Abstract
The role and position of private peacemakers in relation to official diplomacy are usually examined within the frame of particular peace operations. The focus has been on how the contribution of private actors complements official peace diplomacy, and to what extent their actions are integrated. The interaction among official and private actors, however, is also significant when the official side does not take the role of the main mediator, but rather that of the donor, as is the case in Finland. A Finnish particularity in the peace sector is the existence of strong NGO actors that focus on mediation and peacemaking. In Finland, peacemaking has witnessed intensive interaction between the official state sector and the NGO sector; the existence of a symbiotic relationship between the official and the NGO sector in the peace mediation field offers an interesting example that may have wider applicability and significance too.
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Notes
- 1.
Strimling (2006).
- 2.
Piiparinen and Aaltola (2012, pp. 92–93).
- 3.
- 4.
Vesa (2012).
- 5.
MFA, Peace Mediation—Finland’s Guidelines (Helsinki: Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2014), accessed March 1, 2017, http://formin.fi/public/download.aspx?ID=59769&GUID={8CA2CDB5-BA89-4928-A7C4-E8094C3B757B}.
- 6.
- 7.
Pertti Joenniemi and Marko Lehti, “Rauhanvälitys pohjoismaisen yhteistyön haasteena,” in Rauhanvälitys—suomalaisia näkökulmia, ed. Petteri Nissinen and Anisa Doty (Helsinki: Kansalaisjärjestöjen konfliktinehkäisyverkosto), pp. 40–48.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
MFA, Action Plan for Mediation (Helsinki: Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2011), accessed February 8, 2017, http://www.formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=236431&nodeid=49540&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI.
- 11.
“Mediation,” MFA, accessed February 6, 2017, http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=323874&contentlan=2&culture=en-US.
- 12.
Interview with Abdile and Rytkönen, November 2016.
- 13.
“Funding”, CMI 2017, accessed February 7, 2017, http://cmi.fi/.
- 14.
Felm, Annual Report 2015, accessed August 3, 2016, http://www.suomenlahetysseura.fi/ls_en/www/lahetysseura/home/about_felm/.
- 15.
FCA, Annual Report 2015, accessed February 7, 2017, https://www.kirkonulkomaanapu.fi/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/KUA_ar_English_final.pdf?x80383.
- 16.
Interview with Eronen and Patokallio, Jan 2018.
- 17.
Piiparinen and Aaltola (2012).
- 18.
“Mediation,” MFA, accessed February 20, 2017, http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=49301&contentlan=2&culture=fi-FI.
- 19.
- 20.
Interview with Eronen, Patokallio, and Rytkönen, Jan 2016.
- 21.
Interview with Eronen and Parokallio, Jan 2018; NOREF website.
- 22.
Brummer and Patokallio, pers. comm., March 23, 2017.
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Lehti, M. (2019). The Finnish Way: Cooperative Interaction Between Official and Private Actors. In: The Era of Private Peacemakers. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91201-1_10
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