liberal Nationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
Google Scholar
Tanner, Duncan, Williams, Chris, and Hopkin, Deian, eds., The Labour Party in Wales 1900–2000 (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2000).
Google Scholar
Taylor, Bridget and Thomson, Katarina, eds., Scotland and Wales: Nations Again? (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1999).
Google Scholar
Thompson, Andrew and Day, Graham, ‘Situating Welshness: “Local” Experience and National Identity’, in Nation, Identity and Social Theory: Perspectives from Wales by Ralph Fevre and Andrew Thompson, eds. (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1999), 32.
Google Scholar
Thompson, Andrew and Fevre, Ralph, ‘The National Question: Sociological Reflections on Nation and Nationalism’, Nations and Nationalism, 7.3 (2001), 309.
Google Scholar
Todd, Jennifer, ‘Social Transformation, Collective Categories and Identity Change’, Theory and Society, 34.4 (August 2005), 438.
Google Scholar
Trench, Alan, ed., Has Devolution Made a Difference? The State of the Nations 2004 (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2004).
Google Scholar
van Amersfoort, Hans and Mansvelt Beck, Jan, ‘Institutional Plurality: A Way Out of the Basque Conflict?’ Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 26.3 (2000), 449–467.
Google Scholar
Van Morgan, Sydney, ‘Language Politics and Regional Nationalist Mobilisation in Galicia and Wales’, Ethnicities, 6.4 (2006), 451–475.
Google Scholar
von Herder, Johann Gottfried, Philosophical Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
Google Scholar
Williams, Gwyn A., When Was Wales? The History, People and Culture of an Ancient Country (London: Penguin, 1985).
Google Scholar
Williams, Glyn, ‘Recent Trends in the Sociology of Wales’, in The Welsh and Their Country by Ian Hume and W. T. R. Pryce, eds. (Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1986), 176–192.
Google Scholar
Williams, Charlotte, ed., Social Policy for Social Welfare: Practice in a Devolved Wales (Birmingham: Venture Press, 2007).
Google Scholar
Woodworth, Paddy, ‘Why Do They Kill? The Basque Conflict in Spain’, World Policy Journal, 18.1 (Spring 2001), 1–12.
Google Scholar
Wyn Jones, Richard and Scully, Roger, ‘Still Three Wales? Social Location and Electoral Behaviour in Contemporary Wales’, Electoral Studies, 31.4 (2012), 657.
Google Scholar
Wyn Jones, Richard and Scully, Roger, Wales Says Yes: Devolution and the 2011 Welsh Referendum (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2012).
Google Scholar
Yuval-Davis, Nira, Gender and Nation (London: Sage, 1997).
Google Scholar
Yuval-Davis, Nira and Anthias, Floya, eds., Woman-Nation-State (London: Macmillan, 1989).
Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Office for National Statistics, Newport, Wales
Sophie Williams

Authors

Sophie Williams
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Williams, S. (2019). Stateless Nations Reconceptualised: Theoretical Framework and Choosing Wales and the Basque Country. In: Rethinking Stateless Nations and National Identity in Wales and the Basque Country. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91409-1_2

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91409-1_2
Published: 11 August 2018
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-91408-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-91409-1
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics