Abstract
The first section of the chapter offers a revisionist account of European secularization in terms of dynamics of state confessionalization and deconfessionalization. The second section presents a reconstruction of the interreligious colonial encounters of the early modern era in Japan and China, mediated by the Jesuits. The final section offers a brief analysis of three different patterns of inculturation of Catholicism in Asia as a key to three different phases of globalization: the early modern phase before Western hegemony, the modern Western hegemonic phase, and the contemporary phase after Western hegemony.
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Notes
- 1.
José Casanova, “From Modernization to Secularization to Globalization: An Autobiographical Self-Reflection,” Religion and Society: Advances in Research 2 (2011): 25–36.
- 2.
Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007).
- 3.
José Casanova, “The Two Dimensions, Temporal and Spatial of the Secular: Comparative Reflections on the Nordic Protestant and Southern Catholic Patterns from a Global Perspective,” in Secular and Sacred ? The Scandinavian Case of Religion in Human Rights , Law and Public Space, eds. Rosemarie van den Breemer, José Casanova, and Trygve Wysller (Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014), 21–33.
- 4.
Peter L. Berger, The Many Altars of Modernity: Toward a Paradigm for Religion in a Pluralist Age (Boston: de Gruyter, 2014).
- 5.
José Casanova, “Religious Associations, Religious Innovations and Denominational Identities in Contemporary Global Cities,” in Topographies of Faith: Religion in Urban Spaces, eds. Irene Becci, Marian Burchardt, and José Casanova (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 113–28.
- 6.
C. R. Boxer, The Christian Century in Japan, 1549–1650 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951).
- 7.
Kiri Paramore, Ideology and Christianity in Japan (London: Routledge, 2009), 55.
- 8.
George Elison, Deus Destroyed: The Image of Christianity in Early Modern Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973).
- 9.
Robert Bellah’s and Shmuel Eisenstadt’s theories of Japanese culture as “pre-axial” feed on such a modern national Japanese myth.
- 10.
Boxer, Christian Century, vii.
- 11.
C. A. Bayly, The Birth of the Modern World, 1780–1914 (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004).
- 12.
Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Explorations in Connected History: From the Tagus to the Ganges (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004).
- 13.
José Casanova, “The Jesuits Through the Prism of Globalization, Globalization Through a Jesuit Prism,” in The Jesuits and Globalization : Historical Legacies and Contemporary Challenges, eds. Thomas Banchoff and José Casanova (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2016), 261–85.
- 14.
M. Antoni J. Ucerler, SJ, “The Jesuits in East Asia in the Early Modern Age: A New ‘Aeropagus’ and the ‘Re-invention’ of Christianity,” in Jesuits and Globalization , eds. Thomas Banchoff and José Casanova, 27–48.
- 15.
The structural similarities between Japanese crypto-Catholics and Spanish crypto-Jewish marranos are indeed striking, as are the similarities between the Spanish and the Japanese Inquisition, both being state organs created to purify the national blood and the national religious culture from the contamination of a supposedly foreign body which had tenaciously penetrated them and persisted even after their voluntary or enforced conversion as “New Christians” or as “Japanese Buddhists.”
- 16.
Paul Rule, K’ung-tzu or Confucius? The Jesuit Interpretation of Confucianism (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1986), 16–18.
- 17.
D. A. Mungello, The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500–1800 (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2013).
- 18.
Lionel M. Jensen, Manufacturing Confucianism: Chinese Traditions and Universal Civilization (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997).
- 19.
Willard J. Peterson, “Why Did They Become Christians? Yang T’ing-yün, Li Chih-tsao, and Hsü Kuang-ch’I,” in East Meets West: The Jesuits in China , 1582–1773, eds. Charles E. Ronan and Bonnie B. C. Oh (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1988), 129–52.
- 20.
Jacques Gernet, China and the Christian Impact: A Conflict of Cultures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
- 21.
Joan-Pau Rubiés, “The Concept of Cultural Dialogue and the Jesuit Method of Accommodation: Between Idolatry and Civilization,” Archivum Historicum Societatis Lesu 74, no. 147 (2005): 237–80.
- 22.
Jan Assmann, The Price of Monotheism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010).
- 23.
Daniel A. Madigan, “Global Visions in Contestation: Jesuits and Muslims in the Age of Empires,” in Jesuits and Globalization , eds. Banchoff and Casanova, 69–91.
- 24.
Cf. Vincent Gossaert and David A. Palmer, The Religious Question in Modern China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010); Peter van der Veer, The Modern Spirit of Asia: The Spiritual and the Secular in China and India (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014).
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Casanova, J. (2019). Asian Catholicism, Interreligious Colonial Encounters and Dynamics of Secularism in Asia. In: Dean, K., van der Veer, P. (eds) The Secular in South, East, and Southeast Asia. Global Diversities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89369-3_2
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