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Comparative Perspectives on the Enforcement and Effectiveness of Antidiscrimination Law

Part of the book series: Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law ((GSCL,volume 28))

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Abstract

The numerous conflicts that occurred in the course of history and which, unfortunately, were not kept as mere conflicts of ideas, came out from or were based on discrimination. These conflicts were caused by restriction or exclusion on reasons of discrimination based on race, colour, gender or sexual orientation, descent, ethnic, linguistic origins, religious beliefs, culture, intelligence, physical affiliation, civil or social status, political convictions, or any other situation of the kind. Such conflicts reflect the total or partial, direct or indirect failure to acknowledge the equal position of certain persons in enjoying or exercising their human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in the international law.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In its 2014 edition The European Semester provides a framework for the coordination of economic policies across the European Union. It allows EU countries to discuss their economic and budget plans and monitor progress at specific times throughout the year. Le petit Larousse dictionary defines discrimination as “the act of differentiating between and treating differently certain individuals or a group as a whole as compared to the rest of the collectivity.” See Le petit Larousse, Paris, 2013.

  2. 2.

    Treating a person unfavourably as compared to others in the same situation. See Moroianu Zlătescu (2015), p. 308 et seq. See Asztalos (2015), p. 15.

  3. 3.

    As shown on other occasions, legal provisions, neutral criteria or practices, putting certain persons at disadvantage, based on criteria protected by other persons, are an indirect discrimination. See Moroianu Zlătescu (2015) and Asztalos (2015).

  4. 4.

    See Diaconu (2005), p. 22 et seq.; Moroianu Zlătescu (2006), p. 3 et seq.

  5. 5.

    See IRDO (2001), p. 5 et seq.; Diaconu (2005), p. 22.

  6. 6.

    See “Artizanii găndirii moderne a drepturilor omului,” documents of the international colloquium organized by the Romanian Institute for Human Rights on 28 November 2003 in “Drepturile Omului” No. 4/2003, Ed. IRDO, Bucureşti, 2003. It should also be mentioned that Romania became a member of the United Nations Organization on 14 December 1955.

  7. 7.

    This comes out from scrutinizing the United Nations solemn session on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as the Millennium Declaration and the Agenda 2030.

  8. 8.

    See Moroianu Zlătescu (2012a), p. 41 et seq.; Moroianu Zlătescu et al. (2007).

  9. 9.

    See Christine Deliyanni-Dimitrakou (2013), p. 681 et seq.

  10. 10.

    ILO Convention No. 111/1958, ratified by Romania under Decree No. 284 of 11 May 1973.

  11. 11.

    In order to comply with the standards set forth by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Romania modified its domestic legislation, adopting for this purpose Law No. 448/2006, published in the Official Gazette of Romania No. 1006 of 18 December 2006, republished in the Official Gazette of Romania No. 1 of 3 January 2008.

  12. 12.

    See Moroianu Zlătescu (2011), p. 25 et seq.

  13. 13.

    Romania became a member of the Council of Europe on 7 October 1993, ratified the European Convention on Human Rights on 18 May 1994, and acknowledged the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights. Romania also ratified Additional Protocols 1–15 and signed Additional Protocol 16. By way of consequence, the Convention gained direct applicability in the domestic law, while knowing the jurisprudence of the European Court became an obligation since the Court is the control mechanism for the application of the Convention. The Court is competent to solve the complaints filed by natural persons and, of late, also legal persons from Romania.

  14. 14.

    Romania became a member of the European Union on 1 January 2007.

  15. 15.

    See Moroianu Zlătescu and Mihaela Mandrea (2008), p. 16.

  16. 16.

    The Charter became an official document of the European Union when the Treaty of Lisbon was signed on 13 December 2007.

  17. 17.

    Epiney et al. (2010), p. 7 et seq.; also see Moroianu Zlătescu (2012b), p. 11 et seq.

  18. 18.

    Published in OJ L 180 of 19 July 2000.

  19. 19.

    Published in OJ L 303 of 2 December 2000.

  20. 20.

    In OJ L 225 of 12 August 1986.

  21. 21.

    OJ L 46 of 17 February 1997.

  22. 22.

    In OJ L 269 of 5 October 2002, p. 15.

  23. 23.

    In OJ L 204 of 5 July 2006, p. 23.

  24. 24.

    Zlătescu (2015).

  25. 25.

    The Constitution of Romania of 1991 was amended and supplemented under the Romanian Constitution Revising Act No 429/2003, published in the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, No. 758 of 29 October 2003. Also see, Moroianu Zlătescu (2013), pp. 24, 113, 126.

  26. 26.

    Article 11 of the Romanian Constitution reads as follows: “(1) The Romanian State pledges to fulfil as such and in good faith its obligations as deriving from the treaties it is a party to. (2) Treaties ratified by Parliament, according to the law, are part of national law.”

  27. 27.

    Article 20 of the Romanian Constitution reads as follows: “(1) Constitutional provisions concerning the citizens’ rights and liberties shall be interpreted and enforced in conformity with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with the covenants and other treaties Romania is a party to. (2) Where any inconsistencies exist between the covenants and treaties on the fundamental human rights Romania is a party to, and the national laws, the international regulations shall take precedence, unless the Constitution or national laws comprise more favourable provisions.”

  28. 28.

    Article 148 (2) of the Romanian Constitution reads as follows: “As a result of the accession, the provisions of the constituent treaties of the European Union, as well as the other mandatory community regulations shall take precedence over the opposite provisions of the national laws, in compliance with the provisions of the accession act.”

  29. 29.

    Adopted on 1 October 2009, under Law No. 287/2009 and implemented under Law No. 71/2011, amended and supplemented under Government Emergency Ordinance No. 79/2011, republished in the Official Gazette of Romania No. 505/2011, approved under Law No. 60 of 10 April 2012, updated and consolidated under Law No. 138/2014.

  30. 30.

    In force since 15 February 2013, amended under Government Emergency Ordinance 4/2013 and Law No. 2/2013. The most recent amendment was introduced under Government Emergency Ordinance No. 1/2016 published in the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, No. 85 of 4 February 2016.

  31. 31.

    See Leş (2013), p. 1.

  32. 32.

    See Buneci (2014), pp. XI–XII; also, the Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, No.757 of 12 November 2012.

  33. 33.

    Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, No. 515 of 14 August 2013.

  34. 34.

    Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, No. 486 of 15 July 2010.

  35. 35.

    Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, No. 98 of 7 February 2014.

  36. 36.

    Official Gazette of Romania, Part I, No. 431 of 2 September 2000, republished in the Official Gazette of Romania No. 99 of 8 February 2007.

  37. 37.

    See Moroianu Zlătescu (2014), p. 3 et seq.; Moroianu Zlătescu and Zlătescu (2014), p. 1 et seq.

  38. 38.

    Official Gazette of Romania, I, No. 619 of 30 August 2003.

  39. 39.

    Published in the Official Gazette of Romania No. 204 of 28 April 2001, republished in the Official Gazette of Romania No. 123 of 2 February 2007.

  40. 40.

    Republished in the Official Gazette of Romania, I, No. 326 of 5 June 2013.

  41. 41.

    Official Gazette of Romania, No. 214 of 28 March 2002.

  42. 42.

    See Asztsalos (2013), p. 15 et seq.

  43. 43.

    See Article 7, Government Ordinance No. 137/2000.

  44. 44.

    See Article 9, Government Ordinance No. 137/2000.

  45. 45.

    World Economic Forum, The Global Gender Gap Report, 2013, p. 11.

  46. 46.

    The activity of the National Council for Combating Discrimination is regulated by Government Ordinance No. 137/2001, Government Decision No. 1196/2002.

  47. 47.

    The extent to which the media fulfill their responsibilities of promoting human rights depends on the journalists’ professionalism, the publishers’ and their employers’ availability, and the public’s activism as well.

  48. 48.

    See Government Ordinance No. 137/2000, republished.

  49. 49.

    See the 2010 Social Inclusion Barometer.

  50. 50.

    Report by the National Council for Combating Discrimination—Perceptions and attitudes vis-à-vis discrimination in Romania, 2012, p. 8.

  51. 51.

    See European Commission (2015), Joint Report on the application of the Racial Equality Directive (2000/43/EC) and the Employment Equality Directive (2000/78/EC).

  52. 52.

    The European Semester provides a framework for the coordination of economic policies across the European Union. It allows EU countries to discuss their economic and budget plans and monitor progress at specific times throughout the year.

  53. 53.

    See Fundamental Rights Report 2016, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, p. 62.

  54. 54.

    See also Deliyanni-Dimitrakou (2013), p. 682 et seq.

  55. 55.

    See also Moroianu Zlatescu (2011), p. 86 et seq.

  56. 56.

    See also Moroianu Zlatescu (2013), p. 92 et seq.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, School of Law, Bucharest, Romania

    Irina Moroianu Zlătescu

  2. Member of the European Law Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Petru Emanuel Zlătescu

Authors
  1. Irina Moroianu Zlătescu
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  2. Petru Emanuel Zlătescu
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Correspondence to Irina Moroianu Zlătescu .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sciences Po Law School, Paris, France

    Marie Mercat-Bruns

  2. Berkeley Law, Berkeley, California, USA

    David B. Oppenheimer

  3. Berkeley Law, Berkeley, California, USA

    Cady Sartorius

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Moroianu Zlătescu, I., Zlătescu, P.E. (2018). Romania. In: Mercat-Bruns, M., Oppenheimer, D., Sartorius, C. (eds) Comparative Perspectives on the Enforcement and Effectiveness of Antidiscrimination Law. Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, vol 28. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90068-1_23

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