Abstract
The relevance of intelligence for society is based on the prediction of criteria that are relevant for success and performance in the society by means of intelligence test scores. The biopsychological and genetic foundation of intelligence is regarded as a further basis for its global relevance. Moreover, it is noted that conventional intelligence tests do not require test-performing individuals to identify themselves with the goals of the tests. The detachment of the work objectives from the immediate goals of the individuals is a central characteristic of modern industrial societies that are based on the division of labor. Thus, conventional intelligence tests fit well to the functionalistic perspective of industrialized societies. A possible critique of the cultural values behind conventional intelligence tests should therefore also be extended to the conventional workplace requirements of industrial societies.
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Notes
- 1.
Charles Spearman, “General intelligence” objectively determined and measured, in: American Journal of Psychology, 15/1904, pp. 201–293.
- 2.
John B. Carroll, Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993; Heinz-Martin Süß / André Beauducel, Intelligenztests und ihre Bezüge zu Intelligenztheorien, in: Lutz Hornke / Manfred Amelang/Martin Kersting (eds.), Enzyklopädie der Psychologie: Themenbereich B, Methodologie und Methoden. Serie II, Psychologische Diagnostik, Göttingen: Hogrefe, 2011, pp. 97–234.
- 3.
Charles Spearman, “General intelligence” objectively determined and measured, op. cit.; Charles Spearman, The Abilities of Man, London: Macmillan, 1927.
- 4.
Charles Spearman, The Abilities of Man, op. cit., p. 197.
- 5.
Linda S. Gottfredson, Mainstream science on intelligence: An editorial with 52 signatories, history, and bibliography, in: Intelligence, 24/1997, p. 13.
- 6.
Ibid., p. 14.
- 7.
Louis A. Guttman/Shlomit Levy, Two structural laws for intelligence tests, in: Intelligence, 15/1991, p. 82.
- 8.
Ibid.
- 9.
Cf. John B. Carroll, Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies, loc. cit.
- 10.
Adolf O. Jäger, Intelligenzstrukturforschung: Konkurrierende Modelle, neue Entwicklungen, Perspektiven, in: Psychologische Rundschau, 35/1984, p. 21–35; André Beauducel/Martin Kersting, Fluid and crystallized intelligence and the Berlin Model of Intelligence Structure (BIS), in: European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18/2002, pp. 97–112.
- 11.
John B. Carroll, Human cognitive abilities. A survey of factor-analytic studies, loc. cit.
- 12.
André Beauducel/Martin Kersting, Fluid and crystallized intelligence and the Berlin Model of Intelligence Structure (BIS), in: European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 18/2002, pp. 97–112.
- 13.
Frank L. Schmidt/John E. Hunter, The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology. Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings, in: Psychological Bulletin, 124/1998, pp. 262–274.
- 14.
Cf. Richard J. Herrnstein/Charles Murray, The bell curve, New York: Free Press, 1994.
- 15.
Cf. John P. Rushton/Arthur R. Jensen, Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability, in: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11/2005, pp. 235–294.
- 16.
James R. Flynn, The spectacles through which I see the race and IQ debate, in: Intelligence, 38/2010, pp. 363–366.
- 17.
Ingeborg Stelzl/Ferdinand Merz/Theodor Ehlers/Herbert Remer, The effect of schooling on the development of fluid and crystallized intelligence. A quasi-experimental study, in: Intelligence, 21/1995, pp. 279–296.
- 18.
Robert J. Sternberg, Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
- 19.
Ibid.
- 20.
Neisser, Ulric., Boodoo, Gwyneth, Bouchard, Thomas J.,. J., Boykin, A. Wade., Brody, Nathan, Ceci, Stephen J., Halpern, Diane F., Loehlin, John C., Perloff, Robert Sternberg, Robert J., Urbina Susana, Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns, American Psychologist, 51/1996, p. 79.
- 21.
Ibid.
- 22.
Ibid.
- 23.
Cf. Louis A. Guttman/Shlomit Levy, Two structural laws for intelligence tests, loc. cit.
- 24.
Linda S. Gottfredson, Mainstream science on intelligence: An editorial with 52 signatories, history, and bibliography, loc. cit.; Rushton & Jensen, 2005.
- 25.
Frank L. Schmidt/John E. Hunter, The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology:
Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings, loc. cit.
- 26.
E.g., Ibid.
- 27.
Linda S. Gottfredson, Mainstream science on intelligence. An editorial with 52 signatories, history, and bibliography, op. cit., p. 14.
Literature
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Carroll, John B., Human cognitive abilities. A survey of factor-analytic studies, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Flynn, James R., The spectacles through which I see the race and IQ debate, in: Intelligence, 38/2010, pp. 363–366.
Gottfredson, Linda S., Mainstream science on intelligence. An editorial with 52 signatories, history, and bibliography, in: Intelligence, 24/1997, pp. 13–23.
Guttman, Louis A./Levy, Shlomit, Two structural laws for intelligence tests, in: Intelligence, 15/1991, pp. 79–103.
Herrnstein, Richard J./Murray, Charles, The bell curve, New York: Free Press, 1994.
Jäger, Adolf O., Intelligenzstrukturforschung: Konkurrierende Modelle, neue Entwicklungen, Perspektiven, in: Psychologische Rundschau, 35/1984, pp. 21–35.
Neisser, Ulric/Boydoo, Gwyneth/Bouchard, Thomas J./Boykin, A. Wade/Brody, Nathan/Ceci, Stephen J./Halpern, Diane F./Loehlin, John C./Perloff, Robert/Sternberg, Robert J./Urbina, Susana, Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns, in: American Psychologist 51(1996), pp.77–101.
Rushton, John P./Jensen, Arthur R., Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability, in: Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11/2005, pp. 235–294.
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Stelzl, Ingeborg/Merz, Ferdinand/Ehlers, Theodor/Remer, Herbert, The effect of schooling on the development of fluid and crystallized intelligence. A quasi-experimental study, in: Intelligence, 21/1995, pp. 279–296.
Spearman, Charles, “General intelligence” objectively determined and measured, in: American Journal of Psychology, 15/1904, pp. 201–293.
Spearman, Charles, The Abilities of Man, London: Macmillan, 1927.
Süß, Heinz-Martin/Beauducel, André, Intelligenztests und ihre Bezüge zu Intelligenztheorien, in: Hornke, Lutz F./Amelang, Manfred/Kersting, Martin (eds.), Enzyklopädie der Psychologie. Themenbereich B, Methodologie und Methoden. Serie II, Psychologische Diagnostik, Göttingen: Hogrefe, 2011, pp. 97–234.
Sternberg, Robert J., Beyond IQ. A triarchic theory of human intelligence, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
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Beauducel, A. (2019). Intelligence. In: Kühnhardt, L., Mayer, T. (eds) The Bonn Handbook of Globality. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90377-4_19
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