Abstract
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) was first introduced as a childhood disorder in DSM-III in 1966. It has since become one of the most common childhood disorders, often occurring comorbidly with other childhood disorders. ODD has a lifetime prevalence of up to 11% of the general population, with symptoms typically present by age 8 years. Approximately 70% of children and adolescents with oppositional defiant disorder no longer meet the criteria for the disorder by age 18, with only a small percentage progressing to antisocial personality disorder in adulthood. The etiology of the disorder is multifactorial—heritability, parenting styles, and other psychosocial factors have been well documented. Changes in anatomical structure and brain functioning have also been associated with the disorder.
Oppositional defiant disorder is responsive to therapeutic interventions, and recommendations for these evidence-based treatment models vary by age. Younger children respond best to parent management training, middle school children to cognitive behavioral therapies, and older adolescents to multimodal programs rooted in the social learning model. While no psychotropic medications have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of oppositional defiant disorder, certain classes of medications reduce oppositional and aggressive behaviors while treating other comorbid illnesses. The most widely studied of these classes include stimulants, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics. Parents of these children present to pediatric offices seeking advice on management and treatment options. This chapter will provide the pediatric primary care physician with an overview of etiology, comorbidity, prognosis, treatment strategies, and management techniques for parents.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Guevara J, Mandell D, Rostain A, Zhao H, Hadley T. National estimates on health service expenditures for children with behavioral disorders: an analysis of the medical expenditure panel survey. Pediatrics. 2003;112(6):440–6.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. p. 462–6.
Loeber R, Burke J, Lahey B, Winters A, Zera M. Oppositional defiant and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part 1. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(12):1468–84.
Connor DF. Aggression and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: research and treatment. NewYork: The Guilford Press; 2002.
Lahey B, Waldman I. Annual research review: phenotypic and causal structure of conduct disorder in the broader context of prevalence forms of psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012;53(5):536–57.
Rowe R, Maughan B, Pickles A, Costello EJ, Angold A. The relationship between DSM-IV oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: findings from the great Smoky Mountains study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2002;43(3):365–73.
Burke JJ, Loeber R, Birmaher B. Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: a review of the past 10 years, part II. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41(11):1275–93.
Noordermeer S, Luman M, Osterlaan J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of neuroimaging in oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder taking attention deficit hyperactivity disorder into account. Neuropsychol Rev. 2016;26:44–72.
Lovejoy M, Graczyk P, O’Hare E, Neuman G. Maternal depression and parenting behaviors: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2000;20(5):561–92.
Byrd AL, Loeber R, Pardini DA. Antisocial behavior, psychopathic features and abnormalities in reward and punishment processing in youth. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2014;17(2):125–56.
Blair RJ. Applying a cognitive neuroscience perspective to the disorder of psychopathy. Dev Psychopathol. 2005;17(3):865–91.
Reef J, Diamantopoulou S, vanMuers L, Verhulst F, van der Ende J. Developmental trajectories of child to adolescent externalizing behavior and adult DSM-IV disorder: results of a 24 year longitudinal study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011;46(12):1233–41.
Boylan K, MacPherson H, Fristad M. Examination of disruptive behavior outcomes and moderation in a randomized psychotherapy trial for mood disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;52(7):699–708.
Bakker M, Greven C, Buitelaar J, Glennon J. Practitioner review: psychological treatments for children and adolescents with conduct disorder problems-a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58(1):4–18.
Battagliese G, Cacetta M, Luppino O, Baglioni C, Cardi V, Mancini F, Buonanno C. Cognitive –behavioral therapy for externalizing disorders: a meta-analytic analysis of treatment effectiveness. Behav Res Ther. 2015;75:60–71.
Gorman D, Gardner D, Murphy A, Feldman M, Balanger S, Steele M. Canadian guidelines on pharmacotherapy for disruptive and aggressive behavior in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, or conduct disorder. Can J Psychiatr. 2015;60(2):62–76.
Masi G, Milone A, Brovedani P, Pisano S, Muratori P. Combined pharmacotherapy-multimodal psychotherapy in children with disruptive behavior disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2016;238:8–13.
Pringsheim T, Hirsch L, Gardner D, Gorman D. The pharmacological management of oppositional behaviour, conduct problems, and aggression in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 1. Psychostimulants, alpa-2 agonists, and atomoxetine. Can J Psychiatr. 2015;60(2):42–51.
Biederman J, Melmed RD, Patel A, et al. A randomized double blind, placebo-controlled study of guanfacine extended release in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2008;121(1):e73–84.
Sallee FR, McGough J, Wigal T, et al. Guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(2):155–65.
Campbell M, Small A, Green W. Behavioral efficacy of haloperidol and lithium carbonate. A comparison in hospitalized aggressive children and conduct disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41(7):650–6.
Campbell M, Adams P, Small A, Kanfantaris V, Silva R, Shell J, Overall J. Lithium in hospitalized aggressive children with conduct disorder: a double blind and placebo controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:445–53.
Rifkin A, Karajgi B, Dicker R, Perl E, Boppana V, Hasan N, Pollack S. Lithium treatment of conduct disorders in adolescence. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:554–5.
Blader JC, Schooler NR, Jensen PS, et al. Adjunctive divalproex versus placebo for children with ADHD and aggression refractory to stimulant monotherapy. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(12):1392–401.
Donovan SJ, Stewart JW, Nunes E, et al. Divalproex treatment for youth with explosive temper and mood lability: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design. Am J Psychiatry. 1000;157(5):818–20.
Cueva J, Overall J, Small A, Armenteros J, Perry R, Campbell M. Carbamazepine in aggressive children with conduct disorder: a double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Am J Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:480–90.
Pringsheim T, Hirsch L, Gardner D, Gorman D. The pharmacological management of oppositional behaviour, conduct problems, and aggression in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 2, antipsychotics and traditional mood stabilizers. Can J Psychiatr. 2015;60(2):52–61.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Graham, Y. (2018). Oppositional Defiant Disorder. In: Vinson, S., Vinson, E. (eds) Pediatric Mental Health for Primary Care Providers. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90350-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90350-7_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-90349-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-90350-7
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)