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Endophytes of Forest Trees pp 229–258Cite as

Dieback of European Ash: What Can We Learn from the Microbial Community and Species-Specific Traits of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Ash?

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Part of the book series: Forestry Sciences ((FOSC,volume 86))

Abstract

European ash (Fraxinus excelsior), a keystone species with wide distribution and habitat range in Europe, is threatened at a continental scale by an invasive alien ascomycete, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. In its native range of Asia, this fungus is a leaf endophyte with weak parasitic capacity and robust saprobic competence in local ash species that are closely related to European ash. In European ash, H. fraxineus has a similar functional role as in Asia, but the fungus also aggressively kills shoots, resulting in crown dieback and tree death. H. fraxineus is a typical invasive species, as its spread relies on high propagule pressure. While crown dieback of European ash is the most obvious symptom of ash dieback, the annual colonization of ash leaves is a crucial key dependency for the invasiveness of H. fraxineus, since its fruiting bodies are formed on overwintered leaf vein tissues in soil debris. Leaves of European ash host a wide range of indigenous epiphytes, endophytes, facultative parasites and biotrophic fungi, including Hymenoscyphus albidus, a relative of H. fraxineus that competes for the same sporulation niche as the invader. At face value, leaves of European ash are colonized by a large and diverse indigenous mycobiome. In order to understand why this invader became successful in Europe, we discuss and summarize the current knowledge of diversity, seasonal dynamics and traits of H. fraxineus and indigenous fungi associated with leaves of European ash.

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Abbreviations

NGS:

Next-generation sequencing

ITS rDNA:

Internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA

qPCR:

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction

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Acknowledgements

The writing of this chapter was supported by a strategic institute project focused on forest health and financed by the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, the Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food, and the Research Council of Norway. We would like to thank Dr. Anna Maria Pirttilä for valuable comments and careful editing of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Post Box 115, 1431, Ås, Norway

    Ari M. Hietala, Isabella Børja, Nina Elisabeth Nagy, Halvor Solheim, Volkmar Timmermann & Adam Vivian-Smith

  2. Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand

    Hugh Cross

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  1. Ari M. Hietala
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  2. Isabella Børja
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Correspondence to Ari M. Hietala .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland

    Anna Maria Pirttilä

  2. School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA

    A. Carolin Frank

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Hietala, A.M. et al. (2018). Dieback of European Ash: What Can We Learn from the Microbial Community and Species-Specific Traits of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Ash?. In: Pirttilä, A., Frank, A. (eds) Endophytes of Forest Trees. Forestry Sciences, vol 86. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89833-9_11

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