Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

From Saving Failed States to Managing Risks: Reinterpreting Fragility Through Resilience

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Governance and Political Adaptation in Fragile States

Abstract

The ‘state fragility’ lens is going through a major existential crisis at the moment. Traditional state fragility indexes are increasingly seen as the extension of the privileged few’s willingness to regulate societies outside of the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) area, and the results are being increasingly questioned and rejected by both scholars and practitioners. This has led to a new interest in the resilience and risk management discussion by numerous actors involved in the business of ranking states’ performance. This turn to resilience can be interpreted as both an understanding by many actors of the limits of traditional governance and capacity-building but also as recognition of the new opportunities for the governance of war-torn states. As such, I argue that the ‘fragility as resilience’ framework operates through a twin conception of securitisation: securitisation of the other—pathologising specific states and societies while legitimising international interventions—and securitisation of the self—moving towards new risk mitigation strategies. This chapter concludes on a case study of Haiti, analysing the logics at play behind the ‘fragility as resilience’ framework.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Other similar concepts include ‘fragile situations’ (UNDP et al. 2016, 3), ‘states of fragility’ (OECD 2016a), ‘fragile context’, and ‘fragile societies’.

  2. 2.

    See: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/speeches/2016/06/03/helen-clark-statement-on-working-in-fragile-contexts-including-in-middle-income-countries-at-the-2016-joint-meeting-of-the-executive-boards-of-undp-unfpa-unops-unicef-un-women-wfp.html. For a specific example of this approach in practice, see the Dead Sea Resilience Agenda for Syria, or the World Bank’s Social Development Department’s policy on ‘Making Societies More Resilient to Violence’. For an analysis of the major policy documents using the concept of resilience, see: Pospisil and Kühn 2016.

  3. 3.

    See: http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/data/.

  4. 4.

    It is also worth pointing out that the concept of ‘weak state’, used in its contemporary sense, can be traced back as far as 1915, when Walter Lippmann, adviser to the President Woodrow Wilson, wrote that ‘the chief overwhelming problem of international diplomacy seems to be weak states. Weak because they are industrially backward and at present politically incompetent to prevent outbreaks of internal violence’ (Ropoport 1994, 59).

  5. 5.

    For a good overview of the dissemination of the ‘fragile states’ agenda, see: Nay 2014.

  6. 6.

    As exemplified in the use of the concept in speeches made by the former UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali and the former US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright.

  7. 7.

    See: http://foreignpolicy.com/fragile-states-2014/.

  8. 8.

    USAID has since changed its definition, understanding fragility as ‘the extent to which state-society relations fail to produce outcomes that are considered to be effective and legitimate’ (USAID 2014, 2).

  9. 9.

    Most typologies in the literature and data sets on fragile states reveal a normative orientation towards the Western model. Even those who try to come up with a so-called alternative end up reinforcing the same bias, with a dichotomy following roughly the lines of the inclusion/exclusion of the OECD area (see, for instance, Krasner and Risse 2014, 548–550).

  10. 10.

    Even if one accepts the assumptions behind the State Failure Task Force, the forecasting claim has been questioned by other mainstream authors (King and Zen 2001).

  11. 11.

    Economic indicators have failed to predict the Arab uprisings (see: http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/21/economic-indicators-failed-to-predict-arab-uprisings), and the Fund for Peace had only one Arab country (Yemen, ranked thirteenth) as failed in 2010. Egypt and Syria barely fell into the top 50, and their scores were similar to rather more stable, semi-democratic countries like Colombia and the Philippines. Finally, three Arab countries that experienced a great deal of conflict and violence in 2011—Tunisia, Libya, and Bahrain—actually fell into the “bottom” half of the index, that is, among the allegedly stronger and more successful states (Goodwin 2011, 452).

  12. 12.

    This category includes ten countries: Algeria, Armenia, Jordan, Laos, Rwanda, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, and Zambia. See: http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/international-development-committee/dfids-allocation-of-resources/written/28276.pdf.

  13. 13.

    However, being labelled ‘fragile’ also presents opportunities to non-Western governments (see: Fisher 2014).

  14. 14.

    It has identified countries the most vulnerable in five dimensions of risk and vulnerability linked to fragility: (1) violence (peaceful societies); (2) access to justice for all; (3) effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions; (4) economic foundations; and (5) capacity to adapt to social, economic, and environmental shocks and disasters (OECD 2015, 13).

  15. 15.

    See: http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/fragilityconflictviolence/overview.

  16. 16.

    United Nations, ‘Security Advisory’ [internal document, on file with author].

  17. 17.

    Interview with Banding Drame, Chief of Security, MINUSTAH, 13 March 2017, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

  18. 18.

    Ibid.

  19. 19.

    Interview with Gonzalez, Deputy Chief Security Officer in charge of operations, MINUSTAH, 7 June 2017, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

  20. 20.

    Interview with Mr. Freud Jean, Coordinator, Programme pour une Alternative de justice (PAJ), 5 December 2011, Port-au-Prince.

References

  • African Development Bank. 2015. Addressing Fragility and Building Resilience in Africa. AfDB Group Strategy 2014–2019.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aradau, Claudia, and Rens Van Munster. 2007. Governing Terrorism Through Risk: Taking Precautions, (un)Knowing the Future. European Journal of International Relations 13 (1): 89–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balzacq, Thierry et al. 2010. Security Practices. In International Studies Encyclopedia Online, ed. Robert Danemark. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/b.9781444336597.2010.x.

  • Bargués-Pedreny, Pol. 2015. Realising the Post-Modern Dream: Strengthening Post-Conflict Resilience and the Promise of Peace. Resilience: International Policies, Practices and Discourses 3 (2): 113–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batley, Richard, and Claire Mcloughlin. 2010. Engagement with Non-State Service Providers in Fragile States: Reconciling State-Building and Service Delivery. Development Policy Review 28 (2): 131–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bøås, Morten, and Kathleen M. Jennings. 2007. ‘Failed States’ and ‘State Failure’: Threats or Opportunities? Globalizations 4 (4): 475–485.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkerhoff, Derick. 2007. Where There’s a Will, There’s a Way? Untangling Ownership and Political Will in Post-Conflict Stability and Reconstruction Operations. The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations. http://diplomacy.shu.edu/academics/journal/resources/journal_dip_pdfs/journal_of_diplomacy_vol8_no1/09-Brinkerhoff.pdf.

  • Brooks, Rosa. 2005. Failed States, of the State as Failure? University of Chicago Law Review, 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buncombe, Andrew. 2007. Civilians Caught in Crossfire During Port-au-Prince Raids. The Independent, February 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, David, and Gillian Callaghan. 2014. Complexity Theory and the Social Sciences. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • C.A.S.E. Collective. 2006. Critical Approaches to Security in Europe: A Networked Manifesto. Security Dialogue 37 (4): 443–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carment, David, Stewart Prest, and Yiagadeesen Samy. 2009. Security, Development and the Fragile State: Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Policy. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, David. 2014. Resilience: The Governance of Complexity. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015a. Reconceptualizing International Intervention: Statebuilding, ‘Organic Processes’ and the Limits of Causal Knowledge. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 9 (1): 70–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015b. Rethinking the Conflict-Poverty Nexus: From Securitising Intervention to Resilience. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 4 (1): Art. 13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. How the World Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Failure: Big Data, Resilience and Emergent Causality. Millenium: Journal of International Studies 44 (3): 391–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chauvet, Lisa, Paul Collier, and Anke Hoeffler. 2007. The Cost of Failing States and the Limits to Sovereignty. UNU-WIDER Research Paper No. 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cussans, John. 2013. Haiti and the ‘Basket Case’ Metaphor. Invisible Mirror/Miwa Yo Envizib Blog, August 29. https://codeless88.wordpress.com/2013/08/29/haiti-and-the-basket-case-metaphor/.

  • De Coning, Cedric. 2016. From Peacebuilding to Sustaining Peace: Implications of Complexity for Resilience and Sustainability. Resilience: International Policies, Practices and Discourses (online first).

    Google Scholar 

  • DFID. 2005. Reducing Poverty by Tackling Social Exclusion: A DFID Policy Paper. http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/development/docs/socialexclusion.pdf.

  • Donà, Massimo. 2006. Immunity and Negation: On Possible Developments of the Theses Outlined in Roberto Esposito’s “Immunitas”. Diacritics 36 (2): 57–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doornbos, Martin, Susan Woodward, and Silvia Roque. 2006. Failing States of Failed States? The Role of Development Models: Collected Works. Madrid: FRIDE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffield, Mark. 2007. Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples. London: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012. Challenging Environments: Danger, Resilience and the Aid Industry. Security Dialogue 43 (5): 475–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. The Resilience of the Ruins: Towards a Critique of Digital Humanitarianism. Resilience: International Policies, Practices and Discourses (online first).

    Google Scholar 

  • Eizenstat, Stuart, John Porter, and Jeremy Weinstein. 2005. Rebuilding Weak States. Foreign Affairs 84 (1): 134–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esposito, Roberto. 2008. Bíos: Biopolitics and Philosophy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, Brad, and Julian Reid. 2014. Resilient Life: The Art of Living Dangerously. London: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallers, Lloyd. 1974. The Social Anthropology of the Nation-State. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, Jonathan. 2014. When It Pays To Be a ‘Fragile State’: Uganda’s Use and Abuse of a Dubious Concept. Third World Quarterly 35 (2): 316–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2017. Reproducing Remoteness? States, Internationals and the Co-Constitution of Aid ‘Bunkerization’ in the East African Periphery. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 11 (1): 98–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, Rosa, and Nicolas Lemay-Hébert. 2015. Jistis ak reparasyon pou tout viktim kolera MINUSTAH’: The United Nations and the Right to Health in Haiti. Leiden Journal of International Law 28 (3): 507–527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuyama, Francis. 2004. Statebuilding: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century. New York: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. The Origins of Political Order. London: Profile.

    Google Scholar 

  • G7+. 2013. Note on the G7+Fragility Spectrum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstone, Jack, et al. 2010. A Global Model for Forecasting Political Instability. American Journal of Political Science 54 (1): 190–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, Jeff. 2011. Why We Were Surprised (Again) By the Arab Spring. Swiss Political Science Review 17 (4): 452–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grävingholt, Jörn, Sebastian Ziaja, and Merle Kreibaum. 2015. Disaggregating State Fragility: A Method to Establish a Multidimensional Empirical Typology. Third World Quarterly 36 (7): 1281–1298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, Sonja, Nicolas Lemay-Hébert, and Olivier Nay. 2014. Fragile States: Introducing a Political Concept. Third World Quarterly 35 (2): 197–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gros, Jean-Germain. 2012. State Failure, Underdevelopment, and Foreign Intervention in Haiti. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove, Kevin. 2014. Agency, Affect, and the Immunological Politics of Disaster Resilience. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 32: 240–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hagmann, Tobias, and Markus Hoehne. 2009. Failures of the State Failure Debate: Evidence from the Somali Territories. Journal of International Development 21 (1): 42–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haiti Libre. 2012. Haiti—Social: Cité Soleil is Not Red. June 25. http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-5977-haiti-social-cite-soleil-is-not-red.html.

  • Hameiri, Shahar. 2007. Failed States or a Failed Paradigm? State Capacity and the Limits of Institutionalism. Journal of International Relations and Development 10 (2): 122–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009. Capacity and Its Fallacies: International State Building as State Transformation. Millenium: Journal of International Studies 38 (1): 1–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helman, Gerald, and Steven Ratner. 1993. Saving Failed States. Foreign Policy 89 (4): 3–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herz, Ansel. 2010. Haiti Looking More and More Like a War Zone. InterPress Service, March 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higate, Paul, and Marsha Henry. 2009. Insecure Spaces: Peacekeeping, Power and Performance in Haiti, Kosovo and Liberia. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, Caroline, and Vanessa Pupavac. 2005. Framing Post-Conflict Societies: International Pathologisation of Cambodia and the Post-Yugoslav States. Third World Quarterly 26: 873–889.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Independent Commission for Aid Impact. 2015. DFID’s Scale-Up in Fragile States. http://icai.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/Fragile-States-ToRs-Final.pdf.

  • Institute for Economics and Peace. 2017. Global Peace Index 2017. http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2017/06/GPI17-Report.pdf.

  • Joseph, Jonathan. 2013. Resilience as Embedded Neoliberalism: A Governmentality Approach. Resilience: International Policies, Practices and Discourses 1 (1): 38–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, Seth. 2008. Fixing Fragile States: A New Paradigm for Development. Westport: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, Gary, and Langche Zen. 2001. Improving Forecasts of State Failure. World Politics 53: 623–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolbe, Athena. 2015. ‘It’s Not a Gift When It Comes with Price’: A Qualitative Study of Transactional Sex Between UN Peacekeepers and Haitian Citizens. Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 4 (1): Art. 44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krasner, Stephen, and Thomas Risse. 2014. External Actors, State-Building, and Service Provision in Areas of Limited Statehood: Introduction. Governance 27 (4): 545–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuzmarov, Jeremy. 2012. Modernizing Repression: Police Training and Nation-Building in the American Century. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemay-Hébert, Nicolas. 2009. Statebuilding Without Nation-Building? Legitimacy, State Failure and the Limits of the Institutionalist Approach. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 3 (1): 21–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. The ‘Empty Shell’ Approach: The Setup Process of International Administrations in Timor-Leste and Kosovo, Its Consequences and Lessons. International Studies Perspectives 12 (2): 188–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. Rethinking Weberian Approaches to Statebuilding. In Routledge Handbook of International Statebuilding, ed. David Chandler and Timothy Sisk, 3–14. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014a. Resistance in the Time of Cholera: The Limits of Stabilization Through Securitization in Haiti. International Peacekeeping 21 (2): 198–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014b. The Semantics of Statebuilding and Nationbuilding: Looking Beyond Neo-Weberian Approaches. In Semantics of Statebuilding: Language, Meanings and Sovereignty, ed. Nicolas Lemay-Hébert, Nicholas Onuf, Vojin Rakic, and Petar Bojanic, 89–105. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. Chapter 61: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). In Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, ed. Joachim Koops, Norrie MacQueen, Thierry Tardy, and Paul D. Williams, 720–730. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemay-Hébert, Nicolas, and Stefanie Kappler. 2016. What Attachment to Peace? Normative and Material Dimensions of Peacebuilding. Review of International Studies 42 (5): 895–914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemay-Hébert, Nicolas, and Xavier Mathieu. 2014. The OECD’s Discourse on Fragile States: Expertise and the Normalisation of Knowledge Production. Third World Quarterly 35 (2): 232–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemay-Hébert, Nicolas, and Syed Mansoob Murshed. 2016. Rentier Statebuilding in Kosovo: Liberal Peacebuilding and the Rentier Economy. Development and Change 47 (3): 517–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemay-Hébert, Nicolas, and Gezim Visoka. 2017. Normal Peace: A New Strategic Narrative of Intervention. Politics and Governance 5 (3): 146–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemm, Vanessa. 2013. Introduction: Biopolitics and Community. In Terms of the Political: Community, Immunity, Biopolitics, ed. Roberto Esposito, 1–13. New York: Fordam University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luquero, Francisco, et al. 2016. Mortality Rates During Cholera Epidemic, Haiti, 2010–11. Emerging Infectious Diseases 22 (3): 410–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mcloughlin, Claire. 2012. Topic Guide on Fragile States Governance and Social Development Resource Centre. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. When Does Service Delivery Improve the Legitimacy of a Fragile or Conflict-Affected State? Governance 28 (3): 341–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muggah, Robert. 2010. The Effects of Stabilisation on Humanitarian Action in Haiti. Disasters 34 (S3): S444–S463.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nay, Olivier. 2013. Fragile and Failed States: Critical Perspectives on Conceptual Hybrids. International Political Science Review 34 (3): 326–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. International Organisations and the Production of Hegemonic Knowledge: How the World Bank and the OECD helped invent the Fragile State Concept. Third World Quarterly 35 (2): 210–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ncube, Mthuli, and Basil Jones. 2013. Drivers and Dynamics of Fragility in Africa. Africa Economic Brief 4 (5): 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. 2008. Concepts and Dilemmas of State Building in Fragile Situations: From Fragility to Resilience.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. The State’s Legitimacy in Fragile Situations: Unpacking Complexity.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. Boosting Resilience Through Innovative Risk Governance.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. States of Fragility 2015: Meeting Post-2015 Ambitions.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016a. Towards a Multidimensional Concept of Fragility. Draft Document.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016b. OCED States of Fragility 2016 Report. Brief Number 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandolfi, Mariella. 2008. Laboratory of Intervention. In Postcolonial Disorders, ed. Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good, Sandra Teresa Hyde, and Sarah Pinto. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paris, Roland. 2011. Ordering the World: Academic Research and Policymaking on Fragile States. International Studies Review 13 (1): 58–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pospisil, Jan, and Florian Kühn. 2016. The Resilient State: New Regulatory Modes in International Approaches to State Building? Third World Quarterly 37 (1): 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranson, Kent, et al. 2007. Promoting Health Equity in Conflict-Affected Fragile States. Report Prepared for the Health Systems Knowledge Network of the World Health Organisation’s Commission on Social Determinants of Health, February 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocha de Siqueira, Isabel. 2014. Measuring and Managing ‘State Fragility’: The Production of Statistics by the World Bank, Timor-Leste and the G7+. Third World Quarterly 35 (2): 268–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. Development by Trial and Error: The Authority of Good Enough Numbers. International Political Sociology (online first).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ropoport, David. 1994. The Role of External Forces in Supporting Ethno-Religious Conflict. In Ethnic Conflict and Regional Instability: Implications for U.S. Policy and Army Roles and Missions, ed. Robert Pfaltzgraff and Richard Schultz Jr. Carlisle: US Army War College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roshan Lall, Rashmee. 2014. Haiti Slum Blooms Into Urban Oasis. The Guardian, June 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotberg, Robert. 2004. The Failure and Collapse of Nation-States: Breakdown, Prevention, and Repair. In When States Fail: Causes and Consequences, ed. Robert Rotberg. Princeton University Press: Princeton.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, Hans. 1995. The United States Occupation of Haiti 1915–1934. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuberth, Moritz. 2016. Growing the Grassroots or Backing Bandits? Dilemmas of Donor Support for Haiti’s (UN)Civil Society. Journal of Peacebuilding and Development 11 (1): 93–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuller, Mark. 2012. Genetically Modified Organizations? Understanding and Supporting Civil Society in Urban Haiti. Journal of Haitian Studies 18 (1): 50–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2016. Humanitarian Aftershocks in Haiti. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, Jeb. 2012. Paramilitarism and the Assault on Democracy in Haiti. New York: Monthly Review Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stepputat, Finn, and Lars Engberg-Pedersen. 2008. Fragile States: Definitions, Measurements and Processes. In Fragile Situations: Background Papers, 21–31. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNDP et al. 2016. Working in Fragile Contexts, Including in Middle-Income Countries. Joint Meeting of the Executive Boards of UNDP/UNFPA/UNOPS, UNICEF, UN-Women and WFP, June 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • USAID. 2004. US Foreign Aid: Meeting The Challenges of the 21st Century, January.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2014. Ending Extreme Poverty in Fragile Contexts, January 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Einsiedel, Sebastian, and David Malone. 2004. Haiti. In The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century, ed. David Malone. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, Jeremy, and Melinda Cooper. 2011. Genealogies of Resilience: From Systems Ecology to the Political Economy of Crisis Adaptation. Security Dialogue 42 (2): 143–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, Scott. 2011. The ‘Human’ as Referent Object? Humanitarianism as Securitization. Security Dialogue 42 (1): 3–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, Nicholas. 2002. Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wilde, Ralph. 2003. The Skewed Responsibility Narrative of the ‘Failed States’ Concept. ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law 9 (2): 425–429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Michael C. 1998. Modernity, Identity and Security: A Comment on the ‘Copenhagen Controversy’. Review of International Studies 23 (3): 435–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 2014. Risk and Opportunity—Managing Risk for Development. World Development Report 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Economic Forum. 2016. Global Risks 2016. http://reports.weforum.org/global-risks-2016/.

  • Zoellick, Richard. 2008. Fragile States: Securing Development. Survival 50 (6): 67–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

A version of this chapter has been produced for the Global Center on Pluralism in Ottawa, Canada, and was also presented at the ‘Contested Global Governance, Transformed Global Governors?’ Workshop in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (2017). I would like to thank Ed Laws, Claire Mcloughlin for their comments on earlier drafts, and Pol Bargues-Pedreny, Jonathan Fisher, John Heathershaw, Oleg Korneev, Philipp Lottholz, Médéric Martin-Mazé, and Rob Skinner for their comments on this draft. I would also like to acknowledge the AHRC support for this research (Grant number: AH/P004407/1), the Research Network ‘External Democracy Promotion’, and the ESRC Impact Accelerator Account at the University of Birmingham.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Development Department, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

    Nicolas Lemay-Hébert

Authors
  1. Nicolas Lemay-Hébert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicolas Lemay-Hébert .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of New England, Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia

    John Idriss Lahai

  2. University of New England, Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia

    Karin von Strokirch

  3. University of New England, Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia

    Howard Brasted

  4. University of New England, Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia

    Helen Ware

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lemay-Hébert, N. (2019). From Saving Failed States to Managing Risks: Reinterpreting Fragility Through Resilience. In: Lahai, J., von Strokirch, K., Brasted, H., Ware, H. (eds) Governance and Political Adaptation in Fragile States. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90749-9_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation