Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Body Image, Eating, and Weight pp 413–425Cite as

Body Image in the Integrated Prevention of Eating and Weight Disorders

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The rates of obesity and eating disorders (ED) continue to rise and, in the last two decades, a growing number of researchers and scientific institutions have supposed that an integrated approach to the prevention of obesity and ED could be more efficient than the only-focus-programs. An integrated prevention program is designed to provide a coordinated set of health measures aimed at avoiding a series of disturbances at the same time. The development of combined prevention programs for both weight and eating disorders began in the early 2000s. Three questions are critical: (a) is the integrated prevention model for obesity and ED theoretically well-founded? (b) is it supported by empirical research evidence of efficacy and effectiveness? (c) what is the role of body shape and weight concerns?

This chapter reviews some relevant studies that developed and evaluated integrated prevention procedures for obesity and ED. Healthy dieting and a balanced lifestyle are two plausible targets with a focus on at-risk eating behaviors. However, it seems crucial to the success of a project to consider that a negative body image is a well-known risk factor for both eating and weight disorders. Many adolescents are dissatisfied with their appearance, and the numbers are even higher in overweight teenagers. Therefore, most integrated interventions try to promote positive body image, acceptance of different body shapes and sizes, self-confidence, and coping skills with appearance-related emotions. The social stigma of obesity, media literacy, weight talk, and weight-teasing are other related issues. For selective interventions with groups at high risk, it is recommended to set the interventions on cognitive dissonance and media advocacy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Strasser T. Reflections on cardiovascular diseases. Interdiscip Sci Rev. 1978;3(3):225–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Berrios X, Koponen T, Huiguang T, Khaltaev N, Puska P, Nissinen A. Distribution and prevalence of major risk factors of noncommunicable diseases in selected countries: the WHO Inter-Health Programme. Bull World Health Organ. 1997;75(2):99–108.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Epstein FH, Holland WW. Prevention of chronic diseases in the community—one-disease versus multiple-disease strategies. Int J Epidemiol. 1983;12(2):135–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, Danaei G, Lin JK, Paciorek CJ, et al. National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9.1 million participants. Lancet. 2011;377(9765):557–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. N.C.D. Risk Factor Collaboration. Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet. 2016;387(10026):1377–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Makino M, Tsuboi K, Dennerstein L. Prevalence of eating disorders: a comparison of Western and non-Western countries. MedGenMed. 2004;6(3):49–56.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Pike KM, Dunne PE. The rise of eating disorders in Asia: a review. J Eat Disord. 2015;3:33–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Chisuwa N, O’Dea JA. Body image and eating disorders amongst Japanese adolescents. A review of the literature. Appetite. 2010;54(1):5–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Austin SB. Prevention research in eating disorders: theory and new directions. Psychol Med. 2000;30(6):1249–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Sanchez-Carracedo D, Neumark-Sztainer D, Lopez-Guimera G. Integrated prevention of obesity and eating disorders: barriers, developments and opportunities. Public Health Nutr. 2012;15(12):2295–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Cuzzolaro M. Eating disorders. In: Sbraccia P, Finer N, editors. Obesity: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Cham: Springer; 2017. p. 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Neumark-Sztainer D. Obesity and eating disorder prevention: an integrated approach? Adolesc Med. 2003;14(1):159–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Neumark-Sztainer D. The interface between the eating disorders and obesity fields: moving toward a model of shared knowledge and collaboration. Eat Weight Disord. 2009;14(1):51–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Haines J, Neumark-Sztainer D. Prevention of obesity and eating disorders: a consideration of shared risk factors. Health Educ Res. 2006;21(6):770–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Day J, Ternouth A, Collier DA. Eating disorders and obesity: two sides of the same coin? Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2009;18(2):96–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Krug I, Villarejo C, Jimenez-Murcia S, Perpina C, Vilarrasa N, Granero R, et al. Eating-related environmental factors in underweight eating disorders and obesity: are there common vulnerabilities during childhood and early adolescence? Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2013;21(3):202–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Golden NH, Schneider M, Wood C, Committee on Nutrition, Committee on Adolescence, Section on Obesity. Preventing obesity and eating disorders in adolescents. Pediatrics. 2016;138(3):1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Damiano SR, Paxton SJ, Wertheim EH, McLean SA, Gregg KJ. Dietary restraint of 5-year-old girls: associations with internalization of the thin ideal and maternal, media, and peer influences. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(8):1166–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Neumark-Sztainer DR, Wall MM, Haines JI, Story MT, Sherwood NE, van den Berg PA. Shared risk and protective factors for overweight and disordered eating in adolescents. Am J Prev Med. 2007;33(5):359–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Neumark-Sztainer D, Wall M, Haines J, Story M, Eisenberg ME. Why does dieting predict weight gain in adolescents? Findings from project EAT-II: a 5-year longitudinal study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(3):448–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Haines J, Kleinman KP, Rifas-Shiman SL, Field AE, Austin SB. Examination of shared risk and protective factors for overweight and disordered eating among adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164(4):336–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lopez-Guimera G, Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan P, Fauquet J, Loth K, Sanchez-Carracedo D. Unhealthy weight-control behaviours, dieting and weight status: a cross-cultural comparison between North American and Spanish adolescents. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2013;21(4):276–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Di Renzo L, Tyndall E, Gualtieri P, Carboni C, Valente R, Ciani AS, et al. Association of body composition and eating behavior in the normal weight obese syndrome. Eat Weight Disord. 2016;21(1):99–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Sim LA, Lebow J, Billings M. Eating disorders in adolescents with a history of obesity. Pediatrics. 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Darby A, Hay P, Mond J, Quirk F, Buttner P, Kennedy L. The rising prevalence of comorbid obesity and eating disorder behaviors from 1995 to 2005. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42(2):104–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Hannan PJ, Perry CL, Irving LM. Weight-related concerns and behaviors among overweight and nonoverweight adolescents: implications for preventing weight-related disorders. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156(2):171–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Stunkard A. Eating patterns and obesity. Psychiatry Q. 1959;33:284–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fairburn CG, Wilson GT. Binge eating: definition and classification. In: Fairburn CG, Wilson GT, editors. Binge eating nature assessment and treatment. New York: The Guilford Press; 1993. p. 3–14.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hudson J, Pope H, Wutman J. Bulimia in obese individuals. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1988;176:144–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Mitchell JE, Pyle RL, Eckert ED, Hatsukami D, Soll E. Bulimia nervosa in overweight individuals. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1990;178(5):324–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Rotella F, Castellini G, Montanelli L, Rotella CM, Faravelli C, Ricca V. Comparison between normal-weight and overweight bulimic patients. Eat Weight Disord. 2013;18(4):389–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Bulik CM, Marcus MD, Zerwas S, Levine MD, La Via M. The changing “weightscape” of bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(10):1031–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Hay P, Chinn D, Forbes D, Madden S, Newton R, Sugenor L, et al. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of eating disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48(11):977–1008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Lebow J, Sim LA, Kransdorf LN. Prevalence of a history of overweight and obesity in adolescents with restrictive eating disorders. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56(1):19–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Fairburn CG, Welch SL, Doll HA, Davies BA, O'Connor ME. Risk factors for bulimia nervosa: a community-based case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(6):509–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Fairburn CG, Harrison PJ. Eating disorders. Lancet. 2003;361(9355):407–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Herzog DB, Thomas JG, Kass AE, Eddy KT, Franko DL, Lowe MR. Weight suppression predicts weight change over 5 years in bulimia nervosa. Psychiatry Res. 2010;177(3):330–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Wildes JE, Marcus MD. Weight suppression as a predictor of weight gain and response to intensive behavioral treatment in patients with anorexia nervosa. Behav Res Ther. 2012;50(4):266–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Venditti EM, Wing RR, Jakicic JM, Butler BA, Marcus MD. Weight cycling, psychological health, and binge eating in obese women. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1996;64(2):400–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Utzinger LM, Gowey MA, Zeller M, Jenkins TM, Engel SG, Rofey DL, et al. Loss of control eating and eating disorders in adolescents before bariatric surgery. Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49(10):947–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Herget S, Rudolph A, Hilbert A, Bluher S. Psychosocial status and mental health in adolescents before and after bariatric surgery: a systematic literature review. Obes Facts. 2014;7(4):233–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Sondike SB, Pisetsky EM, Luzier JL. Development of significant disordered eating in an adolescent following gastric bypass surgery. Eat Weight Disord. 2016;21(1):133–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Segal A, Kinoshita Kussunoki D, Larino MA. Post-surgical refusal to eat: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or a new eating disorder? A case series. Obes Surg. 2004;14(3):353–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Marino JM, Ertelt TW, Lancaster K, Steffen K, Peterson L, de Zwaan M, et al. The emergence of eating pathology after bariatric surgery: a rare outcome with important clinical implications. Int J Eat Disord. 2012;45(2):179–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Cuzzolaro M. Eating and weight disorders: studies on anorexia, bulimia, and obesity turns 19. Eat Weight Disord. 2014;19(1):1–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. American Medical Association House of Delegates. Report of the Council on Science and Public Health (CSAPH). Recognition of obesity as a disease. Resolution. 420 (A-13). 2013. http://www.ama-assn.org/assets/meeting/2013a/a13-addendum-refcomm-d.pdf#page=19. Accessed 11 Nov 2014, 25 June 2013.

  47. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  48. Hill AJ. Obesity and eating disorders. Obes Rev. 2007;8(Suppl 1):151–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Brownell KD, Rodin J. The dieting maelstrom. Is it possible and advisable to lose weight? Am Psychol. 1994;49(9):781–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ferrari M. Understanding the feasibility of integrating the eating disorders and obesity fields: the beyond obesity and disordered eating in youth (BODY) study. Eat Weight Disord. 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Piran N. New possibilities in the prevention of eating disorders: the introduction of positive body image measures. Body Image. 2015;14:146–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Piran N, Mafrici N. Preventing body image problems: ecological and activism approaches. In: Cash TF, editor. Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press; 2012. p. 674–9.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  53. Paxton S. Preventing body image problems: public policy approaches. In: Cash TF, editor. Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press; 2012. p. 680–5.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  54. O’Dea J. Preventing body image problems: school-based approaches. In: Cash TF, editor. Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press; 2012. p. 686–92.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  55. Piran N. Prevention of eating disorders: a review of outcome evaluation research. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2005;42(3):172–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Becker CB, Bull S, Schaumberg K, Cauble A, Franco A. Effectiveness of peer-led eating disorders prevention: a replication trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76(2):347–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. McVey G, Tweed S, Blackmore E. Healthy Schools-Healthy Kids: a controlled evaluation of a comprehensive universal eating disorder prevention program. Body Image. 2007;4(2):115–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Neumark-Sztainer D, Flattum CF, Story M, Feldman S, Petrich CA. Dietary approaches to healthy weight management for adolescents: the New Moves model. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2008;19(3):421–30, viii.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Hannan PJ, Rex J. New Moves: a school-based obesity prevention program for adolescent girls. Prev Med. 2003;37(1):41–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Neumark-Sztainer DR, Friend SE, Flattum CF, Hannan PJ, Story MT, Bauer KW, et al. New moves-preventing weight-related problems in adolescent girls. A group-randomized study. Am J Prev Med. 2010;39(5):421–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Haines J, Neumark-Sztainer D, Perry CL, Hannan PJ, Levine MP. V.I.K. (Very Important Kids): a school-based program designed to reduce teasing and unhealthy weight-control behaviors. Health Educ Res. 2006;21(6):884–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Wade TD, Wilksch SM, Paxton SJ, Byrne SM, Austin SB. Do universal media literacy programs have an effect on weight and shape concern by influencing media internalization? Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50(7):731–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. O’Dea JA. Prevention of child obesity: “First, do no harm”. Health Educ Res. 2005;20(2):259–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. O’Dea J. Body image and self-esteem. In: Cash TF, editor. Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press; 2012. p. 141–7.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  65. Ghaderi A, Martensson M, Schwan H. “Everybody’s different”: a primary prevention program among fifth grade school children. Eat Disord. 2005;13(3):245–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Austin SB, Yu K, Tran A, Mayer B. Research-to-policy translation for prevention of disordered weight and shape control behaviors: a case example targeting dietary supplements sold for weight loss and muscle building. Eat Behav. 2017;25:9–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Atkinson MJ, Wade TD. Mindfulness-based prevention for eating disorders: a school-based cluster randomized controlled study. Int J Eat Disord. 2015;48(7):1024–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Atkinson MJ, Wade TD. Does mindfulness have potential in eating disorders prevention? A preliminary controlled trial with young adult women. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2016;10(3):234–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Austin SB, Field AE, Wiecha J, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL. The impact of a school-based obesity prevention trial on disordered weight-control behaviors in early adolescent girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(3):225–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Doyle AC, Goldschmidt A, Huang C, Winzelberg AJ, Taylor CB, Wilfley DE. Reduction of overweight and eating disorder symptoms via the Internet in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. J Adolesc Health. 2008;43(2):172–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Rohde P, Auslander BA, Shaw H, Raineri KM, Gau JM, Stice E. Dissonance-based prevention of eating disorder risk factors in middle school girls: results from two pilot trials. Int J Eat Disord. 2014;47(5):483–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Rohde P, Stice E, Shaw H, Gau JM, Ohls OC. Age effects in eating disorder baseline risk factors and prevention intervention effects. Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50(11):1273–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Stice E, Chase A, Stormer S, Appel A. A randomized trial of a dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program. Int J Eat Disord. 2001;29(3):247–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Stice E, Shaw H, Burton E, Wade E. Dissonance and healthy weight eating disorder prevention programs: a randomized efficacy trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74(2):263–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Stice E, Rohde P, Shaw H, Marti CN. Efficacy trial of a selective prevention program targeting both eating disorders and obesity among female college students: 1- and 2-year follow-up effects. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2013;81(1):183–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Wilksch SM, Paxton SJ, Byrne SM, Austin SB, McLean SA, Thompson KM, et al. Prevention across the spectrum: a randomized controlled trial of three programs to reduce risk factors for both eating disorders and obesity. Psychol Med. 2015;45(9):1811–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Watson HJ, Joyce T, French E, Willan V, Kane RT, Tanner-Smith EE, et al. Prevention of eating disorders: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49(9):833–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Le LK, Barendregt JJ, Hay P, Mihalopoulos C. Prevention of eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2017;53:46–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Becker CB. From efficacy to global impact: lessons learned about what not to do in translating our research to reach. Behav Ther. 2017;48(5):718–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Stice E, Yokum S, Waters A. Dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program reduces reward region response to thin models; how actions shape valuation. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0144530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Sánchez-Carracedo D, López-Guimerà G, Fauquet J, Barrada JR, Pàmias M, Puntí J, et al. A school-based program implemented by community providers previously trained for the prevention of eating and weight-related problems in secondary-school adolescents: the MABIC study protocol. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:955.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Sanchez-Carracedo D, Fauquet J, Lopez-Guimera G, Leiva D, Punti J, Trepat E, et al. The MABIC project: an effectiveness trial for reducing risk factors for eating disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2016;77:23–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Wilson JF. Can disease prevention save health reform? Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(2):145–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Russell LB. Preventing chronic disease: an important investment, but don’t count on cost savings. Health Aff. 2009;28(1):42–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. da Luz FQ, Sainsbury A, Mannan H, Touyz S, Mitchison D, Hay P. Prevalence of obesity and comorbid eating disorder behaviors in South Australia from 1995 to 2015. Int J Obes. 2017;41(7):1148–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Sharif Ishak SI, Chin YS, Mohd Taib MN, Mohd SZ. School-based intervention to prevent overweight and disordered eating in secondary school Malaysian adolescents: a study protocol. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Goldschmidt AB, Wall MM, Loth KA, Neumark-Sztainer D. Risk factors for disordered eating in overweight adolescents and young adults. J Pediatr Psychol. 2015;40(10):1048–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Wang LY, Nichols LP, Austin SB. The economic effect of Planet Health on preventing bulimia nervosa. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011;165(8):756–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Austin SB, Kim J, Wiecha J, Troped PJ, Feldman HA, Peterson KE. School-based overweight preventive intervention lowers incidence of disordered weight-control behaviors in early adolescent girls. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(9):865–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

    Ottavio Bosello

  2. Department of Food Hygiene and Nutrition, ULSS 8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy

    Angiola Vanzo

  3. Formerly Medical Pathophysiology Department, Eating Disorders and Obesity Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

    Massimo Cuzzolaro

Authors
  1. Ottavio Bosello
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Angiola Vanzo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Massimo Cuzzolaro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Formerly University Sapienza of Rome, Editor-in-Chief of Eating and Weight Disorders, Campiglia Marittima (LI), Italy

    Massimo Cuzzolaro

  2. Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Torino, Italy

    Secondo Fassino

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bosello, O., Vanzo, A., Cuzzolaro, M. (2018). Body Image in the Integrated Prevention of Eating and Weight Disorders. In: Cuzzolaro, M., Fassino, S. (eds) Body Image, Eating, and Weight. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90817-5_30

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90817-5_30

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90816-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-90817-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation