Abstract
The design and development of metaheuristic algorithms can be time-consuming and difficult for a number of reasons including the complexity of the problems being tackled, the large number of degrees of freedom when designing an algorithm and setting its numerical parameters, and the difficulties of algorithm analysis due to heuristic biases and stochasticity. Traditionally, this design and development has been done through a manual, labor-intensive approach guided mainly by the expertise and intuition of the algorithm designer. In recent years, a number of automatic algorithm configuration methods have been developed that are able to effectively search large and diverse parameter spaces. They have been shown to be very successful in identifying high-performing algorithm designs and parameter settings. In this chapter, we review the recent advances in addressing automatic metaheuristic algorithm design and configuration. We describe the main existing automatic algorithm configuration techniques and discuss some of the main uses of such techniques, ranging from the mere optimization of the performance of already developed metaheuristic algorithms to their pivotal role in modifying the way metaheuristic algorithms will be designed and developed in the future.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
E.H.L. Aarts, J.K. Lenstra (eds.), Local Search in Combinatorial Optimization (Wiley, Chichester, 1997)
B. Adenso-Díaz, M. Laguna, Fine-tuning of algorithms using fractional experimental design and local search. Oper. Res. 54(1), 99–114 (2006)
S. Aine, R. Kumar, P.P. Chakrabarti, Adaptive parameter control of evolutionary algorithms to improve quality-time trade-off. Appl. Soft Comput. 9(2), 527–540 (2009)
J. Ansel, S. Kamil, K. Veeramachaneni, J. Ragan-Kelley, J. Bosboom, U.M. O’Reilly, S. Amarasinghe, Opentuner: an extensible framework for program autotuning, in Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Parallel Architectures and Compilation (ACM, New York, 2014), pp. 303–315
C. Ansótegui, M. Sellmann, K. Tierney, A gender-based genetic algorithm for the automatic configuration of algorithms, in Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming, CP 2009, ed. by I.P. Gent. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5732 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2009), pp. 142–157
C. Ansótegui, Y. Malitsky, H. Samulowitz, M. Sellmann, K. Tierney, Model-based genetic algorithms for algorithm configuration, in Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-15), ed. by Q. Yang, M. Wooldridge (IJCAI/AAAI Press, Menlo Park, 2015), pp. 733–739
J. April, F. Glover, J.P. Kelly, M. Laguna, Simulation-based optimization: practical introduction to simulation optimization, in Proceedings of the 35th Winter Simulation Conference: Driving Innovation, December 2003, vol. 1, ed. by S.E. Chick, P.J. Sanchez, D.M. Ferrin, D.J. Morrice (ACM Press, New York, 2003), pp. 71–78
C. Audet, D. Orban, Finding optimal algorithmic parameters using derivative-free optimization. SIAM J. Optim. 17(3), 642–664 (2006)
C. Audet, K.-C. Dang, D. Orban, Optimization of algorithms with OPAL. Math. Program. Comput. 6(3), 233–254 (2014)
D. Aydın, G. Yavuz, T. Stützle, ABC-X: a generalized, automatically configurable artificial bee colony framework. Swarm Intell. 11(1), 1–38 (2017)
P. Balaprakash, M. Birattari, T. Stützle, Improvement strategies for the F-race algorithm: sampling design and iterative refinement, in Hybrid Metaheuristics, ed. by T. Bartz-Beielstein, M.J. Blesa, C. Blum, B. Naujoks, A. Roli, G. Rudolph, M. Sampels. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4771 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2007), pp. 108–122
P. Balaprakash, M. Birattari, T. Stützle, M. Dorigo, Adaptive sampling size and importance sampling in estimation-based local search for the probabilistic traveling salesman problem. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 199(1), 98–110 (2009)
P. Balaprakash, M. Birattari, T. Stützle, M. Dorigo, Estimation-based metaheuristics for the probabilistic travelling salesman problem. Comput. Oper. Res. 37(11), 1939–1951 (2010)
P. Balaprakash, M. Birattari, T. Stützle, M. Dorigo, Estimation-based metaheuristics for the single vehicle routing problem with stochastic demands and customers. Comput. Optim. Appl. 61(2), 463–487 (2015)
R.S. Barr, B.L. Golden, J.P. Kelly, M.G.C. Resende, W.R. Stewart, Designing and reporting on computational experiments with heuristic methods. J. Heuristics 1(1), 9–32 (1995)
T. Bartz-Beielstein, S. Markon, Tuning search algorithms for real-world applications: a regression tree based approach, in Proceedings of the 2004 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC 2004), September 2004 (IEEE Press, Piscataway, 2004), pp. 1111–1118
T. Bartz-Beielstein, C. Lasarczyk, M. Preuss, Sequential parameter optimization, in Proceedings of the 2005 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC 2005), September 2005 (IEEE Press, Piscataway, 2005), pp. 773–780
M. Battistutta, A. Schaerf, T. Urli, Feature-based tuning of single-stage simulated annealing for examination timetabling. Ann. Oper. Res. 252(2), 239–254 (2017)
R. Battiti, G. Tecchiolli, The reactive tabu search. ORSA J. Comput. 6(2), 126–140 (1994)
R. Battiti, M. Brunato, F. Mascia, Reactive Search and Intelligent Optimization. Operations Research/Computer Science Interfaces, vol. 45 (Springer, New York, 2008)
E.B. Baum, Iterated descent: a better algorithm for local search in combinatorial optimization problems. Manuscript, 1986
E.B. Baum, Towards practical “neural” computation for combinatorial optimization problems, in AIP Conference Proceedings on Neural Networks for Computing (1986), pp. 53–64
J. Baxter, Local optima avoidance in depot location. J. Oper. Res. Soc. 32(9), 815–819 (1981)
N. Belkhir, J. Dréo, P. Savéant, M. Schoenauer, Per instance algorithm configuration of CMA-ES with limited budget, in Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO 2017, Berlin, 15–19 July 2017, ed. by P.A.N. Bosman (ACM Press, New York, 2017), pp. 681–688
J.S. Bergstra, Y. Bengio, Random search for hyper-parameter optimization. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 13, 281–305 (2012)
L.C.T. Bezerra, M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, Automatic design of evolutionary algorithms for multi-objective combinatorial optimization, in PPSN 2014, ed. by T. Bartz-Beielstein, J. Branke, B. Filipič, J. Smith. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 8672 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2014), pp. 508–517
L.C.T. Bezerra, M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, Automatic component-wise design of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 20(3), 403–417 (2016)
L.C.T. Bezerra, M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, Automatic configuration of multi-objective optimizers and multi-objective configuration. Technical Report TR/IRIDIA/2017-011, IRIDIA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, November 2017
M. Birattari, The problem of tuning metaheuristics as seen from a machine learning perspective. PhD thesis, IRIDIA, École polytechnique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 2004
M. Birattari, T. Stützle, L. Paquete, K. Varrentrapp, A racing algorithm for configuring metaheuristics, in Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO 2002, ed. by W.B. Langdon et al. (Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, 2002), pp. 11–18
M. Birattari, Z. Yuan, P. Balaprakash, T. Stützle, F-race and iterated F-race: an overview, in Experimental Methods for the Analysis of Optimization Algorithms, ed. by T. Bartz-Beielstein, M. Chiarandini, L. Paquete, M. Preuss (Springer, Berlin, 2010), pp. 311–336
C. Blackmore, O. Ray, K. Eder, Automatically tuning the GCC compiler to optimize the performance of applications running on the ARM cortex-M3. Technical report, CoRR, 2017. https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.08228
L. Breiman, Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45(1), 5–32 (2001)
E.K. Burke, M. Gendreau, M.R. Hyde, G. Kendall, G. Ochoa, E. Özcan, R. Qu, Hyper-heuristics: a survey of the state of the art. J. Oper. Res. Soc. 64(12), 1695–1724 (2013)
S. Cahon, N. Melab, E.-G. Talbi, ParadisEO: a framework for the reusable design of parallel and distributed metaheuristics. J. Heuristics 10(3), 357–380 (2004)
V. Černý, A thermodynamical approach to the traveling salesman problem: an efficient simulation algorithm. J. Optim. Theory Appl. 45(1), 41–51 (1985)
M. Chiarandini, Stochastic local search methods for highly constrained combinatorial optimisation problems. PhD thesis, FB Informatik, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, 2005
M. Christen, O. Schenk, H. Burkhart, PATUS: a code generation and autotuning framework for parallel iterative stencil computations on modern microarchitectures, in Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium, IPDPS ‘11 (IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, 2011), pp. 676–687
W.J. Conover, Practical Nonparametric Statistics, 3rd edn. (Wiley, New York, 1999)
S.P. Coy, B.L. Golden, G.C. Runger, E.A. Wasil, Using experimental design to find effective parameter settings for heuristics. J. Heuristics 7(1), 77–97 (2001)
N. Dang Thi Thanh, L. Pérez Cáceres, P. De Causmaecker, T. Stützle, Configuring irace using surrogate configuration benchmarks, in Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO 2017, Berlin, 15–19 July 2017, ed. by P.A.N. Bosman (ACM Press, New York, 2017), pp. 243–250
U. Derigs, U. Vogel, Experience with a framework for developing heuristics for solving rich vehicle routing problems. J. Heuristics 20(1), 75–106 (2014)
L. Di Gaspero, A. Schaerf, EasyLocal++: an object-oriented framework for flexible design of local search algorithms. Softw. Pract. Experience 33(8), 733–765 (2003)
J. Dubois-Lacoste, M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, Automatic configuration of state-of-the-art multi-objective optimizers using the TP+PLS framework, in Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO 2011, ed. by N. Krasnogor, P.L. Lanzi (ACM Press, New York, 2011), pp. 2019–2026
J. Dubois-Lacoste, M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, A hybrid TP+PLS algorithm for bi-objective flow-shop scheduling problems. Comput. Oper. Res. 38(8), 1219–1236 (2011)
J. Dubois-Lacoste, M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, Improving the anytime behavior of two-phase local search. Ann. Math. Artif. Intell. 61(2), 125–154 (2011)
J. Dubois-Lacoste, M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, Anytime Pareto local search. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 243(2), 369–385 (2015)
A.E. Eiben, Z. Michalewicz, M. Schoenauer, J.E. Smith, Parameter control in evolutionary algorithms, in Parameter Setting in Evolutionary Algorithms, ed. by F. Lobo, C.F. Lima, Z. Michalewicz (Springer, Berlin, 2007), pp. 19–46
C. Fawcett, H.H. Hoos, Analysing differences between algorithm configurations through ablation. J. Heuristics 22(4), 431–458 (2016)
V. Fernandez-Viagas, R. Ruiz, J.M. Framiñán, A new vision of approximate methods for the permutation flowshop to minimise makespan: state-of-the-art and computational evaluation. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 257(3), 707–721 (2017)
A. Fialho, L. Da Costa, M. Schoenauer, M. Sebag, Analyzing bandit-based adaptive operator selection mechanisms. Ann. Math. Artif. Intell. 60(1–2), 25–64 (2010)
A. Franzin, T. Stützle, Exploration of metaheuristics through automatic algorithm configuration techniques and algorithmic frameworks, in GECCO (Companion), ed. by T. Friedrich, F. Neumann, A.M. Sutton (ACM Press, New York, 2016), pp. 1341–1347
A.S. Fukunaga, Evolving local search heuristics for SAT using genetic programming, in Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO 2004, Part II, ed. by K. Deb et al. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3103 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2004), pp. 483–494
A.S. Fukunaga, Automated discovery of local search heuristics for satisfiability testing. Evol. Comput. 16(1), 31–61 (2008)
G. Fursin, Y. Kashnikov, A.W. Memon, Z. Chamski, O. Temam, M. Namolaru, E. Yom-Tov, B. Mendelson, A. Zaks, E. Courtois, F. Bodin, P. Barnard, E. Ashton, E. Bonilla, J. Thomson, C.K.I. Williams, M. O’Boyle, Milepost GCC: machine learning enabled self-tuning compiler. Int. J. Parallel Program. 39(3), 296–327 (2011)
M. Gendreau, J.-Y. Potvin (eds.), Handbook of Metaheuristics. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, vol. 146, 2nd edn. (Springer, New York, 2010)
J.J. Grefenstette, Optimization of control parameters for genetic algorithms. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 16(1), 122–128 (1986)
Y. Hamadi, E. Monfroy, F. Saubion (eds.), Autonomous Search (Springer, Berlin, 2012)
N. Hansen, A. Ostermeier, Completely derandomized self-adaptation in evolution strategies. Evol. Comput. 9(2), 159–195 (2001)
P. Hansen, N. Mladenović, J. Brimberg, J.A. Moreno Pérez, Variable Neighborhood Search, in Handbook of Metaheuristics, ed. by M. Gendreau, J.-Y. Potvin. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, vol. 146, 2nd edn. (Springer, New York, 2010), pp. 61–86
H.H. Hoos, Programming by optimization. Commun. ACM 55(2), 70–80 (2012)
H.H. Hoos, T. Stützle, Stochastic Local Search—Foundations and Applications (Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, 2005)
B. Huberman, R. Lukose, T. Hogg, An economic approach to hard computational problems. Science 275, 51–54 (1997)
J. Humeau, A. Liefooghe, E.-G. Talbi, S. Verel, ParadisEO-MO: from fitness landscape analysis to efficient local search algorithms. J. Heuristics 19(6), 881–915 (2013)
M.S. Hussin, T. Stützle, Hierarchical iterated local search for the quadratic assignment problem, in Hybrid Metaheuristics, ed. by M.J. Blesa, C. Blum, L. Di Gaspero, A. Roli, M. Sampels, A. Schaerf. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5818 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2009), pp. 115–129
F. Hutter, S. Ramage, Manual for SMAC, 2015. SMAC version 2.10.03
F. Hutter, D. Babić, H.H. Hoos, A.J. Hu, Boosting verification by automatic tuning of decision procedures, in FMCAD’07: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design, Austin (IEEE Computer Society, Washington, 2007), pp. 27–34
F. Hutter, H.H. Hoos, T. Stützle, Automatic algorithm configuration based on local search, in Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI ‘07), ed. by R.C. Holte, A. Howe (AAAI Press/MIT Press, Menlo Park, 2007), pp. 1152–1157
F. Hutter, H.H. Hoos, K. Leyton-Brown, T. Stützle, ParamILS: an automatic algorithm configuration framework. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 36, 267–306 (2009)
F. Hutter, H.H. Hoos, K. Leyton-Brown, Automated configuration of mixed integer programming solvers, in 7th International Conference on Integration of AI and OR Techniques in Constraint Programming for Combinatorial Optimization Problems, CPAIOR 2010, ed. by A. Lodi, M. Milano, P. Toth. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6140 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2010), pp. 186–202
F. Hutter, H.H. Hoos, K. Leyton-Brown, Sequential model-based optimization for general algorithm configuration, in 5th International Conference on Learning and Intelligent Optimization, LION 5, ed. by C.A. Coello Coello. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6683 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2011), pp. 507–523
F. Hutter, H.H. Hoos, K. Leyton-Brown, An efficient approach for assessing hyperparameter importance, in Proceedings of the 31th International Conference on Machine Learning, vol. 32 (2014), pp. 754–762
T. Ibaraki, A personal perspective on problem solving by general purpose solvers. Int. Trans. Oper. Res. 17(3), 303–315 (2010)
S. Irnich, A unified modeling and solution framework for vehicle routing and local search-based metaheuristics. INFORMS J. Comput. 20(2), 270–287 (2008)
R.H.F. Jackson, P.T. Boggs, S.G. Nash, S. Powell, Guidelines for reporting results of computational experiments. Report of the ad hoc committee. Math. Program. 49(3), 413–425 (1991)
S. Kadioglu, Y. Malitsky, M. Sellmann, K. Tierney, ISAC: instance-specific algorithm configuration, in Proceedings of the 19th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, ed. by H. Coelho, R. Studer, M. Wooldridge (IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2010), pp. 751–756
G. Karafotias, M. Hoogendoorn, A.E. Eiben, Parameter control in evolutionary algorithms: trends and challenges. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 19(2), 167–187 (2015)
G. Kendall, R. Bai, J. Blazewicz, P. De Causmaecker, M. Gendreau, R. John, J. Li, B. McCollum, E. Pesch, R. Qu, N.R. Sabar, G.V. Berghe, A. Yee, Good laboratory practice for optimization research. J. Oper. Res. Soc. 67(4), 676–689 (2016)
A.R. KhudaBukhsh, L. Xu, H.H. Hoos, K. Leyton-Brown, SATenstein: automatically building local search SAT solvers from components, in Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-09), ed. by C. Boutilier (AAAI Press, Menlo Park, 2009), pp. 517–524
A.R. KhudaBukhsh, L. Xu, H.H. Hoos, K. Leyton-Brown, SATenstein: automatically building local search SAT Solvers from Components. Artif. Intell. 232, 20–42 (2016)
S. Kirkpatrick, Optimization by simulated annealing: quantitative studies. J. Stat. Phys. 34(5–6), 975–986 (1984)
S. Kirkpatrick, C.D. Gelatt, M.P. Vecchi, Optimization by simulated annealing. Science 220, 671–680 (1983)
L. Kotthoff, Algorithm selection for combinatorial search problems: a survey. AI Mag. 35(3), 48–60 (2014)
T. Liao, M.A. Montes de Oca, T. Stützle, Computational results for an automatically tuned CMA-ES with increasing population size on the CEC’05 benchmark set. Soft Comput. 17(6), 1031–1046 (2013)
T. Liao, T. Stützle, M.A. Montes de Oca, M. Dorigo, A unified ant colony optimization algorithm for continuous optimization. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 234(3), 597–609 (2014)
T. Liao, D. Molina, T. Stützle, Performance evaluation of automatically tuned continuous optimizers on different benchmark sets. Appl. Soft Comput. 27, 490–503 (2015)
M.T. Lindauer, H.H. Hoos, F. Hutter, T. Schaub, AutoFolio: algorithm configuration for algorithm selection, in AAAI, ed. by B. Bonet, S. Koenig (AAAI Press, Menlo Park, 2015)
M.T. Lindauer, H.H. Hoos, F. Hutter, T. Schaub, AutoFolio: an automatically configured algorithm selector. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 53, 745–778 (2015)
M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, An analysis of algorithmic components for multiobjective ant colony optimization: a case study on the biobjective TSP, in Artificial Evolution: 9th International Conference, Evolution Artificielle, EA, 2009, ed. by P. Collet, N. Monmarché, P. Legrand, M. Schoenauer, E. Lutton. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5975 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2010), pp. 134–145
M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, Automatic configuration of multi-objective ACO algorithms, in Swarm Intelligence, 7th International Conference, ANTS 2010, ed. by M. Dorigo et al. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6234 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2010), pp. 95–106
M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, The impact of design choices of multi-objective ant colony optimization algorithms on performance: an experimental study on the biobjective TSP, in Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO 2010, ed. by M. Pelikan, J. Branke (ACM Press, New York, 2010), pp. 71–78
M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, The automatic design of multi-objective ant colony optimization algorithms. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 16(6), 861–875 (2012)
M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, An experimental analysis of design choices of multi-objective ant colony optimization algorithms. Swarm Intell. 6(3), 207–232 (2012)
M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, Automatically improving the anytime behaviour of optimisation algorithms. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 235(3), 569–582 (2014)
M. López-Ibáñez, J. Dubois-Lacoste, T. Stützle, M. Birattari, The irace package, iterated race for automatic algorithm configuration. Technical Report TR/IRIDIA/2011-004, IRIDIA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, 2011
M. López-Ibáñez, T. Liao, T. Stützle, On the anytime behavior of IPOP-CMA-ES, in Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, PPSN XII, ed. by C.A. Coello Coello et al. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7491 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2012), pp. 357–366
M. López-Ibáñez, J. Dubois-Lacoste, L. Pérez Cáceres, T. Stützle, M. Birattari, The irace package: iterated racing for automatic algorithm configuration. Oper. Res. Perspect. 3, 43–58 (2016)
M. López-Ibáñez, M.-E. Kessaci, T. Stützle, Automatic design of hybrid metaheuristics from algorithmic components. Technical Report TR/IRIDIA/2017-012, IRIDIA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, November 2017
H.R. Lourenço, Job-shop scheduling: computational study of local search and large-step optimization methods. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 83(2), 347–364 (1995)
H.R. Lourenço, O. Martin, T. Stützle, Iterated local search, in Handbook of Metaheuristics, ed. by F. Glover, G. Kochenberger (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, 2002), pp. 321–353
H.R. Lourenço, O. Martin, T. Stützle, Iterated local search: framework and applications, in Handbook of Metaheuristics, ed. by M. Gendreau, J.-Y. Potvin. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, vol. 146, 2nd edn. (Springer, New York, 2010), pp. 363–397, chapter 9
Y. Malitsky, M. Sellmann, Instance-specific algorithm configuration as a method for non-model-based portfolio generation, in Integration of AI and OR Techniques in Constraint Programming for Combinatorial Optimization Problems, ed. by N. Beldiceanu, N. Jussien, E. Pinson. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7298 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2012), pp. 244–259
V. Maniezzo, T. Stützle, S. Voß (eds.), Matheuristics—Hybridizing Metaheuristics and Mathematical Programming. Annals of Information Systems, vol. 10 (Springer, New York, 2009)
M.-E. Marmion, F. Mascia, M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, Automatic design of hybrid stochastic local search algorithms, in Hybrid Metaheuristics, 8th International Workshop, HM 2013, Ischia, May 23–25, 2013. Proceedings, ed. by M.J. Blesa, C. Blum, P. Festa, A. Roli, M. Sampels. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7919 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2013), pp. 144–158
O. Maron, A.W. Moore, The racing algorithm: model selection for lazy learners. Artif. Intell. Res. 11(1–5), 193–225 (1997)
F. Mascia, M. Birattari, T. Stützle, Tuning algorithms for tackling large instances: an experimental protocol, in 7th International Conference on Learning and Intelligent Optimization, LION 7, ed. by P.M. Pardalos, G. Nicosia. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7997 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2013), pp. 410–422
F. Mascia, M. López-Ibáñez, J. Dubois-Lacoste, T. Stützle, Grammar-based generation of stochastic local search heuristics through automatic algorithm configuration tools. Comput. Oper. Res. 51, 190–199 (2014)
F. Mascia, P. Pellegrini, T. Stützle, M. Birattari, An analysis of parameter adaptation in reactive tabu search. Int. Trans. Oper. Res. 21(1), 127–152 (2014)
F. Massen, M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, Y. Deville, Experimental analysis of pheromone-based heuristic column generation using irace, in Hybrid Metaheuristics, 8th International Workshop, HM 2013, Ischia, May 23–25, 2013. Proceedings, ed. by M.J. Blesa, C. Blum, P. Festa, A. Roli, M. Sampels. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7919 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2013), pp. 92–106.
G. Melvin, T.J. Dodd, R. Groß, Why ‘GSA: a gravitational search algorithm’ is not genuinely based on the law of gravity. Nat. Comput. 11(4), 719–720 (2012)
ML4AAD Group. SMAC v3 project (2017). https://github.com/automl/SMAC3, Version visited last on August 2017
J. Mockus, Bayesian Approach to Global Optimization: Theory and Applications (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989)
M.A. Montes de Oca, D. Aydın, T. Stützle, An incremental particle swarm for large-scale continuous optimization problems: an example of tuning-in-the-loop (re)design of optimization algorithms. Soft Comput. 15(11), 2233–2255 (2011)
D.C. Montgomery, Design and Analysis of Experiments, 8th edn. (Wiley, New York, 2012)
V. Nannen, A.E. Eiben, A method for parameter calibration and relevance estimation in evolutionary algorithms, in Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO 2006, ed. by M. Cattolico et al. (ACM Press, New York, 2006), pp. 183–190
V. Nannen, A.E. Eiben, Relevance estimation and value calibration of evolutionary algorithm parameters, in Proceedings of the Twentieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-07), ed. by M.M. Veloso (AAAI Press, Menlo Park, 2007), pp. 975–980
R. Olsson, A. Løkketangen, Using automatic programming to generate state-of-the-art algorithms for random 3-SAT. J. Heuristics 19(5), 819–844 (2013)
F. Pagnozzi, T. Stützle, Automatic design of hybrid stochastic local search algorithms for permutation flowshop problems. Technical Report TR/IRIDIA/2017-013, IRIDIA, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, November 2017
P. Pellegrini, M. Birattari, Implementation effort and performance, in Engineering Stochastic Local Search Algorithms. Designing, Implementing and Analyzing Effective Heuristics. SLS 2007, ed. by T. Stützle, M. Birattari, H.H. Hoos. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4638 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2007), pp. 31–45
L. Pérez Cáceres, M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, An analysis of parameters of irace, in Proceedings of EvoCOP 2014 – 14th European Conference on Evolutionary Computation in Combinatorial Optimization, ed. by C. Blum, G. Ochoa. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 8600 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2014), pp. 37–48
L. Pérez Cáceres, M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, Ant colony optimization on a limited budget of evaluations. Swarm Intell. 9(2–3), 103–124 (2015)
L. Pérez Cáceres, B. Bischl, T. Stützle, Evaluating random forest models for irace, in GECCO’17 Companion, ed. by P.A.N. Bosman (ACM Press, New York, 2017)
L. Pérez Cáceres, M. López-Ibáñez, H.H. Hoos, T. Stützle, An experimental study of adaptive capping in irace, in 11th International Conference on Learning and Intelligent Optimization, LION 11, ed. by R. Battiti, D.E. Kvasov, Y.D. Sergeyev. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 10556 (Springer, Cham, 2017), pp. 235–250
D. Pisinger, S. Ropke, A general heuristic for vehicle routing problems. Comput. Oper. Res. 34(8), 2403–2435 (2007)
D. Plotnikov, D. Melnik, M. Vardanyan, R. Buchatskiy, R. Zhuykov, J.-H. Lee, Automatic tuning of compiler optimizations and analysis of their impact, in 2013 International Conference on Computational Science, ed. by V. Alexandrov, M. Lees, V. Krzhizhanovskaya, J. Dongarra, P.M.A. Sloot. Procedia Computer Science, vol. 18 (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2013), pp. 1312–1321
M. Powell, The BOBYQA algorithm for bound constrained optimization without derivatives. Technical Report Cambridge NA Report NA2009/06, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, 2009
M. Püschel, F. Franchetti, Y. Voronenko, Spiral, in Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing, ed. by D. Padua (Springer, New York, 2011), pp. 1920–1933
A. Radulescu, M. López-Ibáñez, T. Stützle, Automatically improving the anytime behaviour of multiobjective evolutionary algorithms, in Evolutionary Multi-criterion Optimization, EMO 2013, ed. by R.C. Purshouse, P.J. Fleming, C.M. Fonseca, S. Greco, J. Shaw. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7811 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2013), pp. 825–840
R.L. Rardin, R. Uzsoy, Experimental evaluation of heuristic optimization algorithms: a tutorial. J. Heuristics 7(3), 261–304 (2001)
M.G.C. Resende, C.C. Ribeiro, Greedy randomized adaptive search procedures: advances, hybridizations, and applications, in Handbook of Metaheuristics, ed. by M. Gendreau, J.-Y. Potvin. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, vol. 146, 2nd edn. (Springer, New York, 2010), pp. 283–319
J.R. Rice, The algorithm selection problem. Adv. Comput. 15, 65–118 (1976)
E. Ridge, D. Kudenko, Tuning an algorithm using design of experiments, in Experimental Methods for the Analysis of Optimization Algorithms, ed. by T. Bartz-Beielstein, M. Chiarandini, L. Paquete, M. Preuss (Springer, Berlin, 2010), pp. 265–286
M.-C. Riff, E. Montero, A new algorithm for reducing metaheuristic design effort, in Proceedings of the 2013 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC 2013) (IEEE Press, Piscataway, 2013), pp. 3283–3290
S. Ropke, D. Pisinger, A unified heuristic for a large class of vehicle routing problems with backhauls. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 171(3), 750–775 (2006)
R. Ruiz, C. Maroto, A comprehensive review and evaluation of permutation flowshop heuristics. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 165(2), 479–494 (2005)
M. Schonlau, W.J. Welch, D.R. Jones, Global versus local search in constrained optimization of computer models. Lect. Notes Monogr. Ser. 34, 11–25 (1998)
B. Shahriari, K. Swersky, Z. Wang, R.P. Adams, N. de Freitas, Taking the human out of the loop: a review of Bayesian optimization. Proc. IEEE 104(1), 148–175 (2016)
S.K. Smit, A.E. Eiben, Beating the ‘world champion’ evolutionary algorithm via REVAC tuning, in Proceedings of the 2010 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC 2010), ed. by H. Ishibuchi et al. (IEEE Press, Piscataway, 2010), pp. 1–8
S.K. Smit, A.E. Eiben, Parameter tuning of evolutionary algorithms: generalist vs. specialist, in EvoApplications (1), ed. by C. Di Chio, S. Cagnoni, C. Cotta, M. Ebner, A. Ekárt, A.I. Esparcia-Alcázar, C.K. Goh, J.-J. Merelo, F. Neri, M. Preuss, J. Togelius, G.N. Yannakakis. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6024 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2010), pp. 542–551
J. Snoek, H. Larochelle, R.P. Adams, Practical Bayesian optimization of machine learning algorithms, in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25: 26th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2012, ed. by P.L. Bartlett, F.C.N. Pereira, C.J.C. Burges, L. Bottou, K.Q. Weinberger (Curran Associates, Red Hook, 2012), pp. 2960–2968
K. Sörensen, Metaheuristics—the metaphor exposed. Int. Trans. Oper. Res. 22(1), 3–18 (2015)
T. Stützle, Some thoughts on engineering stochastic local search algorithms, in Proceedings of the EU/MEeting 2009: Debating the Future: New Areas of Application and Innovative Approaches, ed. by A. Viana et al., 2009, pp. 47–52
T. Stützle, M. López-Ibáñez, P. Pellegrini, M. Maur, M.A. Montes de Oca, M. Birattari, M. Dorigo, Parameter adaptation in ant colony optimization, in Autonomous Search, ed. by Y. Hamadi, E. Monfroy, F. Saubion (Springer, Berlin, 2012), pp. 191–215
J. Styles, H.H. Hoos, Ordered racing protocols for automatically configuring algorithms for scaling performance, in Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, GECCO 2013, ed. by C. Blum E. Alba (ACM Press, New York, 2013), pp. 551–558
J. Styles, H.H. Hoos, M. Müller, Automatically configuring algorithms for scaling performance, in Learning and Intelligent Optimization, 6th International Conference, LION 6, ed. by Y. Hamadi, M. Schoenauer. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7219 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2012), pp. 205–219
C. Thornton, F. Hutter, H.H. Hoos, K. Leyton-Brown, Auto-WEKA: combined selection and hyperparameter optimization of classification algorithms, in The 19th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, KDD 2013, ed. by I.S. Dhillon, Y. Koren, R. Ghani, T.E. Senator, P. Bradley, R. Parekh, J. He, R.L. Grossman, R. Uthurusamy (ACM Press, New York, 2013), pp. 847–855
T. Vidal, T.G. Crainic, M. Gendreau, C. Prins, Heuristics for multi-attribute vehicle routing problems: a survey and synthesis. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 231(1), 1–21 (2013)
T. Vidal, T.G. Crainic, M. Gendreau, C. Prins, A unified solution framework for multi-attribute vehicle routing problems. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 234(3), 658–673 (2014)
B.W. Wah, Y.X. Chen, Optimal anytime constrained simulated annealing for constrained global optimization, in Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming, CP 2000, ed. by R. Dechter. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1894 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2000), pp. 425–440
S. Wessing, N. Beume, G. Rudolph, B. Naujoks, Parameter tuning boosts performance of variation operators in multiobjective optimization, in Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, PPSN XI, ed. by R. Schaefer, C. Cotta, J. Kolodziej, G. Rudolph. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 6238 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2010), pp. 728–737
D. Weyland, A rigorous analysis of the harmony search algorithm: how the research community can be misled by a “novel” methodology. Int. J. Appl. Metaheuristic Comput. 12(2), 50–60 (2010)
C.R. Whaley, Atlas (automatically tuned linear algebra software), in Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing, ed. by D. Padua (Springer, New York, 2011), pp. 95–101
L. Xu, F. Hutter, H.H. Hoos, K. Leyton-Brown, SATzilla: portfolio-based algorithm selection for SAT. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 32, 565–606 (2008)
L. Xu, H.H. Hoos, K. Leyton-Brown, Hydra: automatically configuring algorithms for portfolio-based selection, in AAAI, ed. by M. Fox, D. Poole. (AAAI Press, Menlo Park, 2010)
L. Xu, F. Hutter, H.H. Hoos, K. Leyton-Brown, Hydra-MIP: automated algorithm configuration and selection for mixed integer programming. Technical Report TR-2011-01, Department of Computer Science, University of British Columbia, 2011
Z. Yuan, M.A. Montes de Oca, T. Stützle, M. Birattari, Continuous optimization algorithms for tuning real and integer algorithm parameters of swarm intelligence algorithms. Swarm Intell. 6(1), 49–75 (2012)
S. Zilberstein, Using anytime algorithms in intelligent systems. AI Mag. 17(3), 73–83 (1996)
E. Zitzler, L. Thiele, Multiobjective optimization using evolutionary algorithms – a comparative case study, in Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, PPSN V, ed. by A.E. Eiben, T. Bäck, M. Schoenauer, H.-P. Schwefel. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 1498 (Springer, Heidelberg, 1998), pp. 292–301
E. Zitzler, L. Thiele, M. Laumanns, C.M. Fonseca, V. Grunert da Fonseca, Performance assessment of multiobjective optimizers: an analysis and review. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 7(2), 117–132 (2003)
E. Zitzler, L. Thiele, J. Bader, On set-based multiobjective optimization. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 14(1), 58–79 (2010)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thanks the editors for the careful reading of the chapter and the valuable comments for improving the presentation. Thomas Stützle acknowledges support from the F.R.S.-FNRS, of which he is a research director. This work received support from the COMEX project P7/36 within the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme of the Belgian Science Policy Office.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Stützle, T., López-Ibáñez, M. (2019). Automated Design of Metaheuristic Algorithms. In: Gendreau, M., Potvin, JY. (eds) Handbook of Metaheuristics. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science, vol 272. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91086-4_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91086-4_17
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-91085-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-91086-4
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)