Abstract
This chapter deals with the critical review and summary of current advances and application of Quaternary geomorphology in Indian landscapes, specifically in the Lower Ganges Basin (LGB). Unfortunately, the LGB and Ganga–Brahmaputra Delta (GBD) perhaps are getting least attention by the practitioners of earth sciences and there is very little understanding of this Neogene –Quaternary morpho-stratigraphic unit from the perspectives of physical geography. Recently, the branch of Quaternary geomorphology has enough efficiency to analyse the Quaternary —Recent changes and records in the earth surfaces and the anthropogenic influence on the landforms and processes during recent times. Here, we have discussed and reviewed the key strengths of Quaternary geomorphology to re-explore the dynamic physical entities of the Ganges Basin , viz, Late Quaternary geomorphic, geological and climatic changes (e.g. palaeogeography , palaeoflood and fluvial response to climate, etc.), tectonic geomorphology (e.g. impact of active tectonics on the morphology of alluvial rivers and deltas, etc.), the links between fluvial processes and forms (e.g. variable fluvial regime and floodplain stratigraphy , channel shifting, fluvial geomorphology and arsenic contamination, gully erosion and sedimentation , etc.) and impact of anthropogenic activities on the rivers of LGB (e.g. embankment and bank erosion, dams and floods, groundwater contamination, etc.). The present volume, related to LGB, contains eleven significant chapters which are focused precisely on these above aspects using different geospatial techniques and quantitative analysis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Acharyya SK, Shah BA (2007) Groundwater arsenic contamination affecting different geologic domains in India—a review: influence of geological setting, fluvial geomorphology and Quaternary stratigraphy. J Environ Sci Health 42(12):1795–1805
Acharyya SK, Shah BA (2010) Groundwater arsenic pollution affecting deltaic West Bengal, India. Curr Sci 99(12):1784–1787
Bandyopadhyay S, Das S, Kar NS (2015) Discussion paper: ‘Changing river courses in the western part of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta’. Geomorphology 250:442–453
Basu P (1992) Morphology of Silai River in Garbeta area and evolution of its gully basins with reference to lateritization. Geogr Rev India 54(2):47–52
Bhattacharyya T, Babu R, Sarkar D, Mandal C, Dhyani BL, Nagar AP (2007) Soil and crop productivity model in humid sub-tropical India. Curr Sci 93(10):1397–1403
Bilham R (2015) Raising Kathmandu. Nat Geosci 8:582–584
Blum MD, Tornqvist TE (2000) Fluvial response to climate and sea-level change: a review and look forward. Sedimentology 47:12–48
Bose M (2014) From morphostratigraphy to chronostratigraphy—modern Quaternary geomorphology as a basic for climatic research. Quat Geomorphol 20(4):303–306
Bournman RP (1993) Perennial problems in the study of laterite: a review. Aust J Earth Sci 40(4):387–401
Brown AG (2001) Alluvail geoarchaeology—floodplain archaeology and environmental change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Chakraborty T, Kar R, Ghosh P, Basu S (2010) Kosi megafan: historical records, geomorphology and the recent avulsion of the Kosi River. Quatern Int 227:143–160
Cohen KM, Finney SC, Gibbard PL (2015) International choronostratigraphic chart. ICS
Cordier S, Briant B, Bridge D, Herget J, Maddy D, Mather A, Vandenberge J (2017) The Fluvial Archives Group: 20 years of research connecting fluvial geomorphology and palaeoenvironments. Quatern Sci Rev 166:1–9
Cox RT (1994) Analysis of drainage-basin symmetry as a rapid technique to identify areas of possible Quaternary tilt-block tectonics: an example from the Mississippi Embayment. Geol Soc Am Bull 106:571–581
Crutzen PJ (2002) Geology of mankind. Nature 415:23
Dong Y, Xiong D, Su Z, Li J, Yang D, Zhai J, Lu X, Liu G, Shi L (2013) Critical topographic threshold of gully erosion in Yuanmou dry-hot valley in southwestern China. Phys Geogr 34(1):50–59
Friend PF, Sinha R (1993) Braiding and meandering parameters. In: Best JL, Bristow C (eds.) Braided rivers. Geological Society Special Publications No. 75, London, pp 105–111
Fryirs KA, Brierley GJ (2013) Geomorphic analysis of river systems: an approach to reading the landscape. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester
Ghosh R, Bera S, Sarkar A, Paruya DK, Yao Y, Li C (2015) A ~50 ka record of monsoonal variability in the Darjeeling foothill region, eastern Himalayas. Quatern Sci Rev 114:100–115
Ghosh S, Bhattacharya K (2012) Multivariate erosion risk assessment of lateritic badlands of Birbhum (West Bengal, India): a case study. J Earth Syst Sci 121(6):1441–1454
Ghosh S, Guchhait SK (2012) Soil loss estimation through USLE and MMF methods in the lateritic tracts of eastern plateau fringe of Rajmahal Traps, India. Ethiop J Environ Stud Manag 5(4):529–541
Ghosh S, Guchhait SK (2016) Dam-induced changes in flood hydrology and flood frequency of Tropical River: a study in Damodar River of West Bengal, India. Arab J Geosci 9:1–26
Ghosh S, Islam A (2016) Quaternary alluvial stratigraphy and palaeoclimatic reconsyruction in the Damodar River Basin of West Bengal. In: Das B, Ghosh S, Islam A, Ismail M (eds) Neo-thinking on Ganges-Brahmaputra basin geomorphology. Springer, Switzerland, pp 1–18
Goff P (2017) Quaternary geomorphology and landscapes. In: Richardson D, Castree N, Goodchild MF, Kobayashi A, Liu W, Marston RA (eds) The encyclopedia of geography. Wiley, New York, pp 1–7
Grapes RH, Oldroyd D, Grigelis A (eds) (2008) History of geomorphology and quaternary geology. Geological Society Special Publication No 301, London
Holbrook J, Schumm SA (1999) Geomorphic and sedimentary response of rivers to tectonic deformation: a brief review and critique of a tool for recognizing subtle epeirogenic deformation in modern and ancient settings. Tectonophysics 305:287–306
Jacques PD, Salvador ED, Machado R, Grohmann CH, Nummer AR (2014) Application of morphometry in neotectonic studies at the eastern edge of the Paraná Basin, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Geomorphology 213:13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.037
Jain V, Sinha R (2005) Response of active tectonics in the alluvial Baghmati River, Himalayan foreland basin, eastern India. Geomorphology 70:339–356
Jha VC, Bairagya HP (2011) Flood plain evaluation in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta: a tectonic review. Ethiop J Environ Stud 4(3):12–24
Jha VC, Kapat S (2009) Rill and gully erosion risk of lateritic terrain in south-western Birbhum district, West Bengal, India. Rev Soc Nat 21(2):141–158
Jha VC, Kapat S (2011) Degraded lateritic soilscape and land uses in Birbhum district, West Bengal, India. Rev Soc Nat 23(3):545–556
Kale V (2012) On the link between extreme floods and excess monsoon epochs in South Asia. Clim Dyanmics 39:1107–1122
Kale VS (2002) Fluvial geomorphology of Indian Rivers: an overview. Prog Phys Geogr 26:400–433
Kale VS (2003) Geomorphic effects of monsoon floods on Indian rivers. Nat Hazards 28:65–84
Kale VS (2005) Fluvial hydrology and geomorphology of monsoon-dominated Indian rivers. Rev Brasil Geomorfol 6(1):63–73
Kale VS (2007) Fluvio-sedimentary response of the monsoon-fed Indian rivers to Late Pleistocene–Holocene changes in monsoon strength: reconstruction based on existing 14C dates. Quatern Sci Rev 26:1610–1620
Kale VS (2008) Palaeoflood hydrology in the Indian context. J Geol Soc India 71:56–66
Kale VS, Achyutha H, Jaiswal MK, Sengupta S (2010) Palaeoflood records from upper Kaveri River, southern India: evidence for discrete floods during Holocene. Geochronometria 37:49–55
Kale VS, Joshi VU (2004) Evidence of formation of potholes in bedrock on human timescale: Indrayani River, Pune district, Maharastra. Curr Sci 86(5):723–726
Kale VS, Mishra S, Baker VR (1997) A 2000-year palaeoflood record from Sakarghat on Narmada, central India. J Geol Soc India 50(3):283–288
Kale VS, Mishra S, Baker VR (2003) Sedimentary records of palaeofloods in the bedrock gorges of the Tapi and Narmada rivers, central India. Curr Sci 84(8):1072–1079
Kale VS, Sengupta S, Achyuthan H, Jaiswal MK (2014) Tectonic controls upon Kaveri River drainage, cratonic Peninsular India: inferences from longitudinal profiles, morphotectonic indices, hanging valleys and fluvial records. Geomorphology 227:153–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.07.027
Kale VS, Singhvi AK, Mishra PK, Banerjee D (2000) Sedimentary records and luminescence chronology of Late Holocene palaeofloods in the Luni River, Thar Desert, northwest India. CATENA 40:337–358
Kar A, Bandyopadhyay MK (1974) Mechanisms of rills: an investigation in microgeomorphology. Geogr Rev India 36(3):204–215
Keller EA, Pinter N (1996) Active Tectonics: earthquakes, uplift and landscape. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River
Lewis SL, Maslin MA (2015) Defining the anthropocene. Nature 519:171–180
Lowe J, Walker M (2015) Reconstructing quaternary environments. Routledge, New York
Macklin MG, Lewin J, Woodward JC (2012) The fluvial record of climate change. Philos Trans R Soc 310:2143–2172
Malik JN, Mohanty C (2007) Active tectonic influence on the evolution of drainage and landscape: geomorphic signatures from frontal and hinterland areas along the north western Himalayas, India. J Asian Earth Sci 29:604–619
Mather A (2011) Interpreting quaternary environment. In: Gregory KJ, Goudie AS (eds) The Sage handbook of geomorphology. Sage, London, pp 513–534
Meadows ME (2016) Geomorphology in the Anthropocene: perspectives from the past, pointers for the future? In: Meadows ME, Lin J (eds) Geomorphology and society. Springer, New York, pp 7–22
Miall AD (2014) Fluvial depositional systems. Springer, London
Mishra S, Naik S, Rajaguru SN, Deo S, Ghate S (2003) Fluvial response to late Quaternary climate changes: case studies from upland Maharastra. Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad 69:185–200
Moeyersons J (2003) The topographic thresholds of hillslope incisions in southwestern Rwanda. CATENA 50:381–400
Montgomery DR, Dietrich WE (2004) Landscape dissection and drainage area-slope thresholds. In: Kirkby MJ (ed) Process models and theoretical geomorphology. Wiley, New York, pp 221–246
Morgan RPC, Mngomezulu D (2003) Threshold conditions for initiation of valley-side gullies in the Middle Veld of Swaziland. CATENA 50:401–414
Narayana DVV, Babu R (1983) Estimation of soil erosion in India. J Irrig Drain Eng 109(4):419–434
Ouchi S (1985) Response of alluvial rivers to slow active tectonic movement. Geol Soc Am Bull 96:504–515
Pal T, Mukherjee PK, Sengupta S, Bhattacharyya AK, Shome S (2002) Arsenic pollution in groundwater of West Bengal, India—an insight into problem by sub-surface sediment analysis. Gondwana Res 5:501–512
Patton PC, Schumm SA (1975) Gully erosion, northwestern Colorado: a threshold phenomenon. Geology 3:88–90
Pimentel D (2006) Soil erosion—a food and environmental threat. Environ Dev Sustain 8:119–137
Pimentel D, Burgess M (2013) Soil erosion threatens food production. Agriculture 3:443–463
Poesen J (2011) Challenges in gully erosion research. Landf Anal 17:5–9
Poesen J, Nachtergaele J, Verstraeten G, Valentin C (2003) Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs. CATENA 50:91–133
Raj R (2012) Active tectonics of NE Gujarat (India) by morphometric and morphostructural studies of Vatrak River Basin. J Asian Earth Sci 50:66–78
Rajaguru SN, Deo SG, Mishra S (2011a) Pleistocene climate change in western India: a geoarchaeological approach. http://www.ifr.res.in/ãrchaeo/FoP/…/Rajaguru%20climate.pdf [21 June 2018]
Rajaguru SN, Deotare BC, Gangopadhyay K, Sain MK, Panja S (2011b) Potential geoarchaeological sites for luminescence dating in the Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hugli Delta, West Bengal, India. Geochronometria 38(3):282–291
Rajaguru SN, Kale VS, Badam GL (1993) Quaternary fluvial systems in upland Maharastra. Curr Sci 11:817–821
Rajmohan N, Prathapar SA (2013) Hydrogeology of the Eastern Ganges Basin: an overview. IWMI Working Paper 157, New Delhi, pp 1–33
Rana N, Singh S, Sundriyal YP, Rawat GS, Juyal N (2016) Interpreting the geomorphometric indices for neo-tectonic implications: an example of Alaknanda valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India. J Earth Syst Sci 125(4):841–854
Rosgen DL (1994) A classification of natural rivers. Catena 22(6):169–199
Roy AB, Chatterjee A (2015) Tectonic framework and evolutionary history of the Bengal Basin in the Indian subcontinent. Curr Sci 109(2):271–279
Rudra K (2010) Dynamics of the Ganga in West Bengal, India (1764–2007): implications for science-policy interaction. Quatern Int 227(2):161–169
Rudra K (2014) Changing river courses in the western part of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta. Geomorphology 227:87–100
Sahu S, Raju NJ, Saha D (2010) Active tectonics and geomorphology in the Sone-Ganga alluvial tract in mid-Ganga Basin, India. Quatern Int 227:116–126
Sanyal P, Sinha R (2010) Evolution of Indian summer monsoon: synthesis of continental records. In: Clift PD, Tada R, Zheng H (eds) Monsoon evolution and tectonic-climate linkage in Asia. Geological Society, London, pp 152–183
Sarkar A, Mukherjee AD, Bera MK, Das B, Juyal N, Morthekai P, Deshpande RD, Sinde VS, Rao LS (2016) Oxygen isotope in archaeological bioapatites from India: implications to climate change and decline of Bronze Age Harappan civilization. Nature Scientific Reports 6:1–9
Schumm SA (1977) The fluvial system. Wiley, New York
Schumm SA (1979) Geomorphic thresholds: the concept and its applications. Trans Inst Br Geogr 4(4):485–515
Schumm SA, Dumont JF, Holbrook JM (2002) Active tectonics and alluvial rivers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Sear DA, Newson MD (2010) Fluvial geomorphology: its basis and methods. In: Sear DA, Newson MD, Throne CR (eds) Guidebook of applied fluvial geomorphology. Thomas Telford, London, pp 1–31
Sengupta S, Kale VS (2011) Evaluation of the role of rock properties in the development of potholes: a case study of Indrayani knickpoint, Maharastra. J Earth Syst Sci 120(1):157–165
Sharda VN, Dogra P (2013) Assessment of productivity and monetary losses due to water erosion in rainfed crops across different states of India for prioritization and conservation planning. Agric Res 4:382–392
Sharda VN, Dogra P, Prakash C (2010) Assessment of production losses due to water erosion in rainfed areas of India. J Soil Water Conserv 65(2):79–91
Sharma VK (2010) Introduction to process geomorphology. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Shit PK, Maiti R (2014) Gully erosion control—lateritic soil region of West Bengal. Indian Science Cruiser 28(3):54–61
Shit PK, Nandi AS, Bhunia GS (2015a) Soil erosion risk mapping using RUSLE model on Jhargram subdivisional West bengal in India. Model Earth Syst Environ 1:28
Shit PK, Paira R, Bhunia G, Maiti R (2015b) Modeling of potential gully erosion hazard using geo-spatial technology at Garhbeta block, West Bengal in India. Model Earth Syst Environ 1(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-015-0001-x
Siddiqui S (2014) Appraisal of active deformation using DEM-based morphometric indices analysis in Emilia-Romagna Apennines, Northern Italy. Geodyn Res Int Bull 1(3):34–42
Singh IB (1996) Geological evolution of Ganga Plain—an overview. J Palaeontol Soc India 41:99–137
Singh LP, Parkash B, Singhvi AK (1998) Evolution of the lower Gangetic plain landforms and soils in West Bengal, India. CATENA 33:75–104
Singhvi AK, Kale VS (2009) Paleoclimatie studies in India: last ice age to the present. IGBP-WCRP-SCOPE-Report Series 4, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi
Sinha R (2009) The great avulsion of Kosi on 18th August 2008. Curr Sci 97(3):429–433
Sinha R, Friend PF (2007) Quaternary fluvial systems in India. Quatern Int 159:1–5
Sinha R, Friend PF, Switsur VR (1996) Radiocarbon dating and sedimentation rates in the Holocene alluvial sediments of the north Bihar plains, India. Geol Mag 133:85–90
Sinha R, Ghosh S (2012) Understanding dynamics of large rivers aided by satellite remote sensing: a case study from Lower Ganga plains, India. Geocarto Int 27(3):207–219
Sinha R, Sarkar S (2009) Climate-induced variability in the Late Pleistocene–Holocene fluvial and fluvio-deltaic successions in the Ganga plains, India: a synthesis. Geomorphology 113:173–188
Sinha R, Sripriyanka K, Jain V, Mukul M (2014) Avulsion threshold and planform dynamics of the Kosi River in north Bihar (India) and Nepal: a GIS framework. Geomorphology 216:157–170
Sinha R, Tandon SK, Gibling MR, Bhattacharjee PS, Dasgupta AS (2005) Late Quaternary geology and alluvial stratigraphy of the Ganga Basin. Himalayan Geol 26(1):223–240
Sridhar A, Chamyal LS, Patel M (2014) Palaeoflood record of high-magnitude events during historical time in the Sabarmati River, Gujarat. Curr Sci 107(4):675–679
Srivastava P, Aruche M, Arya A, Pal DK, Singh LP (2015) A micromorphological record of contemporary and reclit pedogenic processes in soils of the Indo-Gangetic Plains: implications for mineral weathering, province and climate changes. Earth Surf Proc Land 41(6):771–790
Srivastava P, Rajak MK, Sinha R, Pal DK, Bhattacharyya T (2010) A high-resolution micromorphological record of the late Quaternary paleosols from Ganga-Yamuna interfluve: stratigraphic and paleoclimatic implications. Quatern Int 227:127–142
Steckler MS, Mondal DR, Akhter SH, Seeber L, Feng L, Gale J, Hill EM, Howe M (2016) Locked and loading megathrust linked to active subduction on beneath the Indo-Burman Ranges. Nat Geosci. https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO02760
Tandon SK, Singa R, Gibling MR, Dasgupta AS, Ghazanfari P (2008) Late Quaternary evolution of the Ganga Plains: nyths and misconceptions, recent developments and future direction. J Geol Soc India 66:259–299
Tare V, Roy G, Bose P (2013) Ganga river basin environment management plan: interim report. IIT Consortium. http://wrmin.nic.in/writereaddata/GRBEMPInterimReport.pdf
Thomas M, Kale V (2011) Tropical environment. In: Gregory KJ, Goudie AS (eds) The Sage handbook of geomorphology. Sage, London, pp 449–468
Thornbury WD (1969) Principles of geomorphology. Wiley, New York
Tornqvist TE (2013) Reponses to rapid environmental change. In: Elias S, Mock C (eds) Encyclopedia of quaternary science. Elsevier, New York
Torri D, Poesen J (2014) A review of topographic threshold conditions for gully head development in different environment. Earth-Sci Rev 130:73–85
Toy TJ, Foster GR, Renard KG (2013) Soil erosion: processes, prediction: Measurement and Control. Wiley, New York
Valentin C, Poesen J, Li Y (2005) Gully erosion: impacts, factors and control. CATENA 63:132–153
Vandaele K, Poesen J, Govers G, Wesemael B (1996) Geomorphic threshold conditions for ephemeral gully incision. Geomorphology 16(2):161–173
Vandekerckhove L, Poesen J, Wijdenes DO, Figueiredo T (1998) Topographic thresholds for ephemeral gully initiation in intensively cultivated areas of the Mediterranean. CATENA 33:271–292
Wilson CA, Goodbred SL (2015) Construction and maintenance of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta: linking process, morphology and stratigraphy. Ann Rev Marine Sci 7:67–88
Witze A (2015) Major earthquake hits Nepal. Nature 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature.2015.17413
Zalasiewicz J, Williams M, Haywood A, Ellis M (2011) The Anthropocene: a new epoch of geological time? Philos Trans R Soc 369:835–841
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Das, B.C., Ghosh, S., Islam, A. (2019). Quaternary Geomorphology in India: Concepts, Advances and Applications. In: Das, B., Ghosh, S., Islam, A. (eds) Quaternary Geomorphology in India. Geography of the Physical Environment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90427-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90427-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90426-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-90427-6
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)