Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Analysis of Ontology Networks

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Complex Networks in Software, Knowledge, and Social Systems

Part of the book series: Intelligent Systems Reference Library ((ISRL,volume 148))

Abstract

In computer and information sciences, an ontology is, in its essence, a named set of axioms encoding a network of relationships and dependencies between ontological entities present in a knowledge domain. With the rise of Semantic Web technologies, real-world ontologies have become considerably large leading to complex ontology networks. In this chapter we firstly present an overview of previous research works dealing with analysis of ontology networks. Nodes of ontology networks can be enriched with various metrics reflecting complexity and quality attributes of corresponding ontological entities. On a case study involving one large-scale modularized ontology, we demonstrate that analysis of enriched ontology networks can help ontology engineers not only to understand the structural complexity of ontologies, but also to evaluate their quality with respect to well-established modular design principles.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Alani, H., Brewster, C.: Ontology ranking based on the analysis of concept structures. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Knowledge Capture, K-CAP ’05, pp. 51–58. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2005). https://doi.org/10.1145/1088622.1088633

  2. Alani, H., Brewster, C., Shadbolt, N.: Ranking ontologies with AKTiveRank. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on The Semantic Web, ISWC’06, pp. 1–15. Springer, Berlin (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11926078_1

    Google Scholar 

  3. Alani, H., Dasmahapatra, S., O’Hara, K., Shadbolt, N.: Identifying communities of practice through ontology network analysis. IEEE Intell. Syst. 18(2), 18–25 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2003.1193653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bao, J., Caragea, D., Honavar, V.: On the semantics of linking and importing in modular ontologies. In: Cruz, I., Decker, S., Allemang, D., Preist, C., Schwabe, D., Mika, P., Uschold, M., Aroyo, L. (eds.), The Semantic Web - ISWC 2006. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4273, pp. 72–86. Springer, Berlin (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11926078_6

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bozsak, E., Ehrig, M., Handschuh, S., Hotho, A., Maedche, A., Motik, B., Oberle, D., Schmitz, C., Staab, S., Stojanovic, L., Stojanovic, N., Studer, R., Stumme, G., Sure, Y., Tane, J., Volz, R., Zacharias, V.: Kaon - towards a large scale semantic web. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on E-Commerce and Web Technologies, EC-WEB ’02, pp. 304–313. Springer, London (2002)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  6. Caraballo, A.A.M., Nunes, B.P., Lopes, G.R., Leme, L.A.P.P., Casanova, M.A.: Automatic Creation and Analysis of a Linked Data Cloud Diagram, pp. 417–432. Springer International Publishing, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48740-3_31

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  7. Cheng, G., Qu, Y.: Term dependence on the semantic web. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on The Semantic Web, ISWC ’08, pp. 665–680. Springer, Berlin (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88564-1_42

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cheng, G., Ge, W., Qu, Y.: Falcons: Searching and browsing entities on the semantic web. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW ’08, pp. 1101–1102. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2008). https://doi.org/10.1145/1367497.1367676

  9. Clauset, A., Shalizi, C., Newman, M.: Power-law distributions in empirical data. SIAM Rev. 51(4), 661–703 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1137/070710111

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Coskun, G., Rothe, M., Teymourian, K., Paschke, A.: Applying community detection algorithms on ontologies for identifying concept groups. In: Kutz, O., Schneider, T. (eds.) Workshop on Modular Ontologies, vol. 230, pp. 12–24. IOS Press (2011). https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-799-4-12

  11. Cuenca Grau, B., Parsia, B., Sirin, E.: Ontology integration using e-connections. In: Stuckenschmidt, H., Parent, C., Spaccapietra, S. (eds.) Modular Ontologies. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5445, pp. 293–320. Springer, Berlin (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01907-4_14

    Google Scholar 

  12. d’Aquin, M.: Modularizing Ontologies, pp. 213–233. Springer, Berlin (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24794-1_10

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ding, L., Shinavier, J., Shangguan, Z., McGuinness, D.: SameAs Networks and Beyond: analyzing deployment status and implications of owl:sameAs in linked data. In: Patel-Schneider, P.F., Pan, Y., Hitzler, P., Mika, P., Zhang, L., Pan, J.Z., Horrocks, I., Glimm, B. (eds.) The Semantic Web ISWC 2010. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6496, pp. 145–160. Springer, Berlin (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17746-0_10

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ensan, F., Du, W.: A knowledge encapsulation approach to ontology modularization. Knowl. Inf. Syst. 26(2), 249–283 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-009-0279-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ensan, F., Du, W.: A semantic metrics suite for evaluating modular ontologies. Inf. Syst. 38(5), 745–770 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.is.2012.11.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Färber, M., Rettinger, A.: A statistical comparison of current knowledge bases. In: Joint Proceedings of the Posters and Demos Track of 11th International Conference on Semantic Systems - SEMANTiCS 2015 and 1st Workshop on Data Science: Methods, Technology and Applications (DSci15), pp. 18–21 (2015). http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1481/paper6.pdf

  17. Fernândez, J.D., Martînez-Prieto, M.A., de la Fuente Redondo, P., Gutiêrrez, C.: Characterising rdf data sets. J. Inf. Sci. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551516677945

  18. García, J., García-Peñalvo, F.J., Therón, R.: A Survey on Ontology Metrics, pp. 22–27. Springer, Berlin (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16318-0_4

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Garlaschelli, D., Loffredo, M.: Patterns of link reciprocity in directed networks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 268,701 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.268701

  20. Ge, W., Chen, J., Hu, W., Qu, Y.: Object link structure in the semantic web. In: Aroyo, L., Antoniou, G., Hyvnen, E., ten Teije,A., Stuckenschmidt, H., Cabral, L., Tudorache, T. (eds.) The Semantic Web: Research and Applications. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6089, pp. 257–271. Springer, Berlin (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13489-0_18

    Google Scholar 

  21. Gennari, J.H., Musen, M.A., Fergerson, R.W., Grosso, W.E., Crubzy, M., Eriksson, H., Noy, N.F., Tu, S.W.: The evolution of Protégé: an environment for knowledge-based systems development. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 58(1), 89 – 123 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-5819(02)00127-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Gil, R., Garca, R., Delgado, J.: Measuring the semantic web. AIS SIGSEMIS Bull. 1(2), 69–72 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Guéret, C., Groth, P., van Harmelen, F., Schlobach, S.: Finding the achilles heel of the web of data: Using network analysis for link-recommendation. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Semantic Web Conference on the Semantic Web - Volume Part I, ISWC’10, pp. 289–304. Springer, Berlin (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Guéret, C., Wang, S., Schlobach, S.: The web of data is a complex system - first insight into its multi-scale network properties. In: The European Conference on Complex Systems, ECCS 2010, pp. 1–12 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Guéret, C., Wang, S., Groth, P., Schlobach, S.: Multi-scale analysis of the web of data: a challenge to the complex system’s community. Adv. Complex Syst. 14(04), 587–609 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219525911003153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Halstead, M.H.: Elements of Software Science (Operating and Programming Systems Series). Elsevier Science Inc., New York (1977)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  27. Henry, S., Kafura, D.: Software structure metrics based on information flow. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. SE-7(5), 510–518 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.1981.231113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hoser, B., Hotho, A., Jäschke, R., Schmitz, C., Stumme, G.: Semantic network analysis of ontologies. In: Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on The Semantic Web: Research and Applications, ESWC’06, pp. 514–529. Springer, Berlin (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/11762256_38

    Google Scholar 

  29. Luczak-Rösch, M., Tolksdorf, R.: On the topology of the web of data. In: Proceedings of the 24th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media, HT ’13, pp. 253–257. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2013). https://doi.org/10.1145/2481492.2481526

  30. Ma, J., Chen, H.: Complex network analysis on TCMLS sub-ontologies. In: Third International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grid, pp. 551–553 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1109/SKG.2007.25

  31. McBride, B.: Jena: a semantic web toolkit. IEEE Internet Comput. 6(6), 55–59 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1109/MIC.2002.1067737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. McCabe, T.J.: A complexity measure. IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng. 2(4), 308–320 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.1976.233837

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  33. Mrvar, A., Batagelj, V.: Analysis and visualization of large networks with program package Pajek. Complex Adapt. Syst. Model. 4(1), 6 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40294-016-0017-8

  34. Noy, N.F., Sintek, M., Decker, S., Crubezy, M., Fergerson, R.W., Musen, M.A.: Creating semantic web contents with Protégé-2000. IEEE Intell. Syst. 16(2), 60–71 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1109/5254.920601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Oh, S., Yeom, H.Y., Ahn, J.: Cohesion and coupling metrics for ontology modules. Inf. Technol. Manag. 12(2), 81–96 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10799-011-0094-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Orme, A., Tao, H., Etzkorn, L.: Coupling metrics for ontology-based system. IEEE Softw. 23(2), 102–108 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2006.46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Queiroz-Sousa, P.O., Salgado, A.C., Pires, C.E.S.: A method for building personalized ontology summaries. J. Inf. Data Manag. 4(3), 236–250 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  38. Radicchi, F., Castellano, C., Cecconi, F., Loreto, V., Parisi, D.: Defining and identifying communities in networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101(9), 2658–2663 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400054101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Rakić, G.: Extendable and adaptable framework for input language independent static analysis. Ph.D. thesis, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Rakić, G., Budimac, Z.: Introducing enriched concrete syntax trees. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Multiconference on Information Society (IS), Collaboration, Software And Services In Information Society (CSS), pp. 211–214 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Raskin, R.G., Pan, M.J.: Knowledge representation in the semantic web for Earth and environmental terminology (SWEET). Comput. Geosci. 31(9), 1119–1125 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2004.12.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Rodriguez, M.A.: A graph analysis of the linked data cloud. CoRR (2009). arXiv:abs/0903.0194

  43. Savić, M., Budimac, Z., Rakić, G., Ivanović, M., Heričko, M.: SSQSA ontology metrics front-end. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Software Quality Analysis, Monitoring, Improvement, and Applications, Novi Sad, Serbia, September 15–17, 2013, pp. 95–101 (2013). http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1053/sqamia2013paper12.pdf

  44. Savić, M., Rakić, G., Budimac, Z.: Translation of Tempura specifications to eCST. AIP Conf. Proc. 1738(1), 240,009 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4952028

  45. Sicilia, M., Rodrguez, D., Garca-Barriocanal, E., Sinchez-Alonso, S.: Empirical findings on ontology metrics. Expert Syst. Appl. 39(8), 6706 – 6711 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.11.094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Stuckenschmidt, H., Parent, C., Spaccapietra, S. (eds.): Modular Ontologies: Concepts, Theories and Techniques for Knowledge Modularization. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5445. Springer, Berlin (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01907-4

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  47. Tartir, S., Arpinar, I.B., Moore, M., Sheth, A.P., Aleman-Meza, B.: OntoQA: Metric-based ontology quality analysis. In: IEEE Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition from Distributed, Autonomous, Semantically Heterogeneous Data and Knowledge Sources (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Theoharis, Y., Georgakopoulos, G., Christophides, V.: On the synthetic generation of semantic web schemas. In: Christophides, V., Collard, M., Gutierrez, C. (eds.) Semantic Web, Ontologies and Databases. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5005, pp. 98–116. Springer, Berlin (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70960-2_6

  49. Theoharis, Y., Tzitzikas, Y., Kotzinos, D., Christophides, V.: On graph features of semantic web schemas. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 20(5), 692–702 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2007.190735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Vrandečić, D.: Ontology Evaluation, pp. 293–313. Springer, Berlin (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_13

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  51. Zhang, H.: The scale-free nature of semantic web ontology. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW ’08, pp. 1047–1048. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2008). https://doi.org/10.1145/1367497.1367649

  52. Zhang, H., Li, Y.F., Tan, H.B.K.: Measuring design complexity of semantic web ontologies. J. Syst. Softw. 83(5), 803–814 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2009.11.735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Zhang, X., Cheng, G., Qu, Y.: Ontology summarization based on RDF sentence graph. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on World Wide Web, WWW ’07, pp. 707–716. ACM, New York, NY, USA (2007). https://doi.org/10.1145/1242572.1242668

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Sciences, Department of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Miloš Savić & Mirjana Ivanović

  2. Centre for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia

    Lakhmi C. Jain

Authors
  1. Miloš Savić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mirjana Ivanović
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lakhmi C. Jain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Miloš Savić .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Savić, M., Ivanović, M., Jain, L.C. (2019). Analysis of Ontology Networks. In: Complex Networks in Software, Knowledge, and Social Systems. Intelligent Systems Reference Library, vol 148. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91196-0_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation