Abstract
This chapter focuses on debates in the periodical press regarding the love affair, with which journalists and newspaper contributors popularized newly introduced ideas of marriage, divorce, concubinage, and compassionate family. Newspapers circulated in various regions and journalists of differing ideological orientations capitalized on the coverage of the Huang–Lu affair to disseminate their liberal, conservative, statist, or anarchistic views on new gender relations and family values. The debates on the elopement signal the final triumph of anti-individualistic, pro-family conservatives in the wake of the Nationalist Party’s unification of China. This chapter highlights the multiple interpretations of the elopement because of a lack of consensus among writers, scholars, and journalists in their discussions of the elopement.
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Notes
- 1.
Lee, Revolution of the Heart, 137.
- 2.
Glosser, Chinese Visions of Family and State, 3.
- 3.
Lee, Revolution of the Heart, 15.
- 4.
Ibid., 137.
- 5.
Ibid., 15.
- 6.
John Fitzgerald, “The Origin of the Illiberal Party Newspaper: Print Journalism in China’s Revolution,” Republican China, Vol. 21, No. 2 (April 1996): 3.
- 7.
Various sources show Minguo ribao’s financial troubles in the 1920s. For example, Bao Tianxiao (1876–1973) remembered that Ye Chucang (1887–1946) personally borrowed money from Bao frequently in order to cover the cost of paper for printing newspapers. See Bao Tianxiao, Chuanyinglou huiyi lu (A memoir from Chuanyinglou) (Taipei: Longwen chubanshe gufen youxian gongsi, 1990), 526–27.
- 8.
Fitzgerald, Awakening China, 218–26.
- 9.
Zhao Zhangtai, “Jiefang qian liushinian lai de Hangzhou baozhi” (Hangzhou newspapers in six decades before liberation), in Hangzhou wenshi ziliao dishiji (Cultural and historical materials of Hangzhou, book ten) (N. P., 1988), 107.
- 10.
Zhejiang sheng dang’an guan (Zhejiang Provincial Archives), E20 9-3-2052.
- 11.
Yeh, “Progressive Journalism and Shanghai’s Petty Urbanites,” 191.
- 12.
Zhang Shihao, “Zai lun Huang Lu shijian (xu)” (More on the Huang–Lu affair [part II]), Minguo ribao, September 13, 1928.
- 13.
For Minguo ribao’s participation in the discussions of the murder of Wang Lianying and two sensational suicides in the 1920s, see Qiliang He, “News about Killing, News that Killed: Media Culture and Identities in the 1920s China” (PhD diss., The University of Minnesota, 2006); Bryna Goodman, “The New Woman Commits Suicide: The Press, Cultural Memory and the New Republic,” The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Feb., 2005): 67–101 and “Appealing to the Public: Newspaper Presentation and Adjudication of Emotion,” Twenty-Century China, Vol. 31, No. 2 (April, 2006): 32–69.
- 14.
Zhang Shihao, “Cong Huang Huiru an lianxiang dao Wang Shichang,” Minguo ribao, September 4, 1928.
- 15.
Goodman, “Appealing to the Public,” 35.
- 16.
“Shi Jiaoyu ju jixu boyin yanjiang” (The municipal bureau of education continues to broadcast speeches on radio), Xinwen bao, June 20, 1929.
- 17.
“Shanghai mingmen zhinü” (A daughter of an influential family in Shanghai), Minguo ribao, August 23, 1928.
- 18.
For example, Zhang, “Cong Huang Huiru nüshi shuoqi” and Chongpu, “Cong ‘shejiao gongkai xia de zuiren’ shuodao Huang Huiru nüshi” (Talking about Ms. Huang Huiru from “the sinned person under [the rubric of] open social interactions”), Minguo ribao, August 31, 1928.
- 19.
“Huang Huiru nüshi” (August 31, 1928).
- 20.
Qian Jingyun, “Huang Huiru nüshi houlai de shenghuo?” (Ms. Huang Huiru’s life afterwards?), Minguo ribao, September 1, 1928.
- 21.
Liuyun, “Liangzhong ganxiang” (Two kinds of thoughts), Minguo ribao, November 6, 1928.
- 22.
Zheng Qizhong, “Cong Gengkui xiansheng kouzhong piping Huang Lu shijian” (A critique of the Huang–Lu affair based on Mr. Gengkui’s words), Minguo ribao, November 5, 1928.
- 23.
Lü Fangshang, “1920 niandai Zhongguo zhishi fenzi youguan qing’ai wenti de jueze yu taolun” (Chinese intellectuals’ discussions and decisions on issues of romantic love in the 1920s), in Wusheng zhisheng (I): jindai Zhongguo funü yu guojia (1600–1950) (Sound of silence [I]: women and the nation in modern China [1600–1950]), ed., Lü Fangshang (Taipei: Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo, 2003), 85–93.
- 24.
Jianmei Liu, Revolution Plus Love: Literary History, Women’s Bodies, and Thematic Repetition in Twentieth-Century Chinese Fiction (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2003), 3.
- 25.
Lee, Revolution of the Heart, 255–60.
- 26.
Ibid., 261.
- 27.
Liu, Revolution Plus Love, 17.
- 28.
Dooling, Women’s Literary Feminism in Twentieth-century China, 118.
- 29.
Lee, Revolution of the Heart, 261.
- 30.
Goodman, “Appealing to the Public,” 64.
- 31.
Lee, Revolution of the Heart, 263.
- 32.
Yi’nan, “Youshi yige shuofa” (Another version of the story), Minguo ribao, August 31, 1928.
- 33.
Chen, “Lu Huang jian’an zhi weisheng.”
- 34.
Zhang Shihao, “Zai lun Huang Lu shijian” (More on the Huang–Lu affair), Minguo ribao, September 9, 1928.
- 35.
Zhang, “Zai lun Huang Lu shijian (xu).”
- 36.
Zarrow, Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture, 2–3.
- 37.
Gotelind Müller, “Knowledge Is Easy-Action Is Difficult: The Case of Chinese Anarchist Discourse on Women and Gender Relations and Its Practical Limitations,” in Women in China: The Republican Period in Historical Perspective, ed., Mechthild Leutner and Nicola Spakowski (Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2005), 96.
- 38.
Ibid., 92–3.
- 39.
Dirlik, Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution, 11.
- 40.
Müller, “Knowledge Is Easy-Action Is Difficult,” 99.
- 41.
Cuntong, “‘Feichu hunzhi’ taolun zhong de fenyu” (Resentful remarks in the midst of the discussion of abolishing marriage), Minguo ribao, May 20, 1920.
- 42.
Dirlik, Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution, 2.
- 43.
Müller, “Knowledge Is Easy-Action Is Difficult,” 102.
- 44.
Dirlik, Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution, 24.
- 45.
Ibid., 261.
- 46.
Zhang Shihao, “Shu ‘quanmin gemin yu guomin gemin zhi bianlun’ hou” (A note following ‘the debate between all people’s revolution and national revolution), Xin pinglun, No. 17 (1928): 3–7; Zhang Shihao, “Jiandan di zai da Xiuping xiansheng” (The second brief reply to Mr. Xiuping), Xin pinglun, No. 19 (1928): 21–5.
- 47.
Dirlik, Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution, 276.
- 48.
Xiuping, “Sanda Zhang Shihao jun” (The third reply to Mr. Zhang Shihao), Gemin zhoubao, No. 61–70 (1928): 417.
- 49.
Zhang Shihao, “Shier yue ershiwu ri shuo jiju hua” (A few words about the day of December 25th), Minguo ribao, December 20, 1928.
- 50.
Zhang Shihao, “Dangzhi wenti de taolun” (A discussion of rule by the party), Xin pinglun, No. 2 (3) (1929): 81–2.
- 51.
Shuangqi, “Zagan” (Miscellaneous thoughts), Gemin zhoubao, No. 61–70 (1928): 59–60; Shuangqi, “Guanyu Huang Huiru Lu Genrong deshi.”
- 52.
Ibid.
- 53.
Liu, Karl, and Ko, The Birth of Chinese Feminism, 23–4.
- 54.
Zarrow, Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture, 141.
- 55.
Ibid.
- 56.
Müller, “Knowledge Is Easy-Action Is Difficult,” 102–3.
- 57.
Wang-Ju Fuzhen, “Guanyu Huang Lu lian’ai de liangfeng xin” (Two letters about the Huang-Lu love), Minguo ribao, October 17, 1928.
- 58.
Qiliang He, “Print the Province: Liansheng zizhi and Hangzhou Newspapers in the Early 1920s,” The Chinese Historical Review, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Fall 2007): 250.
- 59.
Chen Shaoying, “Gaiguan lunding zhi Huang Lu shijian” (The final judgment on the Huang-Lu affair), Zhejiang shanghao, April 4, 1929.
- 60.
Chen Shaoying, “Duiyu zhongyi cunfei sheng zhong de wojian” (My opinion of the preservation or abolition of Chinese medicine), Guangji yikan, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1930): 7.
- 61.
Wannong, “Wo duiyu Huang Huiru sihou de pinglun” (My comments after Huang Huiru’s death), Zhejiang shangbao, April 27, 1929.
- 62.
Lee, Revolution of the Heart, 141.
- 63.
Wannong, “Wei ‘Huang ping’ da Chen Shaoying jun (yi)” (The reply to Mr. Chen Shaoying for “comment on Huang,” part I), Zhejiang shangbao, May, 11, 1929.
- 64.
Fuqing, “Chen Hong helun” (A comment on both Chen and Hong), Zhejiang shangbao, May 29, 1929.
- 65.
Hong Ruzhen, “Gei Chen Shaoying jun” (To Mr. Chen Shaoying), Zhejiang shangbao, May 16, 1929.
- 66.
Qiandi, “Fei lian’ai yu lian’ai” (Anti-love and love), Xin nüxing, Vol. 3, No. 5 (1928): 509; 517–22.
- 67.
Müller, “Knowledge Is Easy-Action Is Difficult,” 99.
- 68.
Lee, Revolution of the Heart, 141.
- 69.
Jianbo, “Tan xing’ai” (On sexuality and love), Huanzhou, Vol. 1, No. 7 (1927): 324–5.
- 70.
Jianbo, “Jiehun yu lian’ai” (Marriage and Love), Xin nüxing, Vol. 2, No. 1 (1927): 81–92.
- 71.
Zhang Xicheng, “Wode lian’ai zhencao guan” (My views on romantic love and chastity), Xin nüxing, Vol. 2, No. 5 (1927): 534–5.
- 72.
Lee, Revolution of the Heart, 178–80.
- 73.
Wu Cuncun, Ming Qing shehui xing’ai fengqi (Sex culture in Ming and Qing societies) (Beijing: Renmin wenxue chubanshe, 2000), 11–2.
- 74.
Dirlik, “The Ideological Foundations of the New Life Movement,” 945.
- 75.
Shanghai shi dang’an guan, B1-1-1871, 32; Shan Jingheng, Zhejiang gujin renwu da cidian (xia) (Dictionary of Zhejiang people in ancient times and at present, part II) (Nanchang: Jiangxi renmin chubanshe, 1998), 787–8.
- 76.
Huang Pingsun, “Pengyou! Qing gezi mingjin shoubing ba” (My friends! Please beat the gong and withdraw), Zhejiang shangbao, May 16, 1929.
- 77.
Zhang Jingsheng, Zhang Jingsheng wenji shang (Anthology of Zhang Jingsheng, part I) (Guangzhou: Guangzhou chubanshe, 1998), 151–66.
- 78.
Lee, Revolution of the Heart, 164.
- 79.
Huang Pingsun, “Suowei ‘wenxue qingnian’” (The so-called young literators), Xuexiao shenghuo, No. 102 (1935): 41.
- 80.
Huang, “Pengyou! Qing gezi mingjin shoubing ba.”
- 81.
Que and Yifeng, ““Huang ping’ lunzhan zhong de duzhe yijian” (Readers’ opinions amid the debate on “comment on Huang”), Zhejiang shangbao, May 16, 1929.
- 82.
Hong Ruzhen, “Gongxian gei lian’ai mi zhe” (To enthusiasts of romantic love), Zhejiang shangbao, May 21, 1929.
- 83.
Fuqing, “Chen Hong helun.”
- 84.
Yan Yuanzhang, “Wo ye laishuo jiju hua” (I also have some words), Xuesheng zazhi, Vol. 15, No. 1 (1928): 56–7.
- 85.
Yan Yuanzhang, “Huang Huiru—yige pingfan de lian’ai zhe” (Huang Huiru—an ordinary lover), Minguo ribao, September 6, 1928.
- 86.
Ma Yangbian, Huang Huiru yu Lu Genrong lian’ai shi (A history of the love between Huang Huiru and Lu Genrong) (Nanjing: Jinfu chubanshe, 1928), 56.
- 87.
Zhang, “Zai lun Huang Lu shijian.”
- 88.
Gengkui, “Cong Lu Genrong ziji kouzhong piping Huang Lu shijian.”
- 89.
Zheng, “Cong Gengkui xiansheng kouzhong piping Huang Lu shijian.”
- 90.
Zheng Qizhong, “Cong Gengkui xiansheng kouzhong piping Huang Lu shijian (xu)” (A critique of the Huang-Lu affair based on Mr. Gengkui’s words, part II), Minguo ribao, November 6, 1928.
- 91.
Gengkui, “Zai piping Huang Lu shijian” (More criticism of the Huang-Lu affair), Minguo ribao, November 6, 1928.
- 92.
Gengkui, “Xianhua zanting taolun Huang Lu shijian” (Discussions of the Huang-Lu affair suspended in leisured remarks), Minguo ribao, November 9, 1928.
- 93.
Sufeng, “Huang Huiru gaiguan lunding.”
- 94.
Sufeng, “Huang Lu shijian dabai yi” (The Huang–Lu affair comes to light), Minguo ribao, January 29, 1929.
- 95.
Zhang Xinmin, “Meiri dianying yu Yao Sufen” (Daily movie and Yao Sufen), in Zhongguo de xiandai xing yu chengshi zhishi fenzi (China’s Modernity and Urban Intellectuals), eds., Gao Ruiquan and Yamaguchi Hisakazu (Shanghai: Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2004), 232–34.
- 96.
Shu Yan, “Daohuai lao baoren Yao Sufeng” (Mourning Yao Sufeng, a senior journalist), Shiji, No. 6 (1994): 28.
- 97.
Zhang Hua, “Yao Sufeng yu ‘Meiri dianying’ de shishi feifei” (Yao Sufeng and “Daily Movie”), Dangdai dianying, No. 4 (2013): 74–5.
- 98.
Paul G. Pickowicz, “The Theme of Spiritual Pollution in Chinese Films of the 1930s,” Modern China, Vol. 17, No. 1 (January, 1991): 52–4.
- 99.
Xuelei Huang, Shanghai Filmmaking: Crossing Borders, Connecting to the Globe, 1922–1938 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2014), 103.
- 100.
Shanghai shi dang’an guan, G21-1-154-36.
- 101.
Edwards, “Policing the Modern Woman in Republican China,” 135.
- 102.
Sufeng, “Huang yu Lu” (Huang and Lu), Minguo ribao, December 20, 1928.
- 103.
Xia Rong, “20 shiji 30 niandai zhongqi guanyu funü huijia yu xianqi liangmu de lunzheng” (The debate on women’s return to home and wise wife and good mother in the mid-1930s), Hua’nan shifan daxue xuebao (shehui kexue ban) (Journal of South China Normal University [Social Science Edition]), No. 6 (December 2004): 39–46, 75; Zang Jian, “‘Women Returning Home’— A Topic of Chinese Women’s Liberation,” in Women in China: The Republican Period in Historical Perspective, eds., Mechthild Leutner and Nicola Spakowski (Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2005), 376–95; Ouyang Hexia, “Huigu Zhongguo xiandai lishi shang ‘funü huijia’ de sici zhenglun” (A review of four debates on women’s return home in modern Chinese history), Zhonghua nüzi xueyuan xuebao (Journal of China Women’s College), Vol. 15, No. 3 (June 2003): 6–9.
- 104.
Jiping, “Youmo dashi Lin Yutang fufu fangwen ji (xia)” (An interview with the couple of Lin Yutang, master of humor, part II), Shen bao, February 22, 1936.
- 105.
Lin Yutang, Lin Yutang ji (Anthology of Lin Yutang) (Guangzhou: Huacheng chubanshe, 2007), 117–18.
- 106.
Xia, “20 shiji 30 niandai zhongqi guanyu funü huijia yu xianqi liangmu de lunzheng,” 41.
- 107.
Lü Meiyi, “Ping Zhongguo jindai guanyu xianqi liangmu zhuyi de lunzheng” (On debates on the doctrine of good wife and loving mother in modern China), Tianjin shehui kexue, No. 5 (1995): 77.
- 108.
Wang, Women in the Chinese Enlightenment, 68.
- 109.
Tian Heqing, “Cong shengwuxue de guan shang shuodao xin xianqi liangmu zhuyi” (On the doctrine of the new good wife and loving mother from a biological standpoint), Xin nüxing, inaugurating issue (1935): 3. Note: this journal, also entitled Xin nüxing, was not the same one founded by Zhang Xicheng.
- 110.
For more details about Life Weekly, see Yeh, “Progressive Journalism and Shanghai’s Petty Urbanites.”
- 111.
Bianzhe, “Women lianxi Huang Huiru nüshi (shang),” 24–6.
- 112.
Ibid., 24.
- 113.
Taofeng, “Ziji de weihunqi” (One’s own fiancée), Shenghuo, Vol. 4, No. 4 (December 9, 1928): 31.
- 114.
Bianzhe, “Women lianxi Huang Huiru nüshi (xia),” 37.
- 115.
Hu, “Shehui duiyu Huang nüshi he ruci canku,” 111–12.
- 116.
Ibid., 112.
- 117.
Taofen, “Mao zhuo laoshu de xinwen jizhe” (Journalists are like cats to catch mice), Shenghuo, Vol. 4, No. 30 (June 23, 1929): 327–28.
- 118.
Taofen, “Yihou shuiqu Huang nüshi de bianshi Hero” (Whoever marries Ms. Huang in the future will be the Hero), Shenghuo, Vol. 5, No. 5 (December 16, 1928): 41.
- 119.
Yeh, “Progressive Journalism and Shanghai’s Petty Urbanites,” 207.
- 120.
Hansen, “The Mass Production of the Senses,” 68.
- 121.
Glosser, Chinese Visions of Family and State, 78.
- 122.
For Zou’s idea about the nuclear family, see Yeh, “Progressive Journalism and Shanghai’s Petty Urbanites,” 209–12.
- 123.
Jiezi, “Feihua zhong de feihua” (Nonsense in nonsenses), Xin nüxing, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1929): 73–4.
- 124.
Lee, Revolution of the Heart, 159.
- 125.
Ibid., 152.
- 126.
Chiu-chun Lee, “Liberalism and Nationalism at a Crossroads: The Guomindang’s Educational Policies, 1927–1930,” in The Politics of Historical Production in Late Qing and Republican China, eds., Tze-ki Hon and Robert J. Culp (Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2007), 313.
- 127.
Zarrow, Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture, 142.
- 128.
Dikötter, Imperfect Conceptions, 2.
- 129.
Dooling, Women’s Literary Feminism in Twentieth-century China, 44.
- 130.
Tim O’Sullivan et al., Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies (London: Routledge, 1994), 231.
- 131.
Ibid., 189.
- 132.
Thomas Streeter, “Polysemy, Plurality, and Media Studies,” Journal of Communication Inquiry, Vol. 13, Issue 2, (1989): 101.
- 133.
O’Sullivan et al., Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies, 191.
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He, Q. (2018). Polysemy: Discussions and Debates on the Huang–Lu Love Affair. In: Feminism, Women's Agency, and Communication in Early Twentieth-Century China. Chinese Literature and Culture in the World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89692-2_4
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