Abstract
Indigenous people knowledge is classified as comprehension of the skills, practices and ideologies of cultures that have had long histories of harmonious living with their natural surroundings. This knowledge forms important contributions to the world’s adaptive capabilities and is a contributor to the accomplishments of the 2030 Paris Agreement. Granting land rights to indigenous people societies has been proven to significantly curb deforestation and thus is a low-cost solution to reducing carbon emissions. Considering the importance of indigenous people knowledge, and the role the Amazon rainforest and its original inhabitants play in climate change, a three-month Participatory Action Research approach was embarked upon in various communities of the Peruvian Amazon. This paper aims to highlight how the Peruvian government and external agents have interacted with the natives throughout history and emphasises the outcomes of these encounters in regard to the protection of indigenous people knowledge, the rainforest and climate change. Due to the short time span of the field research, the indigenous people communities where the primary knowledge was obtained cannot be representative of the whole Peruvian Amazon; however, together with the literature review and further research, the stance of both the Peruvian government and the indigenous people populations can be seen. While evidence shows that the world has never been better geared towards legally granting the indigenous people land rights, the results in this paper seem to indicate that Peru’s progress towards securing tenure rights and upholding the sustainable development goals highlighted in the Conference of Parties and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is not being met, and consequently, the knowledge, rights and lives of the natives are being overlooked, causing a ripple effect on the rest of the world.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
AIDESEP. (2011). The reality of REDD+ in Peru: Between theory and practice. https://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2011/11/reality-redd-peru-between-theory-and-practice-november-2011.pdf.
Aiello, K. (2009). Peru’s cold war against indigenous. http://www.worldpress.org/Americas/3383.cfm.
Balch, O. (2013). Buen vivir: The social philosophy inspiring movements in South America. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/blog/buen-vivir-philosophy-south-america-eduardo-gudynas.
Biesbroek, G. R. (2014). Challenging barriers in the governance of climate change adaption. http://edepot.wur.nl/290520.
Blackman, A., et al. (2017). Titling indigenous communities protects forests in the Peruvian Amazon. http://www.pnas.org/content/114/16/4123.abstract#aff-1.
Butler, R. (2017). The Amazon rainforest: The World’s largest rainforest. https://rainforests.mongabay.com/amazon/.
Catanoso, J. (2016). Peru’s new environmental policies: What are they and will they work? https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/perus-new-environmental-policies-what-are-they-and-will-they-work.
CGD, Center for Global Development. (2014). Ideas to action: Independent research for global prosperity. Why maintaining tropical forests Is essential and urgent for a stable climate—working paper 385. https://www.cgdev.org/publication/why-maintaining-tropical-forests-essential-and-urgentstable-climate-working-paper-385
Collyns, D. (2018). Peru passes law-allowing roads through pristine Amazon rainforest. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/22/peru-passes-law-allowing-roads-through-pristine-amazon-rainforest.
Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. C. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hierro, P. G., Hvalkof, S., & Gray, A. (1998). Liberation through land rights in the Peruvian Amazon. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
Glennie, J. (2014). Why are indigenous people left out of the sustainable development goals? https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2014/aug/14/indigenous-people-sustainable-development-goals.
Goldtooth, T. B. K. (2014). REDD and forests case verdict. https://therightsofnature.org/redd-forests-verdict/.
Goodman, R. C., & Martin, H. (2014). Why maintaining tropical forests is essential and urgent for a stable climate. https://www.cgdev.org/publication/why-maintaining-tropical-forests-essential-and-urgent-stable-climate-working-paper-385.
Gray, A. (1996). Mythology, spirituality, and history. New York: Berghahn.
Gray, A. (1997). Indigenous rights and development. Providence: Berghahn Books.
Gushiken, R., & Campos, M. Á. (2014). Línea de base de brechas sociales por origen étnico en el Perú. Lima: Ministerio de Cultura
Hay, I. (2005). Qualitative research methods in human geography (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hill, D. (2017). $1bn to clean up the oil in Peru’s northern Amazon. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/andes-to-the-amazon/2017/aug/03/us1-billion-oil-perus-amazon.
INEI. (2018). http://www.inei.gob.pe.
Kashwan, P. (2017). Bigotry against indigenous people means we’re missing a trick on climate change. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/working-in-development/2017/nov/15/bigotry-against-indigenous-people-means-were-missing-a-trick-on-climate-change.
Kaufman, C. (2015). “Leapfrogging”: Can developing countries truly skip over fossil fuel reliance in favour of renewable energies? https://bpr.berkeley.edu/2015/11/28/leapfrogging-can-developing-countries-truly-skip-over-fossil-fuel-reliance-in-favor-of-renewable-energies/.
Mapstone, N. (2010). Peru’s commodity-based boom hits the accelerator. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/1d321438-f425-11df-886b-00144feab49a.
Naidoo, K. (2015). Cop-outs and denial: COP21—Climate emergency. Vice, (4). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbXmSs9mPkQ&t=235s.
North, D. C. (1991). Institutions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97–112.
OIT. (2014). Convenio Núm. 169 de la OIT sobre Pueblos Indígenas y Tribales. LIMA: OIT. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—americas/—ro-lima/documents/publication/wcms_345065.pdf.
RAISG. (2012). Amazon oil and gas Concession satellite maps. https://www3.socioambiental.org/geo/RAISGMapaOnline/.
Rights and Resources Initiative. (2017). Securing community land rights: Priorities & opportunities to advance climate & sustainable development goals. http://rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Stockholm-Prorities-and-Opportunities-Brief.pdf.
Tinker, I. (1990). The making of a field: Advocates, practitioners, and scholars. Persistent inequalities: Women and World Development. New York: Oxford.
Trigger, B., Macleod, M., & Adams, R. (1996). The Cambridge history of native peoples of the Americas (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tubino, F. (2005). Las prácticas discursivas sobre la interculturalidad en el Perú de hoy. Propuesta delineamientos para su tratamiento en el sistema educativo peruano. Lima: Ministerio de Educación.
UNEP. (2016). Greening Peru’s economy. http://web.unep.org/stories/story/greening-peru%E2%80%99s-economy.
UNESCO. (2017a). Indigenous knowledge and practices in education in Latin America. Santiago, Chile: UNESCO. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002477/247754e.pdf.
UNESCO. (2017b). Local knowledge, global goals. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/002595/259599E.pdf.
UNFCCC. (2015a). Adoption of the Paris Agreement. In: 21st Conference of the Parties. Paris: United Nations.
UNFCCC. (2015b). Intended nationally determined contribution (iNDC) from the Republic of Peru. http://www4.unfccc.int/ndcregistry/PublishedDocuments/Peru%20First/iNDC%20Perú%20english.pdf.
Valqui, M., Feather, C., & Espinosa, R. (2015). Revealing the hidden. Lima: AIDESEP and FPP. http://www.forestpeoples.org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2015/02/fppperureportenglishinternetfinalaug32015.pdf.
Viale, C., & Bedoya, F. (2010). Peru moves to implement greater indigenous rights. RWI Research. http://archive.resourcegovernance.org/news/peru-moves-implement-greater-indigenous-rights.
What is REDD+? | The REDD Desk. (2018). Theredddesk.org. https://theredddesk.org/what-redd.
Whitehead, T. (2005). Basic classical ethnographic research methods. Maryland: University of Maryland. http://www.cusag.umd.edu/documents/workingpapers/classicalethnomethods.pdf.
World Bank. (2018). Peru. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/peru.
World Band Study. (2012). Justice for forests improving criminal justice efforts to combat illegal logging. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTFINANCIALSECTOR/Resources/Illegal_Logging.pdf.
WRI. (2014). World resource institute 2014 Annual report. http://www.wri.org/annualreport/2014/
Zuazo, A. E. V. (2017). Peru lost more than 1 million hectares of Amazon forest over a period of 15 years. https://news.mongabay.com/2017/05/peru-lost-more-than-1-million-hectares-of-amazon-forest-over-a-period-of-15-years/.
Acknowledgements
This research was carried out as part of the programme financed by the European union Action 2 Mundus Partnerships, GRANT AGREEMENT NUMBER—2014-0870/001-001. The Euroinka (www.euroinka.eu) Project is lead by Manchester Metropolitan University, UK.
Trabajo hecho como parte del Programe Financiado por la Unión Europea-Action 2-Erasmus Mundus Partnerships, GRANT AGREEMENT NUMBER—2014-0870/001-001. El proyecto Euroinka (www.euroinka.eu) liderado por Manchester Metropolitan University, Reino Unido.
Special thanks to all the community leaders, shamans, NGO representatives, priests, government officials, conservationists, locals and all the genuine people who helped us along our journey. Many thanks go to the Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann in Tacna Peru for believing in the project and giving us the platform to share our story. Last but not least, Jessica Stoodley, Adam Rogerson, Tom Watts, Nilton Mandelli for your patience and honesty (Erika and Guillermo).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Constant, G.M., Do Amaral, E.S., Paucar-Caceres, A., Prieto, S.Q., Ramos, M.C. (2019). Peruvian Amazonian Natives and Climate Change: Minorities Facing a Global Problem. In: Leal Filho, W., Leal-Arcas, R. (eds) University Initiatives in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89590-1_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89590-1_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-89589-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-89590-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)