Skip to main content

A Case for Restrictive Regulation of Surrogacy? An Indo-Israeli Comparison of Ethnographic Studies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cross-Cultural Comparisons on Surrogacy and Egg Donation

Abstract

In this chapter, I compare qualitative research, primarily from ethnographic studies of surrogacy in two countries where it is regulated and practiced differently: Israel and India. My aim is to contribute to surrogacy-related policy discussions by comparatively analysing empirical work by sociologists and anthropologists on transnational Indian surrogacy with my own work on surrogacy in Israel. I ask: What are the main themes that arise from the ethnographic comparison of surrogacy research in Israel and India and how might these themes translate into more informed policy considerations? Can ethnographic conclusions help us formulate empirically-based criteria towards regulating surrogacy, and could restrictive regulation of surrogacy create the grounds for a more ethical practice?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Berend, Z. (2012). The romance of surrogacy. Sociological Forum, 27(4), 913–936.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berend, Z. (2016). The online world of surrogacy. London: Berghan Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deomampo, D. (2013). Gendered geographies of reproductive tourism. Gender & Society, 27(4), 514–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deomampo, D. (2016). Transnational reproduction: Race, kinship and commercial surrogacy in India. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donath, O. (2010). Pro-natalism and its ‘cracks’: Narratives of reproduction and childfree lifestyles in Israel. Israeli Sociology, 11(2), 417–439 [Hebrew].

    Google Scholar 

  • Google Baby. (2009). [Film] Directed by Zippi Brand Frank. Israel: Brandcom Productions.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goslinga-Roy, G. (2000). Body boundaries, fictions of the female self: An ethnographic perspective on power, feminism and the reproductive technologies. Feminist Studies, 26(1), 113–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haimes, E. (2002). What can the social sciences contribute to the study of ethics? Theoretical, empirical and substantive considerations. Bioethics, 16(2), 89–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, L. (2014). ‘I am the baby’s real mother’: Reproductive tourism, race, and the transnational construction of kinship. Women’s Studies International Forum, 47, 145–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inhorn, M. C., & Patrizio, P. (2009). Rethinking reproductive ‘tourism’ as reproductive ‘exile’. Fertility and Sterility, 92, 904–906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsen, H. (2016). Labor of love: Gestational surrogacy and the work of making babies. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, S. M. (2000). Reproducing Jews: A cultural account of assisted conception in Israel. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirby, J. (2014). Transnational gestational surrogacy: Does it have to be exploitative? The American Journal of Bioethics, 14(5), 24–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krones, T., Schlüter, E., Neuwohner, E., El Ansari, S., Wissner, T., & Richter, G. (2006). What is the preimplantation embryo? Social Science & Medicine, 63(1), 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makherjee, R., & Sekher, T. (2015). Women at risk in the unregulated surrogacy ‘industry’. Economic & Political Weekly, 1(26–27), 83–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markens, S. (2010). Interrogating narratives about the global surrogacy market. The Scholar and Feminist Online, Special Issue, 9(1–2). http://sfonline.barnard.edu/reprotech/markens_01.htm. Accessed on April 4, 2017.

  • Markens, S. (2012). The global reproductive health market: U.S. media framings and public discourses about transnational surrogacy. Social Science & Medicine, 74, 1745–1753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, S. (2015, September 9–11). Reproductive disruptions during surrogacy: End of a beginning. Magic 2015 Anthropology Conference: Session on reproductive disruptions & flows: Surrogacy & obstetric care in India and the US, University of Sussex, Sussex, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, S. (2017). Disruptive embodiments: An ethnography of risks and failures during commercial surrogacy in India. Ph.D. dissertation, Social Science Faculty, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohapatra, S. (2012). Stateless babies and adoption scams: A bioethical analysis of international commercial surrogacy. Berkeley Journal of International Law, 30(2), 412–450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pande, A. (2014). Wombs in labor: Transnational commercial surrogacy in India. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Parry, B. (2015). Narratives of neoliberalism: ‘Clinical labour’ in context. Critical Medical Humanities, 41, 32–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ragoné, H. (1994). Surrogate motherhood: Conception in the heart. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragoné, H. (1999). Surrogate motherhood, gamete donation, and constructions of altruism. In L. L. Layne (Ed.), Transformative motherhood: On giving and getting in a consumer culture (pp. 65–88). New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, E. F. S. (1998a). Examining surrogacy discourses: Between feminine power and exploitation. In N. Scheper-Hughes & C. F. Sargent (Eds.), Small wars: The cultural politics of childhood (pp. 93–110). Los Angeles: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, E. F. S. (1998b). Native narratives of connectedness: Surrogate motherhood and technology. In J. Dumit and R. Davis-Floyd (Eds.), Cyborg babies: From techno-sex to rechno-tots (pp. 193–211). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudrappa, S. (2015). Discounted life: The price of global surrogacy in India. New York: New York University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Saravanan, S. (2013). An ethnomethodological approach to examine exploitation in the context of capacity, trust and experience of commercial surrogacy in India. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 8(10), 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, H. D. (2014). “The world’s back womb?”: Commercial surrogacy and infertility inequalities in India. American Anthropologist, 116(4), 824–828.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanderup, M., Reddy, S., Patel, T., & Nielsen, B. B. (2015). Informed consent in medical decision-making in commercial gestational surrogacy: A mixed methods study in New Delhi, India. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 94(5), 465–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teman, E. (2008). The social construction of surrogacy research: An anthropological critique of the psychosocial scholarship on surrogate motherhood. Social Science and Medicine, 67(7), 1104–1112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teman, E. (2009). The last outpost of the nuclear family: A cultural critique of Israeli surrogacy policy. In D. Birenbaum-Carmeli & Y. Carmeli (Eds.), Kin, gene, community reproductive technologies among Jewish Israelis (pp. 107–126). Oxford: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teman, E. (2010a). Birthing a mother: The surrogate body and the pregnant self. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teman, E. (2010b). The last outpost of the nuclear family: A cultural critique of Israeli surrogacy policy. In D. Birenbaum-Carmeli & Y. Carmeli (Eds.), Kin, gene, community: Reproductive technology among Jewish Israelis (pp. 107–126). Oxford: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teman, E. (2016). Surrogacy in Israel: State-controlled surrogacy as a mechanism of symbolic control. In E. S. Sills (Ed.), Handbook of gestational surrogacy: International clinical practice and policy issues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twine, F. W. (2011). Outsourcing the womb: Race, class and gestational surrogacy in a global market. Framing 21st century social issues. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vora, K. (2009). Indian transnational surrogacy and the disaggregation of mothering work. Anthropology News, p. 9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vora, K. (2014). Experimental sociality and gestational surrogacy in the Indian ART clinic. Ethnos, 79(1), 63–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker, A. (2014). Merit and money: The situated ethics of transnational commercial surrogacy in Thailand. The International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, 7(2), 100–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zandi, M., Vanaki, Z., Shiva, M., & Mohammadi, E. (2014). Nine centuries waiting: The experiences of Iranian surrogacy commissioning mothers. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 19(3), 224–232.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank my husband, Avi Solomon, for his comments and suggestions on multiple versions of this manuscript. I would also like to thank Diane L. Wolf, who first inspired me to think about surrogacy in Israel and India comparatively at a conference she organised at UC Davis in 2009. I also thank Zsuzsa Berend for always inspiring me to think about surrogacy in a comparative framework and the anonymous reviewer of this chapter for the helpful suggestions and comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Teman, E. (2018). A Case for Restrictive Regulation of Surrogacy? An Indo-Israeli Comparison of Ethnographic Studies. In: Mitra, S., Schicktanz, S., Patel, T. (eds) Cross-Cultural Comparisons on Surrogacy and Egg Donation. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78670-4_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78670-4_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-78669-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-78670-4

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics