Abstract
Was carried out a review of several management approaches suitable for coastal landscapes. Various reasons why the coastal landscape should be managed are presented, including the tremendous anthropogenic influence, the importance of quality landscape to the public, increasing knowledge on landscape leading to enhanced possibilities for more effective management, the growing availability of landscape-related data and the importance of wise management.
The aims of managing the coastal landscape are explored. Of particular importance, the need for preservation of scenic integrity and its cultural authenticity was identified. Consideration of different aspects of landscape allowed identification of various approaches to management of the coastal landscape, be it via direct management actions/mechanisms or the indirect but important influence of international – local planning policies and designation. These were explored via consideration of:
-
The opportunities presented by various landscape-related conventions and policiy strategies (e.g. The UNESCO World Heritage Convention and the European landscape Convention).
-
The contrasting facets of coastal landscape constituent elements (landform, land-use and land-cover).
-
The Protected Area Management Approach, such as, that presented by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
-
The contribution to management by education, training and increased public participation.
-
The application of tools evaluating coastal scenery, such as the Coastal Scenic Evaluation System (CSES) described in this book.
Keywords
- Coastal Landscape
- Coastal Scenery
- International Union For Conservation Of Nature (IUCN)
- Increase Public Participation
- World Heritage Convention (WHC)
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abdulla A, Obura D, Bertzky B (2014) Marine world heritage: creating a globally more balanced and representative list. Aqua Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 24(S2):59–74
Agnoletti M, Santoro A, Gardin L (2013) Assessing the integrity of the historical landscapes. Three case studies in some terraced areas. In: Agnoletti M (ed) Italian historical rural landscapes cultural values for the environment and rural development. Springer, Amsterdam, pp 89–130
Alexander D (1985) Environmental management. Springer, New York
Alves FL, Silva CP, Pinto P (2007) The assessment of coastal zone development at a regional level—the case study of the Portuguese Central Area. J Coast Res 50:72–76
Amir S, Gidalizon E (1990) Expert based method for the evaluation of visual absorption capacity of the landscape. J Environ Econ Manag 30:251–163
Anderson PF (1979) Analysis of landscape character for visual resource management. In: Conference on applied techniques for analysis and management of the visual resource. Incline Village, Nevada, pp 23–25
Anderson JR, Hardy EE, Roach JT, Witmer RE (1976) Land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data. Geological survey professional paper 964. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 671. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
Arianoutsou M, Delipetrou P, Vilà M, Dimitrakopoulos PG, Celesti-Grapow L, Wardell-Johnson G, Henderson L, Fuentes N, Ugarte-Mendes E, Rundel PW (2013) Comparative patterns of plant invasions in the Mediterranean biome. PLoS One 8(11):e79174
Aston Centre for Europe (2013) The relationship between desertification and climate change in the Mediterranean. European Committee of the Regions, London
Ayad YM (2005) Remote sensing and GIS in modeling visual landscape change: a case study of the northwestern arid coast of Egypt. Lands Urban Plan 73(4):307–325
Bajocco S, De Angelis A, Perini L, Ferrara A, Salvati L (2012) The impact of land use/land cover changes on land degradation dynamics: a Mediterranean Case Study. Environ Manag 49(5):980–989
BaltCoast (2005) The role of spatial planning in integrated coastal zone management – findings and recommendations from the INTERREG III. BaltCoast, Riga
Barrachina M (2007) The effects of land use change on landscape: the case of VallFosca (Catalan Pyrenees). In: Proceedings of man in the landscape across frontiers. IGU –LUCC Central Europe conference, pp 20–32
Barbosa de Araújo MC, Ferreira da Costa M (2008) Environmental quality indicators for recreational beaches classification. J Coast Res 24(6):1439–1449
Barton ME (1998) Geotechnical problems with the maintenance of geological exposures in clay cliffs subject toreduced erosion rates. In: Hooke J (ed) Coastal defence and Earth science conservation. Geological Society, London, pp 32–45
Beder S (2002) Economy and environment: competitors or partners? Pac Ecol 3:50–56
Blue Solutions (2017) Ecosystem-based coastal and marine spatial management. Blue Solutions, Berlin
Boley B, Nickerson NP (2013) Profiling geotravelers: an a priori segmentation identifying and defining sustainable travelers using the Geotraveler Tendency Scale (GTS). Jour Sus Tourm 21(2):314–330
Brewster A, Byrd BF, Reddy SN (2003) Cultural landscapes of coastal foragers: an example of GIS and drainage catchment analysis from Southern California. J Archaeol Sci 1:47–60
Brunori E, Salvati L, Mancinelli R, Smiraglia D, Biasi R (2017) Multi-temporal land use and cover changing analysis: the environmental impact in Mediterranean area. Int J Sust Dev World 24(3):276–288
Buhyoff GJ, Riesenmann MF (1979) Experimental manipulation of dimensionality in landscape preference judgments: a quantitative validation. Leis Sci 2:221–238
Buhyoff GJ, Miller PA, Roach JW, Zhou D, Fuller LG (1994) An AI methodology for landscape visual assessments. AI Appl 8:1–13
Burger J (2000) Landscapes, tourism, and conservation. Sci Total Environ 249(1–3):39–49
Burke SM, Thornes JB (2004) A thematic review of EU Mediterranean desertification research in Frameworks III and IV. Adv Environ Monit Model 1:1–14
Busquets Fàbregas J, Cortina Ramos A (2017) Management of the territory: landscape management as a process. In: Council of Europe, landscape dimensions. Reflections and proposals for the implementation of the European landscape convention. Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg
Cammelli C, Jackson NL, Nordstrom KF, Pranzini E (2006) Assessment of a gravel-nourishment project fronting a seawall at Marina di Pisa, Italy. J Coast Res 39:770–775
Carpaneto G, Paola G, Peccenini S (2003) Introduction. In: Minelli A (ed) The Mediterranean maquis – evergreen coastal formations, Italian habitats. Italian Ministry of the Environment and Territory Protection, Comune di Udine, pp 81–88
Cendrero A, Fischer DW (1997) A procedure for assessing the environmental quality of coastal areas for planning and management. J Coast Res 13(3):732–744
Colombini I, Chelazzi L (2010) Evolution, impacts and management of the Wetlands of the Grosseto Plain, Italy. In: Scapini F, Ciampi G (eds) Coastal water bodies-nature and culture conflicts in the Mediterranean. Springer, Amsterdam, pp 167–175
Conrad E (2010) People and landscape... Coming in from the cold. In: Conrad E, Cassar LF (eds) Perspectives on landscapes institute of earth systems. University of Malta, La Valeta, pp 23–31
Conservation International (2016) Mediterranean basin. Protecting nature’s hotspots for people and posterity. Critical ecosystem partnership fund. Conservation International, Rome
Cooper A, Pilkey OH (2012) Pitfalls of shoreline stabilization – selected case studies. Springer, Dordrecht
Council of Europe (2000) Landscape convention. Council of Europe Publishing, Firenze
Council of Europe (2012) Landscape facets: reflections and proposals for the implementation of the European landscape convention. Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg
Coventry-Solihull-Warwickshire (1971) A strategy for the sub-region, supplementary report 4 – evaluation. GVA Grimley, London
Cullingworth B, Nadin V (2006) Town and country planning in the UK. Routledge, London
de Groot RS (1992) Functions of nature. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen
DEFRA (2006) Shoreline management plan guidance volume 2: procedures. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, U.K. Government, London
Denier L, Scherr S, Shames S, Chatterton P, Hovani L, Stam N (2015) The little sustainable landscapes book. Oxford, London
Di Gregorio A, Jaffrain G, Weber JL (2011) Land cover classification for ecosystem accounting. United Nations Statistical Division, London
Dodouras S, Sorotou A (2011) Sustainable management of Mediterranean wetland landscapes. Int J Environ Cult Econ Soc Sustain 7(6):271–284
Doody P, Ferreria M, Lombardo S, Lucius I, Misdorp R, Niesing H, Salman A, Smallengange M (2004) Living with coastal erosion in Europe: sediment and space for sustainability; results from the eurosion study. Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
Dorset and Devon County Council (2009) Dorset and East Devon coast world heritage site management plan 2014–2019, Statement on the boundaries of the Site, and the World Heritage interests within them. Dorset and Devon County Council, Devon
Dudley N (2008) Guidelines for applying protected area management categories. IUCN, Gland
Dudley N, Schlaepfer R, Jackson W, Jeanrenaud JP, Stolton S (2006) Forest quality: assessing forests at a landscape scale. Earthscan, London
EC (2016) Management of Natura 2000 sites: best practice. EC, London
Education Services Australia (2013) Landscapes and landforms. GeogSpace. Australian Government Department of Education, Sidney
Ehler C, Douvere F (2009) Marine spatial planning: a step-by-step approach toward ecosystem-based management. UNESCO-Inter-governmental Oceanographic Commission and Man and the Biosphere Programme, Paris
Ergin A, Karakaya ST, Micallef A, Williams AT (2002) An innovative approach to coastal scenic evaluation. In: Ozhan E (ed) Proceedings of the international MEDCOAST workshop on beach management in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea: dynamics, regeneration, ecology and management. MEDCOAST, Kusadasi, pp 215–226
Ergin A, Williams AT, Micallef A (2003) Coastal scenic assessment at selected areas: a final project report. British Council, Ankara
Ergin A, Karaesmen E, Micallef A, Williams AT (2004) A new methodology for evaluating coastal scenery: fuzzy logic systems. Area 36:367–386
Ergin A, Williams AT, Micallef A (2006) Coastal scenery: appreciation and evaluation. J Coast Res 22(4):958–964
Estrada-Carmona N, Hart AK, DeClerck FAJ, Harvey CA, Milder JC (2014) Integrated landscape management for agriculture, rural livelihoods, and ecosystem conservation: an assessment of experience from Latin America and the Caribbean. Landsc Urban Plan 129:1–11
European Commission (2012) Integrated coastal zone management. OURCOAST – outcomes and lessons learned. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
European Commission (2016) Integrated coastal management. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
European Commission (2017) Commission welcomes Parliament’s adoption of maritime spatial planning legislation. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg
European Environmental Agency (2006) The changing faces of Europe’s coastal areas. European Environment Agency, Report, Copenhagen
EUROSTAT (2017) Land cover, land use and landscape. Eurostat, Paris
Felter E, Morris M (2016) Coastal zone management. American Planning Association Planning Advisory Service, Washington, DC
Feranec J, Jaffrain G, Soukup T, Hazeu G (2010) Determining changes and flows in European landscapes 1990–2000 using CORINE land cover data. Appl Geogr 30:19–35
Geist HJ, Lambin EF (2004) Dynamic causal patterns of desertification. Bioscience 54:817–829
Hepcan S, Coskun Hepcan C, Kilicaslan C, Ozkan MB, Kocan N (2013) Analyzing landscape change and urban sprawl in a Mediterranean coastal landscape: a case study from Izmir, Turkey. J Coast Res 29(2):301–310
Hughes JD (2011) Ancient deforestation revisited. J Hist Biol 44(1):43–57
Hull RB, Revell GRB (1989) Issues in sampling landscapes for visual quality assessments. Landsc Urban Plan 17:323–330
IUCN (1994) Guidelines for protected area management categories. IUCN, Gland
Jacques DL (1980) Landscape appraisal: the case for a subjective theory. J Environ Manag 10:107–113
James Hutton Institute (2014) Review of existing methods of landscape assessment and evaluation. James Hutton Institute Publications, London
Jansen LJM (2004) Global land cover harmonisation: report of the UNEP/FAO expert consultation on strategies for land cover mapping and monitoring. In: Groom G (ed) Developments in strategic landscape monitoring for the Nordic countries. Nordic Council of Ministers of Environment, Oslo, pp 75–87
Jansen LJM, Di Gregorio A (2004) Land cover classification system: basic concepts, main software functions and overview of the “land system” approach. In: Groom G (ed) Developments in strategic landscape monitoring for the Nordic countries. Nordic Council of Ministers of Environment, Oslo, pp 64–73
ISPRA (2016) Guidelines for environmental studies related to the construction of coastal defence works
Komar PD, McDougal WG (1988) Coastal erosion and engineering structures: the Oregon experience. J Coast Res 4:77–92
Kuleshova M, Semenova T (2012) Landscape and ethics. In: Landscape facets – reflections and proposals for the implementation of the European landscape convention. Council of Europe Publishing, London, pp 306–325
La Mela Veca DS, Cullotta S, Sferlazza S, Maetzke FG (2016) Anthropogenic influences in land use/land cover changes in Mediterranean forest landscapes in Sicily. Land 5(1):3–13
Land Use Consultants (2017) Scottish natural heritage provides clear focus for Scotland’s coastal landscapes with LUC input. Land Use UK, London
Landscape-Europe (2017) Education. Europe Publishing, London
Leopold LB (1969) Landscape esthetics: how to quantify the scenic of a river valley. Nat Hist 78(8):36–45
Letcher T (2015) Climate change – observed impacts on planet earth. Elsevier, New York
Lino CF, Britto de Moraes M (2004) Protecting landscapes and seascapes: experience from coastal regions of Brazil. In: Mitchell N, Beresford M, Brown J (eds) The protected landscape approach: linking nature, culture and community. World Conservation Union, London, pp 268–275
Linton DL (1968) The assessment of scenery as a natural resource. Scott Geogr Mag 84:219–238
Lisitzin K (2012) Capacity building: professional development and training. Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg
Masselink G, Hughes MG, Knight J (2014) Introduction to coastal processes and geomorphology. Routledge, Abingdon
Matar DA, Anthony BP (2017) UNESCO biosphere reserve management evaluation: where do we stand and what’s next? Int J UNESCO Biosph Reserve 1(1):25–45
May V (2015) Coastal cliff conservation and management: the Dorset and East Devon coast world heritage site. J Coast Conserv 19(6):821–829
Meiner AJ (2010) Integrated maritime policy for the European Union – consolidating coastal and marine information to support maritime spatial planning. J Coast Conserv 14:1–11
Micallef A, Cassar M (2001) An environmental impact statement on the proposed beach nourishment project at Bajja ta’ San Gorg, San Giljan, Malta. Malta Ministry for Tourism, St. Julians
Micallef A, Williams AT (2003) Application of function analysis to bathing areas in the Maltese Islands. J Coast Res 9:147–158
Micallef S, Micallef A, Galdies C (2017) Application of the Coastal Hazard Wheel to assess erosion on the Maltese coast. Ocean Coast Manage https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.06.005
Mitchell N, Rössler M, Tricaud PM (2009) World heritage cultural landscapes a handbook for conservation and management. UNESCO, Paris
Mulligan M, Burke S, Ogilvie A (2016) Much more than simply “desertification”: understanding agricultural sustainability and change in the Mediterranean. In: Behnke R, Mortimore M (eds) The end of desertification? Springer Earth System Sciences, Berlin, pp 427–450
Natural England (2009a) Guidelines for implementing the European landscape convention. Part 1: what does it mean for your organisation? Natural England, London
Natural England (2009b) Guidelines for implementing the European landscape convention. Part 2: Integrating the intent of the ELC into plans, policies and strategies. Natural England, London
Niemeyer HD, Beaufort G, Mayerle R, Monbaliu J, Townend I, ToxvigMadsen H, de Vriend H, Wurpts A (2016) Socio-economic impacts—coastal protection. In: Quante M, Colijn F (eds) North sea region climate change assessment. Regional climate studies. Springer, New York, pp 457–474
NOAA (2017) C-CAP land cover atlas. NOAA Office for Coastal Management. NOAA, St Peterbourg
ODNR (2017a) Ohio coastal atlas. ODNR Office of Coastal Management, Cleveland
ODNR (2017b) Chapter 4: land cover and protected areas. In: ODNR (ed) Ohio coastal atlas. 2nd ed. ODNR Office of Coastal Management, Cleveland
OECS (2000) Role of OECS in Environmental Management. OECS, Castries
Olsen SB, Tobey J, Kerr M (1997) A common framework for learning from ICM experience. Ocean Coast Manag 37:55–174
Pal M, Mather PM (2003) An assessment of the effectiveness of decision tree methods for land cover classification. Remote Sens Environ 86:554–565
Pereira da Silva C (2006) Landscape perception and coastal management: a methodology to encourage public participation. J Coast Res 39:930–934
Phillips A (2002) Management guidelines for IUCN Category V protected areas: protected landscapes/seascapes. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series. 9. IUCN, Gland
Pilkey OH, Pilkey-Jarvis L, Pilkey KC (2016) Retreat from the sea: hard decisions in an age of global change. Columbia University Press, New York
Pranzini E, Williams AT (2013) Coastal erosion and protection in Europe. Routledge/Earthscan, London
Ramsar Convention Secretariat (2010) Managing wetlands: frameworks for managing wetlands of international importance and other wetland sites. Ramsar handbooks for the wise use of wetlands. Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland
Rangel-Buitrago N, Anfuso G, Correa I, Ergin A, Williams AT (2013) Assessing and managing scenery of the Caribbean Coast of Colombia. Tour Manag 35:41–58
Rangel-Buitrago N, Anfuso G, Ergin A, Williams AT (2015) Assessing and managing the coastal scenery: blue solutions from Latin America and the Wider Caribbean. GTZ, Berlin
Rangel-Buitrago N, Gracia A, Anfuso G, Ergin A, Williams A (2016) Evaluación de las características paisajísticas mediante la lógica matemática en la zona central de la costa Caribe Colombiana. Études Car (33–34):1–12
Rangel-Buitrago N, Williams AT, Anfuso G (2018) Hard protection structures as a principal coastal erosion management strategy along the Caribbean coast of Colombia. A chronicle of pitfalls. Ocean Coast Manag 156:58–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.04.006
Reed J, Deaki E, Sunderland T (2015) What are ‘integrated landscape approaches’ and how effectively have they been implemented in the tropics: a systematic map protocol. Environ Evid 4:2–5
Robinson DG, Laurie IC, Wager JF, Traill AL (1976) Landscape evaluation: report to the countryside commission for England and Wales. University of Manchester, Manchester
Romulus G (2004) Protected landscapes and seascapes and their relevance to small island developing states in the Caribbean: the case of Saint Lucia. In: Mitchell N, Beresford M, Brown J (eds) The protected landscape approach: linking nature, culture and community. World Conservation Union, Saint Lucia, pp 176–186
Rösch V, Tscharntke T, Scherber C, Batáry P (2013) Landscape composition, connectivity and fragment size drive effects of grassland fragmentation on insect communities. J Appl Ecol 50(2):387–394
Rössler M (2000) Landscape stewardship: new directions in conservation of nature and culture. George Wright Forum 17(1):27–34
Rössler M (2004) UNESCO world heritage centre background document on UNESCO world heritage cultural landscapes. FAO Workshop and Steering Committee Meeting of the GIAHS, Rome
Saeidi S, Mohammadzadeh M, Salmanmahiny A, Mirkarimi SH (2017) Performance evaluation of multiple methods for landscape aesthetic suitability mapping: a comparative study between multi-criteria evaluation, logistic regression and multi-layer perceptron neural network. Land Use Policy 67:1–12
Sarlöv-Herlin I (2012) Training of landscape architects. Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg
Scarascia-Mugnozza G, Oswald H, Piussi P, Radoglou K (2000) Forests of the Mediterranean region: gaps in knowledge and research needs. For Ecol Manag 132:97–109
Schaaf T, Clamote Rodrigues D (2016) Managing MIDAs: harmonising the management of multiinternationally designated areas: Ramsar sites, world heritage sites, biosphere reserves and UNESCO Global Geoparks. IUCN, Gland
Scottish Natural Heritage (2016) Geoparks. Scottish Natural Heritage, Glascow
Sluiter R, de Jong SM (2007) Spatial patterns of Mediterranean land abandonment and related land cover transitions. Landsc Ecol 22:559–576
Smith HD, Maes F, Stojanovic TA, Ballinger RC (2011) The integration of land and marine spatial planning. J Coast Conserv 15(2):291–303
Spalding MD (2012) Marine world heritage: towards a representative, balanced, and credible world heritage list. UNESCO World Heritage Center, Paris
Spiteri D, Scerri C, Valdramidis V (2015) The current situation for the water sources in the Maltese islands. Malta J Health Sci 25:22–25
Steers JA (1972) The sea coast. New Nat Ser 25:276–283
Storrier KL, McGlashan DJ (2006) Development and management of a coastal litter campaign: the voluntary coastal partnership approach. Mar Policy 30(2):189–196
Terkenli TS (2010) Understanding and analysing cultural landscapes. In: Conrad E, Cassar LF (eds) Perspectives on landscapes, institute of earth systems. University of Malta, Msida, pp 101–125
UNECE (2008) Spatial planning – key instrument for development and effective governance with special reference to countries in transition. United Nations economic Commission for Europe, Information Service, United Nations, Geneva
UNEP/MAP/PAP (2008) Protocol on integrated Coastal Zone management in the Mediterranean. Priority Actions Programme, Split
UNESCO (2016) Operational guidelines for the implementation of the world heritage convention. UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. UNESCO, Paris
UNESCO (2017a) Biosphere reserves – learning sites for sustainable development. UNESCO, Paris
UNESCO (2017b) UNESCO Global Geoparks. UNESCO, Paris
UNESCO (2017c) Decision: CONF 208 VIII.C The Costiera Amalfitana (Italy). UNESCO, Paris
UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2017) World heritage list. UNESCO, Paris
UNFCCC (2007) Climate change: impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation in developing countries. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat Information Services, Paris
Unwin KI (1975) The relationship of observer and landscape in landscape evaluation. Trans Inst Br Geogr 66:130–133
van der Maarel E (1978) Ecological principles for physical planning. In: Holdgate MW, Woodman MJ (eds) The breakdown and restoration of ecosystems. Plenum Press, New York, pp 413–450
van der Maarel E (1979) Environmental management of coastal dunes in the Netherlands. In: Jefferies RL, Davy AJ (eds) Ecological processes in coastal environments. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 543–570
Verhoeven JTA, Setter TL (2010) Agricultural use of wetlands: opportunities and limitations. Ann Bot 105(1):155–163
VLIZ (2013) Policy-informing brief: EC consultation on the possible ways forward for maritime spatial planning and integrated coastal zone management in the EU. VLIZ, Ostend
Ward K, Snoberger N (2009) Assessment of landscape scenic quality in the Angelina national forest, Texas using GIS and high-resolution digital imagery. ASPRS/MAPP, San Antonio
Whitehouse R, Cooper N, Laeger S, Surendran S, Kermode T (2017) Predicting large-scale coastal morphological change: from fact to fiction. Delf, The Hague
Williams AT (1987) Coastal conservation policy development in England and Wales with special reference to the heritage coast concept. J Coast Res 31(1):99–106
Williams AT (2002) Coastal cliff engineering: case studies from Wales, UK. Coast Eng 6:44–59
Williams AT, Micallef A (2009) Beach management principles and practice. Earthscan, London
Williams AT, Rangel-Buitrago N, Pranzini E, Anfuso G (2018) The management of coastal erosion. Ocean Coast Manag 156:58–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.03.022
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (2014) Land cover and agricultural management definition within the upper Wisconsin river basin. Bureau of Science Services, Wisconsin
Zandmotor D (2017) The sand motor: successful driver of innovative coastal management. Delft, The Hague
Zube EH, Pitt DG, Anderson TW (1974) Perception and measurement of scenic resources in the Southern Connecticut River Valley. Institute for Management and Historic Environment, Amherst
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Micallef, A., Rangel-Buitrago, N. (2019). The Management of Coastal Landscapes. In: Rangel-Buitrago, N. (eds) Coastal Scenery. Coastal Research Library, vol 26. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78878-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78878-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-78877-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-78878-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)