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A Brief History of Metal Soaps in Paintings from a Conservation Perspective

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Metal Soaps in Art

Part of the book series: Cultural Heritage Science ((CUHESC))

Abstract

Drawing on past research and the pioneering case studies of metal soap degradation published more than 15 years ago, this paper reviews the early findings of metal soap-related degradation in seventeenth-century oil paintings carried out by the MOLART and De Mayerne group of researchers in the Netherlands. The various manifestations of lead soap alterations identified are described: aggregates and associated pinpoint losses and texture alterations, insoluble efflorescent crusts, and darkening due to increased transparency from saponification of lead white paints. Mention is made of degradation phenomena associated with other metal soaps, potassium, calcium, copper, aluminum, and especially zinc soaps. A brief history of metal soaps is also presented. Finally, the essay looks at the implications for conservation in the light of recent advances in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of metal soap formation, and discusses the challenges currently faced in treating and caring for works of art affected by metal soap alterations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Interview with Sarah Everts during the Metal Soaps in Art conference: “Art conservators struggle with microscopic eruptions in masterpieces,” May 23, 2016. http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/i21/Art-conservationists-struggle-microscopic-eruptions.html

  2. 2.

    Appearing as light spots on the paint surface. When darkened varnish accumulates in the crater-like holes, they can appear as dark spots.

  3. 3.

    Aggregates can appear as either dark or light spots in X-radiographs depending on the radio-absorbency of the layer in which they are formed.

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Acknowledgments

The important contribution of Jaap Boon, Annelies Van Loon and Katrien Keune who carried out much of the analyses reported here is gratefully acknowledged. I am sincerely thankful for their stimulating and productive collaboration throughout the years. I would also like to thank other researchers who took part in the MOLART and De Mayerne programs, particularly Leslie Carlyle, Ron Heeren, and Jaap van der Weerd. The Mauritshuis and the Rijksmuseum are also acknowledged for their support. The research described here was financed by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, The Hague) through the MOLART (1998–2002) and De Mayerne research (2002–2006) programs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Conservation Department, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Petria Noble

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  1. Petria Noble
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Francesca Casadio

  2. Conservation Department, Rijksmuseum, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Katrien Keune

  3. Conservation Department, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Petria Noble

  4. Conservation Department, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Annelies Van Loon

  5. Programme Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Ella Hendriks

  6. Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA

    Silvia A. Centeno

  7. Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane, Australia

    Gillian Osmond

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Noble, P. (2019). A Brief History of Metal Soaps in Paintings from a Conservation Perspective. In: Casadio, F., et al. Metal Soaps in Art. Cultural Heritage Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90617-1_1

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