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Before the Public Banks: Innovation and Resilience by Charities in Fifteenth-Century Naples

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Financial Innovation and Resilience

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Abstract

The origins of the two banks of S. Eligio and SS. Annunziata date back to medieval times. Both were originally two hospitals founded by lay confraternities composed of exponents of the bourgeoisie and the mercantile world. Each had a privileged relationship with the monarchy and great prestige in the city. Study of the sources related to the Annunziata show that like all medieval hospitals, the Annunziata attended to a multitude of recipients, delivering them diversified services according to their individual needs. Its archive shows the importance of the business surrounding the charity: through passive (payments) and active operations (use of deposits), it had all the features of a banking institution since the fifteenth century, features formalized more than a century later.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The seggi were clan-organisations of the society on a territorial basis, namely each seat had influence on a district of the city. There were five noble seggi in the second half of fourteenth century in Naples: Capuana, Nido, Montagna, Porto and Portanuova. Who was not part of the noble seggi, constituted the seggio del Popolo, that is, a vast aggregation that, divided into territorial districts called ottine (twenty at the beginning of the fifteenth century, then became twenty-nine during the century), included the rest of the population.

  2. 2.

    The church of SS. Annunziata was built during the reign of Robert of Anjou and orders were given on 15 December 1318 to expropriate a vegetable garden belonging to Tommaso Coppola for this purpose. The church received many donations, thanks to the intervention of Queen Margaret of Durazzo who, on 21 October 1404, donated three plots of land next to the church of SS. Annunziata: one for the construction of the sacristy, one to create a garden and, lastly, another plot of unbuildable land to keep the church separate from surrounding residential buildings. Queen Margaret, furthermore, after being cured of a serious illness, donated the town of Lesina and its lagoon on 6 November 1411. On 5 May 1417, her daughter, Queen Joanna II, also granted the church and hospital of SS. Annunziata all the rights under her jurisdiction regarding the church of Maddalena and two dilapidated hospitals at Sudatorio in Agnano, with the obligation of restoring them to look after the poor who came there for spa treatment; on 2 April 1418, she also commissioned Urbano Cimmino to buy numerous houses situated in Naples, in rua Novella and rua Francesca and at Foro Magno, in order to donate them to the church of SS. Annunziata, so that the incomes deriving from them could be used for the dowries of unmarried girls who were guests of the Santa Casa. On 15 July 1420, Joanna donated the fiefs of Vignola, Massafra and Fasanella. On 25 April 1423, she donated an inn at Pendino di S. Agostino in Naples. On 2 September 1424, she donated the area of the Lavinaio in Naples and in 1433, she laid the foundations of the new hospital of SS. Annunziata whose construction had become necessary because the original building was no longer sufficient for hospital requirements and for providing welfare and treatment. On 8 June 1426, she donated another inn to the institution; on 20 April 1429, she donated a plot of land in Pozzuoli and many houses in rua Catalana in Naples, as well as two plots of land in Somma Vesuviana. One of the plots situated at the so-called Old Market (Mercato Vecchio) was purchased and donated by the queen to the Santa Casa with the undertaking to make an annual consignment of 60 tomola of wheat (a tomolo was a unit of measurement that corresponded to about 55 litres) to the monks of S. Francesco a Salerno, who had to celebrate mass for the soul of her mother Queen Margaret. In 1423, Joanna granted the privilege of discretionary management with royal consent so that the Santa Casa could keep, own and accept feudal lands. Lastly, in 1424, she granted tax exemption to the director of works for the complex of the Santa Casa (Gaglione 2009). There is far less information about the hospital of S. Eligio: besides being granted land for building work in 1270 by Charles I of Anjou and an income of 7 gold ounces (once) per annum the following year, we know of a donation of land made in 1279 by the same monarch for extension work to be done on the institution. Further extension work is recorded in 1304 when the hospital of S. Eligio was amalgamated with the hospice for the war wounded founded by Charles II who, in 1305, also donated 30 once for the work (Vitolo 2003; Gaglione 2009).

  3. 3.

    In the same inventory of documents of modern era, there is an abstract of a document dated 16 February 1430, with which Antonello Brancaccio declares he is indebted towards the Annunziata. Lacking the original document, the brevity of the abstract and its contents do not authorise us to hypothesise that at the time the Annunziata was already carrying out lending activities (Archivio Storico Municipale di Napoli, Sezione Real Casa Santa dell’Annunziata, Inventario antico, f. 562v; Marino 2015, doc. no. 121; Colesanti-Marino 2016).

  4. 4.

    This book has recently been found in the Archivio Storico Municipale di Napoli, Sezione Real Casa Santa dell’Annunziata. I would like to thank Giuliana Buonaurio, the archivist at the Archivio Storico Municipale in Naples, for pointing out the discovery to me.

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Di Meglio, R. (2018). Before the Public Banks: Innovation and Resilience by Charities in Fifteenth-Century Naples. In: Costabile, L., Neal, L. (eds) Financial Innovation and Resilience. Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90248-7_3

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