Abstract
Based on several recent multicenter studies, it was established that only 5–20% of local cerebrovascular disorders caused by atherosclerosis of extracranial arteries develop in the result of hemodynamic disturbances, i.e., reduction of blood flow in the distal part of atherosclerotic damage (Borgatti 1994; Dixon et al. 1996).
✠Fridon Todua was deceased at the time of publication.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Bluth EI (1997) Evaluation and characterization of carotid plaque. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 18(1):57–65
Borgatti E (1994) Analysis of Atherosclerotic plaque. European school of Postgraduate course in vascular Doppler, pp 7–11
Cai J, Hatsukami TS, Ferguson MS et al (2005) In vivo quantitative measurement of intact fibrous cap and lipid-rich necrotic core size in atherosclerotic carotid plaque: comparison of high-resolution, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and histology. Circulation 112:3437–3444
Cappendijk VC, Cleutjens KB, Kessels AG et al (2005) Assessment of human atherosclerotic carotid plaque components with multisequence MR imaging: initial experience. Radiology 234:487–492
Commerota AJ, Katz M, White J, Grosh J (1990) The preoperative diagnosis of the ulcerated carotid atheroma. J Vasc Surg 11:505–510
Das M, Braunschweig T, Mühlenbruch G et al (2009) Carotid plaque analysis: comparison of dual-source computed tomography (CT) findings and histopathological correlation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 38:14–19
Debrey SM, Baird AE, Yu H, Lynch JK et al (2008) Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography for internal carotid artery disease a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke 39:2237–2248
Delkcer A, Dienes HC, Wilhelm H (1995) Influence of vascular risk factors for atherosclerotic carotid artery plaque progression. Stroke 26(11):2016–2022
Dixon S, Pais S, Reviolla C (1996) Natural history of nonstenotic ulcerated plaque. Ad Hoc Consensus Group Meeting. Cerebravasc Dis 6:315–324
EI-Barghouty N, Nicolaides A, Bahai V, Geroulakos G, Androulakis A (1996) The identification of the high risk carotid plaque. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 11:470–478
Eliaziw M, Streifler J et al (1994) Significance of plaque ulceration in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. Stroke 25:304–308
Esposito L, Sievers M, Sander D et al (2007) Detection of unstable carotid artery stenosis using MRI. J Neurol 254(12):1714–1722
European Carotid Plaque Study Group (1995) Carotid artery plaque composition: relationship to clinical presentation and ultrasound B-mode imaging. J Vasc Endovasc Surg 10:23–30
Falk F et al (1994) Carotid plaque, aging, and risk-factors. Stroke 25:133–140
Fayad ZA, Fuster V (2000) Characterization of atherosclerotic plaques by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 902:173–186
Fisher M, Paganini-Hill A, Martin A, Cosgrove M, Toole JF, Barnett HJM, Norris J (2005) Carotid plaque pathology: thrombosis, ulceration, and stroke pathogenesis. Stroke 36(2):253–257
Gachechiladze D (2005) Brain haemodinamic changes in atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension patients. Assay of Doctoral Science, Degree, Tbilisi. (In Georgian)
Garrard JW, Ramnarine KV (2014) Shear-wave elastography in carotid plaques: comparison with grayscale median and histological assessment in an interesting case. Ultraschall Med 35:1–3
Geroulakos G, Ramaswarmi G, Nicolaides A, James K, Labropoulos N, Belcaro G, Holloway M (1993) Characterization of symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid plaques using high resolution real-time ultrasonography. Br J Surg 80:1274–2377
Hatsukami TS, Ross R et al (2000) Visualization of fibrous cap thickness and rupture in atherosclerotic plaques with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 102:959–964
Heliopoulos J, Vadikolias K, Piperidou C et al (2011) Detection of carotid plaque ulceration using 3-dimensional ultrasound. J Neuroimaging 1:126–131
Hennerici M, Trockel U, Rautlend W, Klaantaly R (1985) Spontaneous progression and regression of small carotid plaque. Lancet 1:1415–1419
Hertzer M, O’Hara P et al (1997) Early outcome assessment for 2228 carotid endarterectomy procedures: the Cleveland clinic experience 1989-1995. J Vasc Endovasc Surg 26:1–10
Hokari M, Kuroda S, Yasuda H et al (2011) Lumen morphology in mild-to-moderate internal carotid artery stenosis correlates with neurologic symptoms. J Neuroimaging 21:348–354
Holdsworth R, Mccollum P, Bryce J, Harrison D (1995) Symptoms, stenosis and carotid plaque morphology. Is plaque morphology relevant? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 9(1):80–85
Iiji O, Matsumoto M, Handall V et al (1996) Frequency of carotid ulcerated plaques and its relationship to artery-to-artery embolism. Cerebrovasc Dis 6(suppl. 2):33
Imparato A, Riles T, Minitzer R, Baumann F (1983) The importance of hemorrhage in the relationship between gross morphologic features and cerebral symptoms in 376 carotid artery plaques. Ann Surg 197:195–203
Kardoulas DG, Katsamoukis AN, Gallis P et al (1996) Ultrasonographic and histologic characteristics of symptom-free and asymptomatic carotid plaque. Cardiovasc Surg 4(5):580–590
Lelyuk VH, Lelyuk SE (2003) Ultrasound angiology, vol 336. Nastoyashcheie vremia, Moscow In Russian
Loree HM, Kamm RD, Stringfellow RG, Lee RT (1992) Effects of fibrous cap thickness on peak circumferential stress in model atherosclerotic vessels. Circ Res 71:850–858
Mitsumori LM, Hatsukami TS, Ferguson MS et al (2003) In vivo accuracy of multisequence MR imaging for identifying unstable fibrous caps in advanced human carotid plaques. J Magn Reson Imaging 17:410–420
Muller J, Tofler G, Stone P (1989) Circadian variation and triggers of onset of acute cardiovascular disease. Circulation 79:733–743
Naghavi M, Libby P, Falk E et al (2003) From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient: a call for new definitions and risk assessment strategies: part I. Circulation 108:1664–1672
Naim C, Douziech M, Therasse É et al (2014) Vulnerable atherosclerotic carotid plaque evaluation by ultrasound, computed tomography angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging: an overview. Can Assoc Radiol J 65(3):275–286
Nicolaides AN (1995) Asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of stroke. Identification of a high risk group (ACSRS). Int Angiol 14(1):21–23
Nicolaides AN, Kakkos SK, Griffin M, Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis and Risk of Stroke (ACSRS) Study Group et al (2005) Effect of image normalization on carotid plaque classification and the risk of ipsilateral hemispheric ischemic events: results from the asymptomatic carotid stenosis and risk of stroke study. Vascular 13:211–221
Nicolaides AN, Kakkos SK, Kyriacou E et al (2010) Asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis and cerebrovascular risk stratification. J Vasc Surg 52(6):1486–1496
Ota H, Yarnykh VL, Ferguson MS, Underhill HR, Demarco JK, Zhu DC et al (2010) Carotid intraplaque hemorrhage imaging at 3.0-T MR imaging: comparison of the diagnostic performance of three T1-weighted sequences. Radiology 254:551–563
Patterson AJ, King-Im UJM, Tang TY, Scoffings DJ et al (2009) Association between white matter ischaemia and carotid plaque morphology as defined by high-resolution in vivo MRI. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 38(2):149–154
Perez-Burkhardt J, Gonzalez-Fajardo SA, Rodriguez E, Mateo A (1994) Amaurosis fugax as a symptom of carotid stenosis. It’s relationship with ulcerated plaque. J Cardiovasc Surg 35(1):15–18
Polak JF, Bajakian R, O'Leary D et al (1992) Detection of internal carotid artery stenosis: comparison of MR-angiography, Color Doppler sonography and arteriography. Radiology 182:35–40
Randoux B, Marro B, Koskas F, Chiras J, Dormont D, Marsault C (2003) Proximal great vessels of aortic arch: comparison of three-dimensional gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography. Radiology 229:697–702
Randux B, Marro B et al (2001) Carotid artery stenosis: prospective comparison of computed tomography, three-dimensional Gd-enhanced MR and conventional angiography. Radiology 220:179–186
Redgrave JNE, Lovett JK, Gallagher PJ et al (2006) Histological assessment of 526 symptomatic carotid plaques in relation to the nature and timing of ischemic symptoms: the Oxford Plaque Study. Circulation 113:2320–2328
Saam T, Cai J, Ma L, Cai YQ, Ferguson MS, Polissar NL et al (2006) Comparison of symptomatic and asymptomatic atherosclerotic carotid plaque features with in vivo MR imaging. Radiology 240:464–472
Saba L, Montisci R, Sanfilippo R et al (2009) Multidetector row CT of the brain and carotid artery: a correlative analysis. Clin Radiol 64:767–778
Saba L, Anzidei M, Sanfilippo R et al (2012) Imaging of the carotid artery. Atherosclerosis 220:294–309
Shakhnovich VA, Mitroshin GE, Usachev DY, Lazarev VA, Kanakov IV (2003) About the role of embologenical and hemodynamical mechanisms during the symptomal and asymptomal stenosises of carotid arteries. Zhurnal nevr. i psikhiatrii, Neurodiagnostika, pp 47–53. Russia
Siebler M, Kleinschmidt A et al (1994) Cerebral microembolism in asymptomatic and symptomatic high-grade internal carotid stenosis. Neurology 44:615–618
Staub D, Partovi S, Schinkel AF, Coll B, Uthoff H, Aschwanden M, Jaeger KA, Feinstein S (2011) Correlation of carotid artery atherosclerotic lesion echogenicity and severity at standard US with intraplaque neovascularization detected at contrast-enhanced US. Radiology 258:618–626
Sterpetti AV, Schultz RD, Feldmans R et al (1988) Ultrasonographic features of carotid plaque and the risk of subsequent neurologic deficits. Surgery 104:652–660
Sterpetti AV, Hunter W, Schultz R (1991) Importance of ulceration of carotid plaque in determining symptoms of cerebral ischemia. J Cardiovasc Surg 32:154–158
Tegos T, Mavrophos D et al (2001) Types of neurovascular symptoms and carotid plaque ultrasound textural characteristics. J Ultrasound Med 20:113–121
Topakian R, King A, Kwon SU et al (2011) Ultrasonic plaque echolucency and emboli signals predict stroke in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Neurology 77:751–758
Troyer A, Salonen D, Pan XM et al (2002) Major carotid plaque surface irregularities correlate with neurologic symptoms. J Vasc Surg 35:741–747
Van Damme H, Vivario M (1993) Pathologic aspects of carotid plaque: surgical and clinical significance. Int Angiol 12(4):299–3111
Vereshagin N, Morgunov V, Gulevskaia T (1997) Brain changes in atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension. Medicine, Moscow (In Russian)
Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, Schwartz SM (2000) Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20(5):1262–1275
White DN (1996) Vertebral ultrasonography. In: Zweibei WJ (ed) Introduce to vascular sonography
Wintermark M, Jawadi SS, Papp JH et al (2008) High-resolution CT imaging of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques. Am J Neuroradiol 29:875–882
Xiong L, Deng YB, Zhu Y, Liu YN, Bi XJ (2009) Correlation of carotid plaque neovascularization detected by using contrast-enhanced US with clinical symptoms. Radiology 251(2):583–589
Yuan C, Mitsumori L et al (2001) Carotid atherosclerotic plaque: noninvasive MR characterization and identification of vulnerable lesions. Radiology 221:285–299
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Todua, F., Gachechiladze, D. (2018). Structural Characteristics of Atherosclerotic Plaque. In: Noninvasive Radiologic Diagnosis of Extracranial Vascular Pathologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91367-4_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91367-4_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-91366-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-91367-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)