Abstract
Lithium-ion battery technology is a key component of vehicle electrification and its end-of-life recovery is an important factor in lifting barriers towards increased Electromobility, such as battery cost, environmental impact, mandatory recycling rates of more than 50% battery weight (European Union) and, finally, the availability of constituent elements such as lithium and cobalt. This chapter focuses on the availability of constituent materials, in order to assess the potential for critical shortages due to a scaling up of Electromobility. To account for the complexity and long-term horizon of our study, we combine the use of System Dynamics with the Stanford Research Institute Matrix for scenario planning. We find that for lithium-ion battery needs, only cobalt is likely to see its reserves depleted. Other materials such as nickel, manganese, copper, graphite and iron are at risk of depletion due to developments unrelated to Electromobility. In all cases, we show that recycling significantly reduces the consumption of materials for lithium-ion batteries.
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Idjis, H., Attias, D. (2018). Availability of Mineral Resources and Impact for Electric Vehicle Recycling in Europe. In: da Costa, P., Attias, D. (eds) Towards a Sustainable Economy . Sustainability and Innovation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79060-2_5
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