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Chinese Migration to Italy: Features and Issues

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Labour Migration in Europe Volume I

Abstract

This essay examines the Chinese experience of migration to Italy. Archival material has been integrated with oral history field work conducted in Bologna and the Romagna. We have identified three distinct waves of Chinese migration to Italy. The first wave occurred in the very early stage of Sino-Italian relations (1850–1915), when only four categories of people moved to Italy from China: the students and priests studying and teaching at the Chinese college in Naples, the diplomats and their families based in Rome, a few sailors and the first street vendors. The sporadic presence of Chinese citizens in Italy was matched by the low number of Italians in China mainly living in the territorial concessions of Tianjin. During the second wave of Chinese immigration (1930–1970), a small but cohesive community started to develop both in Milan and Bologna. The most recent wave of Chinese immigration started in the 1990s. Involving Chinese born and educated under the flag of the People’s Republic, this wave bears little or no resemblance to the preceding one. Today, there are widely dispersed ethnic Chinese communities in Italy, all independent from each other but all equally well-integrated into their respective local economies. All things considered, the base common denominator between the three unique waves of Chinese immigrants to Italy is a strong entrepreneurial attitude together with a sense of close community kinship. In each of the three eras, the Chinese family circle has proved decisive in the establishment of small businesses and their successful integration into the Italian economy.

Patrizia Battilani wrote paragraphs 1-3-4. Francesca Fauri wrote the Introduction, paragraphs 2 and 5. The conclusion was a joint effort.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Chinese migration was part of the global wave of mass migration from 1840 to 1940 (McKeown 2010, pp. 95–124).

  2. 2.

    After arriving at their destination port, they took advantage of the cover of darkness and were led ashore to inns run by earlier migrants from Qingtian (Mette 1996, p. 281).

  3. 3.

    “L’invasione delle perle” in La stampa, 5 marzo 1926. On the alleged earnings of fake pearl vendors: “Cinesi di via Canonica” in Il Corriere della Sera 8 marzo 1932.

  4. 4.

    Wang also underlines that sojourners have been viewed as potential enemies to nation-building efforts (Wang 2003, p. 55; Sui 1952, pp. 34–44).

  5. 5.

    As Lucassen has well demonstrated, there have been strong migratory traditions in Europe from the North Sea to the Mediterranean since 1500 (Lucassen 1987, pp. 110, 116–117, 201–202 and also Lucassen and Lucassen 2014, pp. 13–38).

  6. 6.

    All interviews are available—please contact the authors.

  7. 7.

    Matteo Ricci was one of those prominent figures committed to the diffusion of Western culture at the Chinese Court.

  8. 8.

    “Cinesi al Ministero” Corriere della Sera, 25th January 1879; “Due Annegati” (one of them was a Foreign Department employee), 8 luglio 1879; “Un Cinese geloso” (one of the Education Ministry’s employees killed himself), 22 luglio 1882.

  9. 9.

    Quite surprisingly, ships under the Italian flag transported coolies from Macao to Latin American: in 1865, 6284 coolies out of a total of 13,784 were transferred by 14 ships flying the Italian flag. Great Britain and the USA had prohibited this kind of trade but the Italian government either did not know or pretended not to know (Francioni 2003).

  10. 10.

    M. Marinelli and G. Andornino (eds), Italy’s encounters with modern China: imperial dreams, strategic ambitions, Palgrave, New York, 2014; A. Francioni, Il ‘banchetto cinese’: l’Italia fra le treaty powers, Nuova immagine editrice, Siena, 2004; M.C. Donato, Italiani in Cina contro i Boxer, Rivista di Storia Contemporanea; 14 (2)1985, 169–206.

  11. 11.

    “I commerci della Cina con l’Italia”, Corriere della Sera, 30 Dicembre 1897.

  12. 12.

    “Il numero degli stranieri in Cina”, Corriere della Sera, 10 luglio 1900.

  13. 13.

    “Cinese nato a Milano” Corriere della Sera, 21st August 1914; “Le tribolazioni dei cinesi a Milano” Corriere della Sera, 17 luglio 1915.

  14. 14.

    In 1937 as Japan invaded Northern China an alliance was formed between Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist army. But with the defeat of Japan in 1945 the civil war broke out again (Roberts 2013, p. 269).

  15. 15.

    Archival sources demonstrate that expenses were invariably greater than incoming funds from taxes. ASMAE (Archivio Storico del Ministero degli Affari Esteri), Rappresentanza diplomatica Cina Pechino Busta 109 Concessione italiana Tientsin Verbale di consegna della cassa al consiglio muncipale della concessione italiana.

  16. 16.

    “The Italian administration has financed various public works … which have turned our concession into one of the most modern and healthy European districts of residence, where the right of asylum is fully safeguarded to foreigners, including eminent Chinese politicians”. ASMAE Rappresentanza diplomatica Cina Pechino BUSTA 60 Regia amministrazione della Concessione italiani di Tientsin, Tientsin 15 settembre 1922.

  17. 17.

    ASMAE Rappresentanza diplomatica Cina Pechino BUSTA 60 Consolato d’Italia Tientsin 27 agosto 1924 Ospedale italiano a Tientsin.

  18. 18.

    Ensuing Taiwanese uprisings were brutally suppressed by GMD and nationalist martial-law was enforced until 1987 (Brown 2004, pp. 7–9).

  19. 19.

    “Collane di perle” La Stampa, 13 marzo 1926; “L’invasione delle perle” La Stampa, 5 marzo 1926.

  20. 20.

    “L’invasione cinese anche a Firenze” Corriere della Sera, 17 marzo 1926.

  21. 21.

    “La penosa condizione dei rivenditori cinesi” Unità, 13 marzo 1926; “Il fermo dei trecento cinesi rivenditori di perle”, L’Unità, 12 marzo 2016.

  22. 22.

    “Esodo di cinesi anche a Firenze”, Corriere della Sera, 6 aprile 1926.

  23. 23.

    “I cinesi rivenditori di perle propagandisti sovversivi” L’Unità, 11 maggio 1926.

  24. 24.

    “Gesti cinesi” l’Unità, 16 maggio 1926; “Rompicapi cinesi” L’unità, 18 novembre 1927.

  25. 25.

    Tong arrival in Bologna dated from 1934 when he obtained the street vendor licence. Municipal Archive Bologna, Commercial licences.

  26. 26.

    Interview with Antonio Tong by Patrizia Battilani and Luigi Yen Liao, Bologna, June 31st 2015.

  27. 27.

    Other estimates provided by newspapers ranged from 136 to 300. “Cinesi di Milano e il loro lavoro”, Il Corriere della Sera, 30 agosto 1938. The Chinese community of the time had its own: “before the second world war, there were in 700–800 Chinese in Italy. After the war there were 60 in Milan, 25–28 in Bologna, 10 in Rome, 10 in Florence, 7–8 in Genoa, less than 300 in the whole of Italy. When the war ended the majority of them had returned to China” (Interview by Patrizia Battilani and Luigi Liao with N. T., Bologna, June 8th 2015. Nino T., born in 1943, migrated to Italy in 1959, two years after his father and about 30 years after his grandfather).

  28. 28.

    One journalist referred to a shop producing fake pearls and other gadgets “near a lake in the North”. See: “I Cinesi di via Canonica” Il Corriere della Sera 8 marzo 1932 and also “I sorridenti cinesini e le merci giapponesi” Il Corriere della Sera, 13 ottobre 1934.

  29. 29.

    State Archive Bologna, Prefettura. Gabinetto, Serie 1944, Matrimoni con stranieri anni 1938–1944. See the request forwarded by the Prefect of Bologna to allow Calderoni Maria to get married to Tong Ling Sin Giovanni (26 September 1939). The Home Department twice rejected the request.

  30. 30.

    “My parents married between 1939 and 1940 in the Republic of San Marino because they couldn’t do it in Italy”. Interview by Patrizia Battilani and Luigi Yen Liao with Antonio Tong, Bologna, 17 June 2015. Antonio Tong, born in 1940, was the first Sino-Italian male baby born in Bologna.

  31. 31.

    “One bomb hit the building where he lived. The caretakers, wife and husband, died in the courtyard. My husband was frightened. And then he lost most of his things. So he got away and a family living on the outskirts of Bologna housed him”. Interview by Patrizia Battilani and Luigi Yen Liao with Cecilia Geslao, Bologna, 7 July 2015. Cecilia Geslao, born in 1929, married Wu King in Bologna in 1949.

  32. 32.

    Interview by Patrizia Battilani with Giovanna Rilli, Bologna, March 18th 2016. Mrs Rilli was born in 1927, married Ho Tin Fee in 1945 in Bologna and in 1946 moved with her husband to China, where they stayed for 3–5 years.

  33. 33.

    Interview by Patrizia Battilani with Giovanna Rilli, March 18th 2016.

  34. 34.

    Interview by Patrizia Battilani and Luigi Yen Liao with Antonio Yen, Bologna 5th October 2015. Antonio Yen was born in China in 1949, his parents having returned from Italy.

  35. 35.

    Interview by Patrizia Battilani with Giovanna Rilli, Bologna, March 18th 2016. Families experienced a range of difficulties in returning to Europe from China. See: “Un’italiana sposata ad un cinese ottiene di rimpatriare con i due figli” Corriere della Sera, 16 Settembre 1955.

  36. 36.

    Interview with S. Y. by Patrizia Battilani, Francesca Fauri and Luigi Yen Liao, Bologna, January 31st 2015.

  37. 37.

    Interview with Itala Wu by Luigi Yen Liao, Bologna, November 18th 2015.

  38. 38.

    Interview with Cecilia Geslao, who married with Wu Lung King Paolo in 1949, by Luigi Yen Liao Bologna, July 7th 2015.

  39. 39.

    For a description of the work organization model, see the interviews with Lo Hueng Yuk, Antonio Tong, Antonio Yen, Nino T., Cecilia Geslao. On the relationship between craftsmen and suppliers, see the interview with Corrado Veronesi and Vainer Neri.

  40. 40.

    Interviews with Nino T., Pietro Sun Pai Cheang, Marco Tung, Maria Grazia Sun, Tse Weik Wang Ugo, Dick Ting.

  41. 41.

    Legislatura 11 – Discussioni – Seduta 8th June 1954, Seguito della discussione del bilancio dei Ministero del commercio con l’estero, Tonetti and Martinelli’s speeches.

  42. 42.

    It is important to note that Italy found much greater favour with the Beijing government once it accepted the Chinese stance on Taiwan (Melchionni 1970, pp. 651–652).

  43. 43.

    The annual average income of peasants in Wenzhou in 1994 was more than 12 times that of 1980: “We are richer than in the past but still poorer than our fellows in Europe” (Minghuan 2013, p. 185).

  44. 44.

    Sometimes they are also held together by bonds of trust and by a network of mutual loans that offered everyone a chance to start a business of their own (Zhou 1992).

  45. 45.

    Interview by Luigi Liao with Y. Y. born in 1963 in Guenzthou, Ferrara April 2015.

  46. 46.

    Living in Italy has required a majority of the Chinese to develop their ethnic enclaves “within mixed multiethnic neighbourhoods and not within homogenous ethnic landscapes like in traditional Chinatowns” (Mudu and Li 2005, p. 278; Chang 2012, p. 187).

  47. 47.

    “In China churches are being demolished and new laws are set to increase monitoring of religious activities. As more Chinese turn to Christianity, the Communist Party sees a rival in a struggle for hearts and minds” (Rahn 2018).

  48. 48.

    Interview by Luigi Liao with S. H., Bologna May 16th 2015.

  49. 49.

    Interview by Luigi Liao with Zhang Min, Bologna 15th April 2015.

  50. 50.

    Interview by Patria Battilani and Luigi Liao with Sun Wen-Long, Bologna 15th April 2016.

  51. 51.

    Interview with Nino T. by Patrizia Battilani and Luigi Yen Liao, Bologna, 8th June 2015.

  52. 52.

    Interview with G. W. by Luigi Liao Yen, Bologna 22nd November 2015.

  53. 53.

    Interview with Cecilia Geslao, who married Wu Lung King Paolo in 1949, by Luigi Yen Liao Bologna, 7th July 2015.

  54. 54.

    Ibid.

  55. 55.

    Interview with Antonio Yen by Patrizia Battilani and Luigi Yen Liao, Bologna, 10th June 2015.

  56. 56.

    Interview with Tommasina Wang by Francesca Fauri and Luigi Yen Liao, Bologna, 9th September 2015.

  57. 57.

    Interview with Adriana Wu by Patrizia Battilani and Luigi Yen Liao, Bologna 25th June 2015.

  58. 58.

    Interview with Cecilia Geslao by Patrizia Battilani and Luigi Yen Liao, Bologna 7th July 2015.

  59. 59.

    Interview with Giovanna Rilli by Patrizia Battilani, Bologna, March 18th 2016.

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  1. Department of Economics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Patrizia Battilani & Francesca Fauri

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  1. Department of Economics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

    Francesca Fauri

  2. Department of Economics Management and Statistics (DEMS), University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy

    Paolo Tedeschi

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Battilani, P., Fauri, F. (2018). Chinese Migration to Italy: Features and Issues. In: Fauri, F., Tedeschi, P. (eds) Labour Migration in Europe Volume I. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90587-7_2

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