Abstract
In this chapter the discussion focuses on the emergence of immigrant communities in St Louis and Fort Wayne. It describes the development of both cities and takes into consideration the factors influencing the growth of German and Irish ethnic communities in each location. Further in the chapter, an immigrant profile of both the German and Irish immigrant communities in each city is constructed. This was achieved by using census data to decipher the average age, average household size, gender breakdown, and the generational composition of each community in 1850, 1870, and 1900.
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Notes
- 1.
Etan Diamond, “Jack Sheahan: King of the Kerry Patch,” Gateway Heritage 10, no. 2 (1989): 31.
- 2.
Ibid.
- 3.
St Louis Globe-Democrat, December 31, 1905.
- 4.
David Emmons, Beyond the American Pale: The Irish in the West, 1845–1910 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010), 110–14.
- 5.
Denis Clark, Hibernia America: The Irish and Regional Cultures (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1986), 119–23.
- 6.
Russell A. Kazal, Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 18.
- 7.
J. H. Colton, The Emigrant’s Handbook: A Directory and Guide for Persons Emigrating to the United States of America, Containing Advice and Directions to Emigrants but Especially to Those Designing to Settle in the Great Western Valley (New York: J. H. Colton, 1848), 88.
- 8.
I. H. Lionberger, The Annals of St Louis and a Brief Account of its Foundation and Progress, 1764–1928 (St Louis, 1929), 17.
- 9.
Ibid., 52.
- 10.
Ibid., 17.
- 11.
Scharf, History of St Louis City and County, 992.
- 12.
Thomas Scattergood Teas, “Journal of a Tour to Fort Wayne and the Adjacent Country in the Year 1821,” Fort Wayne Pamphlet Series (Fort Wayne, IN: Allen County Public Library), unpaginated.
- 13.
Maumee Valley Monumental Association, Valley of the Upper Maumee with Historical Account of Allen County and the City of Fort Wayne, Indiana: The Story of Its Savagery to Civilization (Madison: Brant and Fuller, 1889).
- 14.
Bert J. Griswold, The Pictorial History of Fort Wayne, Indiana: A Review of Two Centuries of Occupation of the Region About the Head of the Maumee River (Chicago: Robert O. Law Company, 1917), 397–98.
- 15.
All information for this analysis is derived from US Federal Census Returns for St Louis, MO and Fort Wayne, IN, 1850–1900. US Federal Census St Louis, MO, 1850, wards 1 and 6, US Federal Census St Louis, MO, 1860–1880, wards 2 and 9, US Federal Census 1900, wards 3 and 8. US Federal Census Fort Wayne 1850–1860, whole city, US Federal Census Fort Wayne, IN, 1870–1900, wards 2 and 6, Ancestry.com, accessed April 10, 2013, www.ancestry.com. Hereafter referred to as the German and Irish immigrant database for St Louis, MO and Fort Wayne, IN, 1850–1900, personal database.
- 16.
Maumee Valley Monumental Association, Valley of the Upper Maumee, 54.
- 17.
Griswold, Pictorial History of Fort Wayne, 319–22.
- 18.
David Ward, Cities and Immigrants: A Geography of Change in Nineteenth Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 105–25; Kathleen Neils-Conzen, “Immigrants, Immigrant Neighborhoods and Ethnic Identity: Historical Issues,” The Journal of American History 66, no. 3 (1979): 603–15; and Howard P. Chudacoff, “A New Look at Ethnic Neighborhoods: Residential Dispersion and the Concept of Visibility in a Medium Sized City,” The Journal of American History 60, no. 1 (1973): 76–93.
- 19.
For examples and further reading see: David Emmons, The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American Mining Town, 1875–1925 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 73; Tyler Anbinder, Five Points: The 19th Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World’s Most Notorious Slum (New York: Free Press, 2001), 72–105; Timothy J. Meagher, Inventing Irish America: Generation, Class and Ethnic Identity in a New England City, 1880–1928 (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2001), 123–31; Joseph P. Blanchette, The View from Shanty Pond: An Irish Immigrant’s Look at Life in a New England Mill Town, 1875–1938 (Charlotte: Shanty Pond Press, 1999), 25–34; Roger Swift, ed., Irish Migrants in Britain, 1815–1914: A Documentary History (Cork: Cork University Press, 2002), 40–52; Frances Finnegan, Poverty and Prejudice: A Study of Irish Immigrants in York, 1840–1875 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1982), 35–68; Ward, Cities and Immigrants; and Kathleen Neils-Conzen, “Immigrants, Immigrant Neighborhoods.”
- 20.
For examples and further reading see: Kargau, German Element, 123–40; Andrew J. Townsend, The Germans of Chicago (Chicago: Deutsche-Amerikanische Geschictsblatter, 1932), 20; Kathleen Neils-Conzen, Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860: Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976), 144–47; Steven W. Rowan, Cleveland and Its Germans (Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1998), 155–60; John F. Nau, The German People of New Orleans (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1958), 17–20; Stanley Nadel, Little Germany: Ethnicity, Religion and Class in New York City, 1845–1880 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990); Jeffrey Lesser, Immigration, Ethnicity and National Identity in Brazil: 1808 to the Present (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 79–81; and Robyn Burnett and Ken Luebbering, German Settlement in Missouri: New Land, Old Ways (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996).
- 21.
Scharf, History of St Louis City and County, 1018.
- 22.
Ibid., 1019.
- 23.
Kargau, The German Element, 123–24; Neils-Conzen, “Immigrants and Immigrant Neighborhoods,” 609.
- 24.
For more see: Harvey Saalberg, “The Westliche Post of St Louis: A Daily Newspaper for German-Americans, 1857–1938” (PhD dissertation, University of Missouri, St Louis, 1967).
- 25.
Walter D. Kamphoefner, “Uprooted or Transplanted? Reflections on Patterns of German Immigration to Missouri,” Missouri Historical Review 103, no. 2 (2009): 83. Kamphoefner claims that by 1880 all but five of the city’s 57 public schools offered German language programs.
- 26.
Steven L. Schlossman, “Is There an American Tradition of Bi-Lingual Education? German in the Public Elementary Schools, 1840–1919,” American Journal of Education 91, no. 2 (1983): 147–149.
- 27.
Charles L. Glenn, “Immigrant Education,” StateUniversity.com, accessed on March 11, 2013, http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2077/Immigrant-Education.html.
- 28.
Ellen Dolan, The St Louis Irish (St Louis: Old St Patrick’s, 1967), 39.
- 29.
Anbinder, Five Points, 76.
- 30.
Dacus, A Tour of St Louis, 418.
- 31.
Ibid.
- 32.
For an extended discussion of the clanship system see Brian Dornan, Mayo’s Lost Islands: The Inishkeas (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000).
- 33.
Daniel Waugh, Egan’s Rats : The Untold Story of the Prohibition-Era Gang That Ruled St Louis (Nashville: Cumberland House Publishing, 2007); See also Roger Swift, “Heroes or Villains? The Irish, Crime and Disorder in Victorian England,” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 29, no. 3 (1997): 399–421.
- 34.
John Bodnar, The Transplanted: A History of Immigrants in Urban America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 177.
- 35.
Dolan, The St Louis Irish, 25.
- 36.
Michael O’Laughlin, Missouri Irish: The Original History of the Irish in Missouri (Kansas City: Irish Genealogical Foundation, 2007), 102. O’Laughlin records that in 1853, the Irish Emigrant Society assisted 2053 immigrants, of an estimated total of 8000 new Irish arrivals.
- 37.
Walter Barlow Stevens, St Louis: History of the Fourth City, 1763–1909, vol. 2 (St Louis: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1909), 593.
- 38.
Last will and testament of Bryan Mullanphy, Mullanphy Family Papers, 1780–1950, A1108/12-3/1, Missouri History Museum, St Louis, MO.
- 39.
German and Irish Immigrant Database for St Louis MO, and Fort Wayne, IN, 1850–1900, personal database.
- 40.
Timothy Guinnane, The Vanishing Irish: Households, Migration and the Rural Economy in Ireland, 1850–1914 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 181.
- 41.
Emmons, The Butte Irish, 62–94; R. A. Burchell, The San Francisco Irish, 1848–1880 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).
- 42.
Kathleen Neils-Conzen, “The German Athens: Milwaukee and the Accommodation of Its Immigrants, 1836–1860” (PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1972).
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Donlon, R. (2018). A Peaceful Conquest: Immigrant Settlement in St Louis and Fort Wayne. In: German and Irish Immigrants in the Midwestern United States, 1850–1900. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78738-1_4
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