In Search of Women’s Agency in Everyday Life: The Construction of the Huang–Lu Love Affair in the Press

He, Qiliang

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89692-2_2

Qiliang He³

Part of the book series: Chinese Literature and Culture in the World ((CLCW))

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Abstract

This chapter centers on the coverage of the Huang–Lu elopement by various periodicals across the Yangzi Delta as a social drama to cater to the tastes of their readership. It highlights complex interactions among the media, the protagonists of the case, and the readers. Journalists worked hard to cast Huang Huiru variously as a “new woman” fighting for marital freedom, a femme fatale whose sexual desire caused the man’s legal trouble, or a defenseless girl falling prey to a male sexual offender. Journalists gained inspirations from both foreign films and China’s classical fiction to imagine and represent the love affair. The protagonists of the elopement, Huang and Lu, obtained, displayed, and changed their personal identities in accordance with the images journalists gave them in the press and altered the course of their lives accordingly.

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Notes

1.
“Jinchang Huang Huiru yu Lu Genrong” (The ban on singing [songs about] Huang Huiru and Lu Genrong), Suzhou mingbao, January 23, 1929; “Gongyuan zhong zhi Huang Huiru wenti” (The issue of Huang Huiru in the park), Suzhou mingbao, March 4, 1929.
2.
Janet M. Theiss, Disgraceful Matters: The Politics of Chastity in Eighteenth-century China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 130.
3.
“Huang Huiru nüshi” (Ms. Huang Huiru), Minguo ribao, August 29, 1928.
4.
Wang, Women in the Chinese Enlightenment, 112.
5.
Haiyan Lee, “Meng Jiangnu and the May Fourth Folklore Movement,” in Meng Jiangnü Brings Down the Great Wall: Ten Versions of a Chinese Legend, eds., Wilt L. Idema and Haiyan Lee (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2008), 38.
6.
Judge, The Precious Raft of History, 8.
7.
“Mingmen guinü—bei epu jianguai lai Su.”
8.
Barlow, “Theorizing Women,” 253.
9.
“Mingmen guinü—bei epu jianguai lai Su.”
10.
Ibid.
11.
“Mingyuan bei epu jianguai (xu)” (A daughter from a prestigious family raped and abducted [part II]), Suzhou mingbao, August 11, 1928.
12.
“Kelian de guinü.”
13.
“Mingmen guinü—bei epu jianguai lai Su.”
14.
Zhanghui style was fully developed in the Ming dynasty. It divides a novel into numerous chapters, each of which carries a seven-character line (poem) or a couplet as its title.
15.
Alexander Des Forges, Mediasphere Shanghai: The Aesthetics of Cultural Production (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2007), 224n16.
16.
Sufeng, “Huang Huiru gaiguan lunding” (Final judgment could be passed on Huang Huiru), Minguo ribao, March 24, 1929.
17.
Des Forges, Mediasphere Shanghai, 123.
18.
Gail Hershatter, Dangerous Pleasure: Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Shanghai (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 16; Des Forges, Mediasphere Shanghai, 85–6; Juan Wang, Merry Laughter and Angry Curses: The Shanghai Tabloid Press, 1897–1911 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2012), 172–73.
19.
“Maurice E. Votaw, Interview #6, March 24, 1977,” The State Historical Society of Missouri, “Votaw, Maurice E. (1899–1981), Papers, 1909–1978” (C 3672, Folder 6), 20.
20.
Huang Tianpeng, Xinwen xue lunwen ji (Anthology of essays on journalism) (Shanghai: Guanghua shuju, 1930), 22. Authored by Sima Qian (145 or 135–86 bc), Records of the Grand Historian is a canonical work on history of ancient China (by 94 bc). It ushered in a new style of writing history by providing definitive biographies of figures of importance. Strange Tales from Liaozhai, written by Pu Songlin (1640–1715), is a collection of short “marvel tales” about monsters, ghosts, spirits, and immortals.
21.
Dong Xinyu, “Kan” yu “beikan” zhijian: dui Zhongguo wusheng dianying de wenhua yanjiu (Between “seeing” and “being seen:” a cultural research on China’s silent films) (Beijing: Beijing shifan daxue chubanshe, 2000), 49.
22.
Xu Hong, Xiwen dongjian yu Zhongguo zaoqi dianying de kua wenhua gaibian (The spread of western culture to the east and the transcultural appropriation in early Chinese films) (Beijing: Zhongguo dianying chubanshe, 2011), 160.
23.
Sheldon H. Lu, “Waking to Modernity: The Classical Tale in Late-Qing China,” New Literary History, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Autumn, 2003): 747.
24.
Xu, Xiwen dongjian yu Zhongguo zaoqi dianying de kua wenhua gaibian, 160.
25.
Rania Huntington, “The Weird in the Newspaper,” in Writing and Materiality in China: Essays in Honor of Patrick Hanan, eds., Judith T. Zeitlin and Lydia H. Liu with Ellen Widmer (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2003), 341–96.
26.
“Mingyuan bei epu jianguai (xu).”
27.
“Huang Huiru tuoli muxiong—chuzou wuzong” (Huang Huiru breaks with mother and brother—leaving home and disappearing), Suzhou mingbao, August 21, 1928.
28.
“Huang Huiru nüshi you shizong, liju tuoli jiating guanxi” (Ms. Huang Huiru disappears again—severs ties with family with a written note), Shi bao, August 22, 1928.
29.
“Huang Huiru an kaishen ji” (A note on the court session of the case of Huang Huiru), Suzhou mingbao, August 25, 1928.
30.
“Dapo jieji zhuyi de zhupu fasheng lian’ai an kaishen” (The trial about master-servant romantic love that breaks class [boundary] is in session), Shi bao, August 26, 1928.
31.
“Huang Huiru an panjue” (Judgment on Huang Huiru’s case is made), Shi bao, August 28, 1928; “Huang Huiru bingli shenju” (Huang Huiru suffers from severe dysentery), Suzhou mingbao, August 28, 1928.
32.
“Huang Huiru yu Lu Genrong heying” (A photo of Huang Huiru and Lu Genrong), Suzhou mingbao, August 29, 1928.
33.
“Huang Huiru nüshi” (August 29, 1928).
34.
Ibid.
35.
Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, trans. Ben Brewster (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1971), 174.
36.
“Huang Huiru nüshi” (August 31, 1928).
37.
“Huang Huiru nüshi” (August 29, 1928).
38.
“Huang Huiru bijing duoqing” (Huang Huiru is after all full of love), Suzhou mingbao, September 4, 1928. For example, Huang called Lu not “you” (ni), but “thou” (ru).
39.
“Huang Huiru erci tanjian” (Huang Huiru visits the jail for the second time), Shishi xinbao, September 5, 1928.
40.
“Huang Huiru bijing duoqing.”
41.
Lee, “Meng Jiangnu and the May Fourth Folklore Movement,” 37–8.
42.
Xu Banmei remembered that plays like Meng Jiangnü were staples in New Drama theaters. See Xu Banmei, Huaju chuangshi qi huiyi lu (A memoir of the founding years of spoken drama) (Beijing: Zhongguo xiju chubanshe, 1957), 127.
43.
Shanghai jingju zhi (Annals of Beijing Opera in Shanghai) (Shanghai: Shanghai wenhua chubanshe, 1999), 186.
44.
“Hu Die nüshi linian zhuyan gepian zhi yimu” (A snapshot of all films starring Ms. Hu Die), Yingtan, No. 4 (1935): n. pag.
45.
“Huang Huiru an pangting suji” (A quick note on auditing the Huang Huiru case), Suzhou mingbao, October 23, 1928; “Lu Genrong an shangsu kaiting ji” (A note on the court session of Lu Genrong’s appellant case), Shi bao, October 23, 1928.
46.
Subha Mukherji, Law and Representation in Early Modern Drama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 3.
47.
Ibid., 13.
48.
“Huang Huiru an pangting suji.”
49.
Ibid.
50.
Ibid.
51.
“Huang Huiru tongbu yusheng” (Huang Huiru is overwhelmed with sorrow), Suzhou mingbao, October 28, 1928.
52.
Ibid.
53.
Tang Wenhai, “Huang Huiru, Lu Genrong zai Suzhou” (Huang Huiru, Lu Genrong in Suzhou), Suzhou zazhi, No. 6 (1999): 76.
54.
Ibid.
55.
Zheng Yimei, Shubao jiuhua (A talk on books and newspapers in the past) (Shanghai: Xuelin chubanshe, 1983), 255–56.
56.
Liu Huogong, “Tan Shanghai de xiaoxing bao” (On small format newspapers in Shanghai), Baoxue, Vol. 1, No. 6 (July 1954): 96.
57.
Meng Zhaochen, Zhongguo jindai xiaobao shi (A history of tabloid in modern China) (Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2005), 184.
58.
Shanghai shi dang’an guan (Shanghai Municipal Archives), Q6-12-140, 64.
59.
Meng, Zhongguo jindai xiaobao shi, 185.
60.
Hubo, “Huang Huiru fangwen ji” (A note on the visit to Huang Huiru), Fuermosi, November 26, 1928.
61.
“Huang Huiru nüshi.” (August 29, 1928).
62.
Hubo, “Huang Huiru fangwen ji.”
63.
“Mingmen guinü—bei epu jianguai lai Su”; “Kelian de guinü.”
64.
Nonghua, “Huang Huiru zhi hunyin guannian” (Huang Huiru’s concept of marriage), Zhongguo sheying xuehui huabao, No. 170 (1928): 154.
65.
Wu Nonghua and Huang Huiru, Huang Huiru zishu (Huang Huiru tells her own story) (Shanghai: Xinwen chubanshe, 1928), 34.
66.
Ibid., 37.
67.
Ibid., 38
68.
Ibid., 36.
69.
Ibid., 3.
70.
Ibid., 39.
71.
Ibid., 41.
72.
“Aigan wanyan zhi Huang Huiru zhi Lu Genrong shu” (An extremely saddening and touching letter from Huang Huiru to Lu Genrong), Suzhou mingbao, December 1, 1928.
73.
“Yige biao tongqing Huang Huiru zhe” (One sympathizer of Huang Huiru), Zhejiang Shangbao, January 9, 1929.
74.
“Huang Huiru laicheng daichan” (Huang Huiru comes to town for childbirth), Suzhou mingbao, January 7, 1929.
75.
The hospital was founded by and named after Gu Zhihua (1901–1983), a renowned young specialist of gynecology and obstetrics in Suzhou. See Suzhou Pingjiang qu difangzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui, Pingjiang qu zhi (Annals of Pingjiang district), Vol. 2 (Shanghai: Shanghai shehui kexue yuan chubanshe, 2006), 1539.
76.
“Huang Huiru laicheng daichan.”
77.
“Huang Huiru laicheng daichan san” (Huang Huiru comes to town for childbirth [part III]), Suzhou mingbao, January 9, 1929.
78.
“Huang Huiru laicheng daichan si” (Huang Huiru comes to town for childbirth [part IV]), Suzhou mingbao, January 13, 1929.
79.
Hu Yaochang, “Shehui duiyu Huang nüshi he ruci canku” (How cruelly society treats Ms. Huang Huiru), Shenghuo, Vol. 4, No. 1 (February 3, 1929): 111.
80.
“Huang Huiru laicheng daichan wu” (Huang Huiru comes to town for childbirth [part V]), Suzhou mingbao, January 14, 1929.
81.
Bianzhe, “Women lianxi Huang Huiru nüshi (shang)” (We sympathize with Ms. Huang Huiru, part I), Shenghuo, Vol. 4 No. 3 (December 2, 1928): 24.
82.
Hu, “Shehui duiyu Huang nüshi he ruci canku,” 111.
83.
Yeh, “Progressive Journalism and Shanghai’s Petty Urbanites,” 207.
84.
“Huang Huiru haide duoqingzhe jiguo” (Huang Huiru causes a demerit against an affectionate person), Suzhou mingbao, February 21, 1929.
85.
“Seqing kuang de jingshi” (An erotomaniac policeman), Suzhou mingbao, March 14, 1929.
86.
Xiaomao, “Huang Huiru dao Hu yangzi shuo” (A rumor about Huang Huiru’s arrival in Shanghai to give birth), Jing bao, February 15, 1929.
87.
“Huang Huiru suimu guijia” (Huang Huiru returns home with mother), Suzhou mingbao, March 20, 1929. In the late 1920s, one yuan was equivalent to 0.38–0.45 US dollar. See Zhang, Chinese National Cinema, 15.
88.
Yaochang, “Huang Huiru daichan ji” (A note on the pre-delivery Huang Huiru), Xinwen bao, January 19, 1929.
89.
“Huang Huiru jinchen linpen” (Huang Huiru labors this morning), Suzhou mingbao, March 7, 1929.
90.
“Huang Huiru Lu Genrong jiejingping chushi” (The birth of the product of [the love] between Huang Huiru and Lu Genrong), Shi bao, March 8, 1929.
91.
“Huang Huriu Suzhou chan yizi” (Huang Huiru gives birth to a son in Suzhou), Zhejiang Shangbao, March 10, 1929.
92.
“Huang Huiru zuomu shiqi” (When Huang Huiru is a mother), Suzhou mingbao, March 9, 1929; “Huang Huiru weizi timing” (Huang Huiru gives her son a name), Shi bao, March 9, 1929.
93.
“Lu Genrong zhixing zhangfu quan, xie yifeng xin gei Huang Huiru” (Lu Genrong exercises husband’s rights and writes a letter to Huang Huiru), Suzhou mingbao, March 13, 1929; “Seqing kuang de jingshi.”
94.
“Huang Huiru zaihu shishi” (Huang Huiru passes away in Shanghai), Suzhou mingbao, March 21, 1929.
95.
“Huang Huiru sihao xuwen—ji Xu nüshi zhi koushu” (More news about Huang Huiru’s death—a note on the interview with Ms. Xu), Suzhou mingbao, March 22, 1929.
96.
“Huang Huiru yushi changci” (Huang Huiru bids farewell to this world), Xinwen bao, March 21, 1929.
97.
“Yuanyuan benben xiangji Huang Huiru cusi jingguo” (A detailed and authentic note on Huang Huiru’s sudden death), Shi bao, March 22, 1929.
98.
Dikötter, Sex, Culture and Modernity in China, 68–9.
99.
“Huang Huiru fuhuo, yuanben taxiang” (Huang Huiru comes back to life and heads for a place far from home), Shi bao, March 25, 1929.
100.
Su Yuyin, interview with author, July 9, 2013.
101.
“Huang Chengcang dui Huiru fuhuo zhi biaoshi” (Huang Chengcang’s opinion on Huiru’s revivification), Shishi xinbao, March 26, 1929.
102.
“Huang Huiru sihou yuyin niaoniao” (Unabated rumors after Huang Huiru’s death), Shishi xinbao, March 27, 1929; “Huang Huiru shengqian zai Su zhi bingzhuang” (Huang Huiru’s symptoms of disease in Suzhou before her death), Shishi xinbao, March 28, 1929.
103.
“Si yao mianzi de Huang Huiru” (Huang Huiru has a false sense of pride), Zhongguo sheying xuehui huabao, No. 183 (April 1929): 259.
104.
“Huang Huiru zhi shengsi wenti, you Changshu bao wei benbao zhengshi” (The issue of Huang Huiru’s life and death [discussed] in this newspaper has been verified by a newspaper in Changshu), Shi bao, May 27, 1929.
105.
“Huang Huiru cong Hangzhou dao Shanghai, Chaitian yiyuan zhenyan, shuochu zhenqing” (Huang Huiru comes to Shanghai from Huangzhou to have her eyes diagnosed in Chaitian hospital; she tells the truth), Shi bao, June 21, 1929; “Chaitian yiyuan zhong Huang Huiru buzai jian yanjiu” (A study on Huang Huiru’s failure to show up in Chaitian hospital again), Shi bao, June 22, 1929.
106.
“Gengshen Lu Genrong” (Lu Genrong’s retrial), Shi bao, June 7, 1929; “Huang Lu an zuori gengshen weiguo” (The Huang-Lu case failed to be retried yesterday), Suzhou mingbao, June 7, 1929.
107.
“Huang Lu an zuori gengshen weiguo.”
108.
“Zuochen jixu tishen Lu Genrong” (Lu Genrong continued to be tried yesterday morning), Shi bao, June 8, 1929.
109.
“Lu Genrong zhi liangxin hua” (Lu Genrong’s conscientious remarks), Shi bao, June 23, 1929.
110.
“Huang Huiru an kaishen ji.”
111.
Bianzhe, “Women lianxi Huang Huiru nüshi (shang),” 25.
112.
Gengkui, “Cong Lu Genrong ziji kouzhong—piping Huang Lu shijian” (A critical comment on the Huang-Lu affair from Lu Genrong’s own remark), Minguo ribao, November 3, 1928.
113.
Bianzhe, “Women lianxi Huang Huiru nüshi (shang),” 25.
114.
Ibid.; Wei, Xiwen luogu, 308.
115.
“Lu Genrong,” Jingangzuan, April 27, 1931.
116.
I borrow the term, “autobiography,” from Anthony Giddens, who posits that “[a] person with a reasonably stable sense of self-identity has a feeling of biographical continuity which she is able to grasp reflexively and … communicate to other people.” Such biographies enable individuals to “keep a particular narrative going.” The biographical narrative gives one a sense of what one is because it shows what one has become and where one is going. See Anthony Giddens, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991), 54.
117.
“Lu Genrong liangnian tuxing” (Lu Genrong gets two years in prison), Shi bao, June 28, 1929.
118.
“Lu Genrong de tongzhi! Quan Lu Genrong jinxing shangsu” (Lu Genrong’s inmates! Suggest Lu Genrong to lodge an appeal), Suzhou mingbao, July 1, 1929.
119.
Lee, Revolution of the Heart, 137.
120.
Li Jinhui, “Li Jinhui zishu” (Li Jinhui’s account in his own words), in Wenshi ziliao cungao 23 wenhua (Collection of drafts of cultural and literary materials, number 23: culture), ed., Zhongguo renmin zhengzhi xieshang huiyi quanguo weiyuanhui wenshi ziliao weiyuanhui (Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 2002), 475.
121.
Liang Huifang, Li Jinhui liuxing gequ ji (shang) (A collection of Li Jinhui’s popular songs [part I]) (Beijing: Zhongyang yinyue xueyuan chubanshe, 2007), 2–3.
122.
Andrew F. Jones, “The Sing-song Girl and the Nation: Music and Media Culture in Republican Shanghai,” in Constructing Nationhood in Modern East Asia, eds., Kai-wing Chow, Kevin M. Doak, and Poshek Fu (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2001), 319.
123.
Hong Fangyi, Shanghai liuxing yinyue (1927–49): zazhong wenhua meixue yu tingjue xiandaixing de jianli (Shanghai popular music [1927–49]: the establishment of hybrid cultural aesthetics and acoustic modernity) (Taipei: Zhengda chubanshe, 2015), 55.
124.
Dorothy Ko, “Rethinking Sex, Female Agency, and Foot Binding,” Jindai zhongguo funüshi yanjiu (Research on Women in Modern Chinese History), No. 7 (August 1999): 81.
125.
Dooling, Women’s Literary Feminism in Twentieth-century China, 6–7.
126.
Wang, Women in the Chinese Enlightenment, 24.
127.
Bianzhe, “Women lianxi Huang Huiru nüshi (xia)” (We sympathize with Ms. Huang Huiru, part II), Shenghuo, Vol. 4, No. 4 (December 9, 1928): 37.
128.
“Huang Huiru laicheng daichan wu.”
129.
Christian Metz, The Imaginary Signifier: Psychoanalysis and the Cinema, trans. Celia Britton et al. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981), 93.

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Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
Qiliang He

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He, Q. (2018). In Search of Women’s Agency in Everyday Life: The Construction of the Huang–Lu Love Affair in the Press. In: Feminism, Women's Agency, and Communication in Early Twentieth-Century China. Chinese Literature and Culture in the World. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89692-2_2

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89692-2_2
Published: 15 June 2018
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
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Online ISBN: 978-3-319-89692-2
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