Abstract
Environmental law, whose purpose is to respond to the ecological urgency, is based on technical aspects, i.e. legal; obliterating the anthropological aspects of human diversity. It is from the assumption of an interweaved society-environment viability within the biosphere, that the legal approach can be revisited and re-established based on the adequacy of (social) usefulness to an (ecological) function, based on field studies. The adoption of a paradigm based on an approach of social viability within the Earth system, i.e. coviability, has resulted in a socio-ecological link being highlight and which needs to be formalized in legal regulation by though an adequacy between human needs and the ecological function.
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Notes
- 1.
“Humans are considered the only beings to be equipped with a value and all the rest of the living and non-living creatures only have an instrumental value, measured by their usefulness to humans” (Maris 2011).
- 2.
System “coming from the inside” of the social group, of the society.
- 3.
- 4.
More specifically: the interior delta of the Niger River in Mali (in 1995), the gum zone of Chad (1998), the Bassari country in Eastern Senegal located at the edge of the Niokolo Koba National Park, in 1999, the territory of the Aït Zekri tribe in the Moroccan High Atlas Mountains, Morocco (2007) and the Wayana Territory in French Guiana, Maripasoula municipality (in 2009).
- 5.
See the complete table published in Barrière 2017.
- 6.
Here governance is understood as a “decision-making process, regulation of practices, in terms of actions and interventions in a territory and implementation of public policy” (Barrière 2005).
- 7.
Based on the “land-resource” concept, developed by us on the interior delta field of the Niger River (Mali) in 1996: “Even the substance of the renewable resource is the main element, which is the reason why its qualification prevails and appears in the land-resource concept.” The universality of land-resource concept is not related to an eco-system as a whole, but to one of these elements: grass, fish, topsoil, hunted animal species (the game), trees, their fruits and products. In fact, the renewable resource itself represents only a support accessory, but it forms a whole with the latter. However, we cannot consider the resource without its land and that is why it is difficult to prefer the land over the resource. Moreover, since the land supports multiple resources, it is likely to be the subject of a plurality of “land-resource”, which reflects the multi-functionality of land. The land-resource constitutes a legal qualification of universality which cannot dissociate the land element from the resource element. Each land-resource thus constitutes a volume that is not completely independent, because the different resources occupy the physical spaces that more or less intersect and overlap. In contrast, these land-resources imply a distinction of the holders of rights to access, exploit and manage resources” (Barrière 1996, 119; Barrière and Barrière 1996, 162, 1997, 22).
- 8.
Unlike Pareto’s (1896) approach who prefers the term “ophelimity” (from the Greek term “ophellimos” meaning “useful”) for the subjective satisfaction of needs which is an economic usefulness of an asset or a service experienced by a given agent in a given moment of time: a relationship of caused convenience in order for a need or desire, legitimate or not, to be satisfied. It is distinguished from social usefulness, which concerns all types of satisfaction.
- 9.
“There are things that belong to no-one and whose usage is common to all”.
- 10.
Unified Modeling Language.
- 11.
Decree No. 2007-266 of 27 February 2007 establishing the National Park called “Parc Amazonien de Guyane”.
- 12.
Survey conducted in 2009 among the 39 decision-makers distributed over the four Wayana villages, with approximately 900 residents: Antecum Pata (10), Twenke- Talwen (13), Kayode (10), Elahe (6). The Captains and the Gran man, with the support of local officers of the ‘Parc Amazonien de Guyane’ (PAG), helped us to determine the list of decision-makers per village (traditional leaders, head of the association, local reference persons). We have made the choice to add the representatives of the PAG inhabitants’ councils, well aware that it is an artificial institution provided by the park.
- 13.
As opposed to the English Common Law.
- 14.
“Assets are physical objects for which a demand exists, over which ownership rights can be established and whose ownership can be transferred from one institutional unit to another by other means of transactions on markets” (INSEE, online: http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=definitions/biens.htm.)
- 15.
2011, see: http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1153; and: http://www.causses-et-cevennes.fr.
- 16.
Through the pastoral and the global pact of the UNESCO, see previous footnote.
- 17.
See the text of the pastoral inter-municipal pact Causses Aigoual Cévennes, online: http://www.caussesaigoualcevennes.fr/connaitre-communes/
- 18.
In the draft biodiversity law of 2006 (op.cit.) revising act. L110-1 of the French Environment code.
- 19.
Act No. 2006-436 of 14 April 2006 related to national parks, marine natural parks and the regional natural parks.
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Barrière, O., Libourel, T. (2019). Legal Challenge of the Socio-ecological Connection: The Paradigm of Coviability Defined by the Adequacy Between Social Usefulness and the Ecological Function. In: Barrière, O., et al. Coviability of Social and Ecological Systems: Reconnecting Mankind to the Biosphere in an Era of Global Change. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78497-7_7
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