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Adenosine and Oxygen/Glucose Deprivation in the Brain

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The Adenosine Receptors

Part of the book series: The Receptors ((REC,volume 34))

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Abstract

Extracellular adenosine concentrations in the brain increase dramatically during ischemia in concentrations that able to stimulate all (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) receptors. Adenosine exerts a clear neuroprotective effect through A1 receptors during ischemia mainly by reducing precocious excitotoxic phenomena. Unfortunately, the use of selective A1 agonists is hampered by undesirable peripheral effects. Evidence indicates that A2A receptor antagonists administered early after ischemia provide protection centrally by reducing excitotoxicity. After ischemia, the primary damage due to the early massive increase of extracellular glutamate is followed by activation of resident immune cells, i.e., microglia, and production or activation of inflammation mediators and blood cell infiltration. Evidences are that agonists at A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors mainly acting on blood and vascular endothelial cells provide protection by controlling neuroinflammation, endothelial leaking, and massive blood cell infiltration in the hours and days after brain ischemia. Since ischemia is a multifactorial pathology characterized by different events evolving in the time and protracted neuroinflammation is recognized as the predominant mechanism of secondary brain injury progression, adenosinergic drugs aimed at dampening damage in the hours/days after ischemia appear promising.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the National Institute of Health Grant NS041083-10 and NS073947 (USA) and from University of Florence.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Felicita Pedata, Ilaria Dettori & Anna Maria Pugliese

  2. Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Lisa Gaviano & Elisabetta Coppi

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  1. Felicita Pedata
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  2. Ilaria Dettori
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  3. Lisa Gaviano
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  4. Elisabetta Coppi
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  5. Anna Maria Pugliese
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Correspondence to Felicita Pedata .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Pier Andrea Borea

  2. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Katia Varani

  3. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Stefania Gessi

  4. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Stefania Merighi

  5. Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Fabrizio Vincenzi

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Pedata, F., Dettori, I., Gaviano, L., Coppi, E., Pugliese, A.M. (2018). Adenosine and Oxygen/Glucose Deprivation in the Brain. In: Borea, P., Varani, K., Gessi, S., Merighi, S., Vincenzi, F. (eds) The Adenosine Receptors. The Receptors, vol 34. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90808-3_14

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