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Helicobacter pylori: Immune Responses and Gastric Autoimmunity

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The Microbiome in Rheumatic Diseases and Infection

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori infects almost half of the population worldwide. H. pylori induces the activation of a fascinating cytokine and chemokine network in the gastric mucosa. Chronic H. pylori infection represents a very interesting model of how a single bacterial infection might result in a variety of different clinical outcomes such as duodenal and gastric ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, autoimmune gastritis and B cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. The type of host immune response against H. pylori, particularly the cytolytic effector functions of T cells, is crucial for the outcome of the infection. T cells are potentially able to kill a target via different mechanisms, such as perforins or Fas-Fas ligand interaction. In H. pylori-infected patients with gastric autoimmunity, cytolytic T cells that cross-recognize different epitopes of H. pylori proteins and H(+)K(+)-ATPase autoantigen infiltrate the gastric mucosa and lead to gastric atrophy via long-lasting activation of Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis and perforin-induced cytotoxicity. This chapter will focus on the innate immune responses and the role of H. pylori, T cells and cytokines in the onset of autoimmune gastritis.

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Abbreviations

AIG:

Autoimmune gastritis

AP:

Activating protein-1

ATPase:

Adenosine triphosphatase

CagA:

Cytotoxin-associated protein

cagPAI:

cag pathogenicity island

E. coli :

Escherichia coli

EAIG:

Experimental autoimmune gastritis

FasL:

Fas ligand

GlcNAc-MurNAc:

N-Acetyl glucosamine-N-acetyl muramic acid

H. pylori :

Helicobacter pylori

HBD:

Human beta-defensin

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

HP0175:

Secreted peptidyl prolyl cis, trans-isomerase of H. pylori

HP-NAP:

H. pylori neutrophil-activating protein

IFN:

Interferon

IL:

Interleukin

IRF:

IFN regulatory factor

IRFs:

Interferon regulatory factors

ISGs:

Interferon-stimulated genes

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

MALT:

Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

MAMP:

Microbe-associated molecular pattern

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCP:

Monocyte chemotactic protein

mDAP:

Meso-diaminopimelate

MMP:

Matrix metalloproteinase

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor transcription beta

NLR:

Nod-like receptor

NOD:

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain

OMVs:

Outer membrane vesicles

PA:

Pernicious anaemia

PgdA:

Peptidoglycan deacetylase

PRR:

Pathogen recognition receptor

RIG:

Retinoic acid-inducible gene

TCR:

T cell receptor

Th:

T helper

TILs:

Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

TNF:

Tumour necrosis factor

VacA:

Vacuolating cytotoxin A

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos

  2. University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Mario M. D’Elios

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  1. Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
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  2. Mario M. D’Elios
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Correspondence to Mario M. D’Elios .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

    Gaafar Ragab

  2. University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    T. Prescott Atkinson

  3. University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Matthew L. Stoll

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Kaparakis-Liaskos, M., D’Elios, M.M. (2018). Helicobacter pylori: Immune Responses and Gastric Autoimmunity. In: Ragab, G., Atkinson, T., Stoll, M. (eds) The Microbiome in Rheumatic Diseases and Infection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79026-8_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79026-8_8

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