Abstract
Infections with DNA viruses are found in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases, but whether or not there is a causal link between the infectious agent and the rheumatic disease is not clear. For a few rheumatic diseases, such as polyarteritis nodosa and cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, the causal link between the disease and the virus, in these cases hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus, respectively, is obvious. In other diseases, there is more speculation rather than solid evidence that the diseases are indeed induced by a DNA virus. We must acknowledge, however, the tremendous work which is done in this field at the experimental level, either through research on experimental models of rheumatic diseases or through translational research performed in biological material obtained from patients. A significant pitfall for translational research is the inability to perform proper assessment in patients at the very early stages of the disease or even long before the disease appears as this would assist efforts to delineate the hierarchy of events leading to the induction of the disease as a consequence of viral infection. Irrespective of the pathogenic mechanisms at play between the virus and the host, an important issue is that of reactivation of the viral infection in immunosuppressed patients, especially those under biologic treatment.
Keywords
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Abbreviations
- AAV:
-
ANCA-associated vasculitis
- ACPA:
-
Anti-citrullinated protein antibody
- AIRD:
-
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases
- ANCA:
-
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
- ARD:
-
Autoimmune rheumatic disease
- CENP-B:
-
Centromere protein B
- CMV:
-
Cytomegalovirus
- DAS:
-
Disease activity score
- DRESS:
-
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic syndrome
- dsDNA:
-
Double-stranded DNA
- EBV:
-
Epstein-Barr virus
- GC:
-
Germinal center
- GPA:
-
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
- HBsAg:
-
Hepatitis B surface antigen
- HBV:
-
Hepatitis B virus
- HHV:
-
Human herpesvirus
- HPV:
-
Human papilloma virus
- HSV:
-
Herpes simplex virus
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- LN:
-
Lupus nephritis
- MPO:
-
Myeloperoxidase
- PBMC:
-
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PR3:
-
Proteinase-3
- RA:
-
Rheumatoid arthritis
- SLE:
-
Systemic lupus erythematosus
- SS:
-
Sjogren’s syndrome
- SSc:
-
Systemic sclerosis
- TGF:
-
Transforming growth factor
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor
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Sakkas, L.I., Bogdanos, D.P. (2018). DNA Viruses in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. In: Ragab, G., Atkinson, T., Stoll, M. (eds) The Microbiome in Rheumatic Diseases and Infection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79026-8_11
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