Abstract
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a material extrusion process that utilises thermoplastic polymers to construct objects in an additive manner. This singular platform offers new prospects for the fields of engineering and medicine, making it a widely applicable 3D printing technology. As such, FDM has multitude applications ranging from prototyping and consumer products to industrial processing. Known for its low cost, diversity, portability and simplicity, this technology has the potential to revolutionise the field of medicine by providing means to introduce innovative concepts, including dual printing and contemporaneous forms of drug delivery systems. Its ability to precisely design and fabricate novel structures allows more control over drug performance, enhancing the quality of treatment and avoiding constraints often imposed by conventional manufacturing processes. This chapter overviews the current industrial advancements of the FDM technology in engineering and medicine, discussing the potential advantages of implementing this technique in pharmaceutical production and providing an insight on its current limitations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
On3DPrinting.com. Inventor of 3D printing Scott Crump: “My Dreams Started in a Garage”. 2013 [cited 2017 13-11]; Available from: http://on3dprinting.com/2013/09/17/inventor-of-3d-printing-scott-crump-my-dreams-started-in-a-garage/.
Stratasys. Make modern manufacturing happen. 2017 [cited 2017 03-12]; Available from: http://www.stratasys.com/.
Crump SS. Inventor; Google Patents, assignee. Apparatus and method for creating three-dimensional objects patent US 5121329 A. 1992 June 9, 1992.
Stratasys. FDM support removal. 2016 [cited 2017 12-10]; Available from: http://usglobalimages.stratasys.com/Main/Files/Best%20Practices_BP/BP_FDM_SupportRemoval.pdf?v=636008155408106896.
Horne R, Hausman KK. 3D printing for dummies. 2nd ed. Hoboken: Wiley; 2017.
Stratasys. Urbee the 3D printed car. 2013 [cited 2017 25-11]; Available from: http://usglobalimages.stratasys.com/Case%20Studies/Automotive/SSYS-CS-SSYS-Urbee%2007-13.pdf? v=635139938344953746#_ga=2.91568154.1616830113.1502104369-918546734.1477065242.
Made In Space. Leveraging space for industry. 2018 [cited 2018 04-01]; Available from: http://madeinspace.us/solutions-overview/.
Goyanes A, Buanz AB, Basit AW, Gaisford S. Fused-filament 3D printing (3DP) for fabrication of tablets. Int J Pharm. 2014;476(1–2):88–92.
Goyanes A, Wang J, Buanz A, Martinez-Pacheco R, Telford R, Gaisford S, et al. 3D printing of medicines: engineering novel oral devices with unique design and drug release characteristics. Mol Pharm. 2015;12(11):4077–84.
John M. How 3D printing is changing the shape of lessons. 2014 [cited 2017 28-10]; Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business- 26871084.
Maxey K. 3D printed organs aid surgeons. 2013 [cited 2017 12-10]; Available from: http://www.engineering.com/3DPrinting/3DPrintingArticles/ArticleID/5575/3D-Printed-Organs-Aid-Surgeons.aspx.
Dara A. 3D printing Umbilical Cord Clamps in Haiti. Makezine 2013 [cited 2017 02-11]; Available from: https://makezine.com/2013/10/18/3dprinting- umbilical-cord-clamps-in-haiti/.
Jacob GS. Three-dimensional printing of dentures using fused deposition modeling. Inside Dental Technol. 2013;4(8):62–5.
E-NABLE. Enabling the future: a global network of passionate volunteers using 3D printing to give the world a “helping hand”. 2017 [cited 2017 13-11]; Available from: http://enablingthefuture.org.
Summit S. Prosthetic limb with replaceable fairing. Google Patents 2010.
Osteoid. Osteoid. A better healing experience: Osteoid. 2017 [cited 2017 14-11]; Available from: http://www.osteoid.com/.
Wyman C. Stratasys additive manufacturing chosen by Airbus to produce 3D printed flight parts for its A350 XWB aircraft. Stratasys Blog 2015 [cited 2017 06-11]; Available from: http://blog.stratasys.com/2015/05/06/airbus-3d-printing/.
Peels J. 3D Printing in the Military. 2017 [cited 2017 23-09]; Available from: https://3dprint.com/165561/3d-printing-in-the-military/.
Dubai Future Foundation. The world’s first 3D Printed Office. 2016 [cited 2017 28-10]; Available from: http://www.officeofthefuture.ae/.
Snyder M, Dunn J, Gonzalez E. The effects of microgravity on extrusion based additive manufacturing. AIAA SPACE 2013 Conference and Exposition. AIAA SPACE Forum: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; 2013.
Jones R, Haufe P, Sells E, Iravani P, Olliver V, Palmer C, et al. RepRap – the replicating rapid prototyper. Robotica. 2011;29(1):177–91.
Barnatt C. 3D printing. Third ed: Explaining The Future; 2016.
Goyanes A, Buanz AB, Hatton GB, Gaisford S, Basit AW. 3D printing of modified-release aminosalicylate (4-ASA and 5-ASA) tablets. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2015;89:157–62.
Skowyra J, Pietrzak K, Alhnan MA. Fabrication of extended-release patient-tailored prednisolone tablets via fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2015;68:11–7.
Melocchi A, Parietti F, Loreti G, Maroni A, Gazzaniga A, Zema L. 3D printing by fused deposition modeling (FDM) of a swellable/erodible capsular device for oral pulsatile release of drugs. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol. 2015;30(B):360–7.
Goyanes A, Det-Amornrat U, Wang J, Basit AW, Gaisford S. 3D scanning and 3D printing as innovative technologies for fabricating personalized topical drug delivery systems. J Control Release. 2016;234:41–8.
Goyanes A, Martinez PR, Buanz A, Basit A, Gaisford S. Effect of geometry on drug release from 3D printed tablets. Int J Pharm. 2015;494(2):657–63.
Goyanes A, Scarpa M, Kamlow M, Gaisford S, Basit AW, Orlu M. Patient acceptability of 3D printed medicines. Int J Pharm. 2017;530(1):71–8.
Jamróz W, Kurek M, Łyszczarz E, Szafraniec J, Knapik-Kowalczuk J, Syrek K, et al. 3D printed orodispersible films with aripiprazole. Int J Pharm. 2017;533:413–20.
Chai X, Chai H, Wang X, Yang J, Li J, Zhao Y, et al. Fused deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printed tablets for Intragastric floating delivery of Domperidone. Sci Rep 2829. 2017;7(1)
Goyanes A, Fina F, Martorana A, Sedough D, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Development of modified release 3D printed tablets (printlets) with pharmaceutical excipients using additive manufacturing. Int J Pharm. 2017;527(1):21–30.
Sadia M, Sośnicka A, Arafat B, Isreb A, Ahmed W, Kelarakis A, et al. Adaptation of pharmaceutical excipients to FDM 3D printing for the fabrication of patient-tailored immediate release tablets. Int J Pharm. 2016;513(1):659–68.
Kempin W, Franz C, Koster L-C, Schneider F, Bogdahn M, Weitschies W, et al. Assessment of different polymers and drug loads for fused deposition modeling of drug loaded implants. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2017;115(Supplement C):84–93.
Goyanes A, Kobayashi M, Martínez-Pacheco R, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Fused-filament 3D printing of drug products: microstructure analysis and drug release characteristics of PVA-based caplets. Int J Pharm. 2016;514(1):290–5.
Beck RCR, Chaves PS, Goyanes A, Vukosavljevic B, Buanz A, Windbergs M, et al. 3D printed tablets loaded with polymeric nanocapsules: an innovative approach to produce customized drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm. 2017;528(1):268–79.
Lim SH, Chia SMY, Kang L, Yap KY-L. Three-dimensional printing of carbamazepine sustained-release scaffold. J Pharm Sci. 2016;105(7):2155–63.
Maroni A, Melocchi A, Parietti F, Foppoli A, Zema L, Gazzaniga A. 3D printed multi-compartment capsular devices for two-pulse oral drug delivery. J Control Release. 2017;268:10–8.
Genina N, Boetker JP, Colombo S, Harmankaya N, Rantanen J, Bohr A. Anti-tuberculosis drug combination for controlled oral delivery using 3D printed compartmental dosage forms: from drug product design to in vivo testing. J Control Release. 2017;268:40–8.
Goyanes A, Fernández-Ferreiro A, Majeed A, Gomez-Lado N, Awad A, Luaces-Rodríguez A, et al. PET/CT imaging of 3D printed devices in the gastrointestinal tract of rodents. Int J Pharm. 2018;536(1):158–64.
Hatton GB, Yadav V, Basit AW, Merchant HA. Animal farm: considerations in animal gastrointestinal physiology and relevance to drug delivery in humans. J Pharm Sci. 2015;104(9):2747–76.
Li Q, Wen H, Jia D, Guan X, Pan H, Yang Y, et al. Preparation and investigation of controlled-release glipizide novel oral device with three-dimensional printing. Int J Pharm. 2017;525(1):5–11.
Okwuosa TC, Pereira BC, Arafat B, Cieszynska M, Isreb A, Alhnan MA. Fabricating a Shell-Core delayed release tablet using dual FDM 3D printing for patient-centred therapy. Pharm Res. 2017;34(2):427–37.
Gioumouxouzis CI, Katsamenis OL, Bouropoulos N, Fatouros DG. 3D printed oral solid dosage forms containing hydrochlorothiazide for controlled drug delivery. J Drug Delivery Sci Technol. 2017;40:164–71.
Awad A, Trenfield SJ, Goyanes A, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Reshaping drug development using 3D printing. Drug Discov Today. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.025.
Muwaffak Z, Goyanes A, Clark V, Basit AW, Hilton ST, Gaisford S. Patient-specific 3D scanned and 3D printed antimicrobial polycaprolactone wound dressings. Int J Pharm. 2017;527(1):161–70.
Genina N, Holländer J, Jukarainen H, Mäkilä E, Salonen J, Sandler N. Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) as a new drug carrier for 3D printed medical drug delivery devices. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2016;90:53–63.
Holländer J, Genina N, Jukarainen H, Khajeheian M, Rosling A, Mäkilä E, et al. Three-dimensional printed PCL-based implantable prototypes of medical devices for controlled drug delivery. J Pharm Sci. 2016;105(9):2665–76.
Weisman JA, Nicholson JC, Tappa K, Jammalamadaka U, Wilson CG, Mills D. Antibiotic and chemotherapeutic enhanced three-dimensional printer filaments and constructs for biomedical applications. Int J Nanomedicine. 2015;10:357–70.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Medical Applications of 3D Printing. 2016 [cited 2017 02–12]; Available from: https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/3DPrintingofMedicalDevices/ucm500539.htm.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Emerging technology program. 2017 [cited 2017 12–11]; Available from: https://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofMedicalProductsandTobacco/CDER/ucm523228.htm.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Technical considerations for additive manufactured devices. 2017 [cited 2018 12–01]; Available from: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/UCM499809.pdf.
Bikas H, Stavropoulos P, Chryssolouris G. Additive manufacturing methods and modelling approaches: a critical review. Int J Adv Manuf Technol. 2016;83(1):389–405.
Yan X, Gu P. A review of rapid prototyping technologies and systems. Comput Aided Des. 1996;28(4):307–18.
Trenfield SJ, Awad A, Goyanes A, Gaisford S, Basit AW. 3D printing pharmaceuticals: drug development to frontline care. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2018;39(5):440–51.
Goyanes A, Chang H, Sedough D, Hatton GB, Wang J, Buanz A, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Fabrication of controlled-release budesonide tablets via desktop (FDM) 3D printing. Int J Pharm. 2015;496(2):414–20.
Awad A, Trenfield SJ, Gaisford S, Basit AW. 3D printed medicines: A new branch of digital healthcare. Int J Pharm. 2018;548(1):586–96.
Alhnan MA, Okwuosa TC, Sadia M, Wan KW, Ahmed W, Arafat B. Emergence of 3D printed dosage forms: opportunities and challenges. Pharm Res. 2016;33(8):1817–32.
Alomari M, Mohamed FH, Basit AW, Gaisford S. Personalised dosing: Printing a dose of one’s own medicine. Int J Pharm. 2015;494(2):568–77.
Kollamaram G, Croker DM, Walker GM, Goyanes A, Basit AW, Gaisford S. Low temperature fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing of thermolabile drugs. Int J Pharm. 2018;545(1–2):144–52.
Kempin W, Domsta V, Grathoff G, Brecht I, Semmling B, Tillmann S, et al. Immediate release 3D-printed tablets produced via fused deposition modeling of a thermo-sensitive drug. Pharm Res. 2018;35(6):124.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Awad, A., Gaisford, S., Basit, A.W. (2018). Fused Deposition Modelling: Advances in Engineering and Medicine. In: Basit, A., Gaisford, S. (eds) 3D Printing of Pharmaceuticals. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series, vol 31. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90755-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90755-0_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90754-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-90755-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)