Abstract
The final case study deals with a form of sociability more readily associated with national solidarity: military friendships and commemoration rituals. The chapter explores the manifestation of the meta-narrative of strangers-turned-friends in the public staging of personal bonds between soldiers and in grassroots campaigns for Israeli soldiers missing in action. Moral values of military friendship extend to expanding circles of solidarity in Israeli society, such as schoolchildren and commercial entrepreneurs who expressed feelings of familiarity and loyalty to soldiers they have never met. Identification with missing soldiers merges two temporal dimensions of national solidarity, simultaneous time and mythic time, and highlights a symbolic shift from ties of friendship to bonds of brotherhood.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Air Force. 1986. “Navigator Ron Arad Was Taken Captive.” October 16, 1986. http://www.iaf.org.il/3937-5316-he/IAF.aspx. Accessed September 29, 2017. Hebrew.
Alexander, Jeffrey, and Philip Smith. 2001. “The Strong Program in Cultural Theory: Elements of a Structural Hermeneutics.” In Handbook of Sociological Theory, edited by Jonathan H. Turner, 135–150. New York: Springer.
Anderson, Benedict. [1983] 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
Auslander, Philip. [1999] 2008. Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture. London: Routledge.
Ben-Ari, Eyal. 1998. Mastering Soldiers: Conflict, Emotions, and the Enemy in an Israeli Military Unit. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
Bilu, Yoram, and Eliezer Witztum. 2000. “War-Related Loss and Suffering in Israeli Society: An Historical Perspective.” Israel Studies 5 (2): 1–32. Hebrew.
Brunkhorst, Hauke. 2005. Solidarity: From Civic Friendship to a Global Legal Community. Translated by Jeffrey Flynn. London: Routledge.
Capdeville, Valérie. 2016. “‘Clubbability’: A Revolution in London Sociability?” Lumen: Selected Proceedings from the Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies 35: 63–80.
Conversi, Daniele. 2007. “Homogenisation, Nationalism and War: Should We Still Read Ernest Gellner?” Nations and Nationalism 13 (3): 371–394.
Cooley, Charles, H. [1909] 1962. Social Organization. New York: Schocken.
Dekel, Irit. 2003. “Militant Collectivism and Anonymity: The Case of the Israeli Unknown Soldier.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta, August 16–19.
Doyle, Robert C. 1992. “Unresolved Mysteries: The Myth of the Missing Warrior and the Government Deceit Theme in the Popular Captivity Culture of the Vietnam War.” Journal of American Culture 15 (29): 1–18.
Durkheim, Emile. [1915] 2008. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. Translated by Joseph W. Swain. Mineola, NY: Dover.
Eliade, Mircea. 1954. The Myth of the Eternal Return. Translated by Willard R. Trask. New York: Phanteon Books.
Franklin, Bruce H. 1991. MIA, or, Mythmaking in America. New York: Lawrence Hill.
Free Dictionary. n.d. “Soldier.” http://www.thefreedictionary.com/soldier. Accessed September 29, 2017.
Freeman, Mark. 1998. “Mythical Time, Historical Time, and the Narrative Fabric of the Self.” Narrative Inquiry 8 (1): 27–50.
Gellner, Ernst. 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell.
Giddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Grant, Susan-Mary. 2005. “Raising the Dead: War, Memory and American National Identity.” Nations and Nationalism 11 (4): 509–529.
Gupta, Akhil. 2004. “Imagining Nations.” In A Companion to the Anthropology of Politics, edited by David Nugent and Joan Vincent, 267–281. Boston: Blackwell.
Guri, Haim. [1950] 2000. Until the Breaking of Day. Tel Aviv: Ha-Kibbutz Ha-Meuchad. Hebrew.
Handelman, Don. 2004. Nationalism and the Israeli State: Bureaucratic Logic in Public Events. Oxford: Berg.
Hertz, Robert. [1907] 1990. Death and the Right Hand. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Hever, Hannan. 1986. “Alive is the Living and Dead is the Dead.” Siman Kri’a: A Literary Critique 19: 188–195. Hebrew.
Hirschman, Charles. 1983. “America’s Melting Pot Reconsidered.” Annual Review of Sociology 9: 397–423.
Hogg, Michael A. 1992. The Social Psychology of Group Cohesiveness: From Attraction to Social Identity. New York: New York University Press.
Inglis, Ken S. 1993 “Entombing Unknown Soldiers: From London and Paris to Baghdad.” History and Memory 5 (2): 7–31.
James, Paul. 2006. Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In. London: Sage.
Kapferer, Bruce. 1988. Legends of People, Myths of State: Violence, Intolerance, and Political Culture in Sri Lanka and Australia. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
Kaplan, Danny. 2005. “Public Intimacy: Dynamics of Seduction in Male Homosocial Interactions.” Symbolic Interaction 28 (4): 571–595.
Kaplan, Danny. 2006. The Men We Loved: Male Friendship and Nationalism in Israeli Culture. New York: Berghahn Books.
Kaplan, Danny. 2008. “Commemorating a ‘Suspended Death’: Missing Soldiers and National Solidarity in Israel.” American Ethnologist 35 (3): 413–427.
Kaplan, Danny, and Amir Rosenmann. 2014. “Toward an Empirical Model of Male Homosocial Relatedness: An Investigation of Friendship in Uniform and Beyond.” Psychology of Men and Masculinity 15 (1): 12–21.
Kaplan, Danny, and Niza Yanay. 2006. “Fraternal Friendship and Commemorative Desire.” Social Analysis 50 (1): 127–146.
Kasher, Asa. 1996. Military Ethics. Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defense. Hebrew.
Kaufman, Sharon, and Lynn Morgan. 2005. “The Anthropology of the Beginnings and Ends of Life.” Annual Review of Anthropology 34: 327–341.
Keating, Susan K. 1994. Prisoners of Hope: Exploiting the POW/MIA Myth in America. New York: Random House.
Kellet, Anthony. 1982. Combat Motivation: The Behavior of Soldiers in Battle. Boston: Kluwer.
Leander, Anne. 2004. “Drafting Community: Understanding the Fate of Conscription.” Armed Forces & Society 30 (4): 571–599.
Levi, Gideon. 1994. “The Ethos and Its Commercialization.” Ha’aretz, Section B1, October 16. Hebrew.
Little, Roger W. 1964. “Buddy Relations and Combat Performance.” In The New Military: Changing Patterns of Organization, edited by Morris Janowitz, 195–224. New York: Russell Sage.
Lyman, Peter. 1987. “The Fraternal Bond as a Joking Relationship: A Case Study of the Role of Sexist Jokes in Male Group Bonding.” In Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and Masculinity, edited by Michael Kimmel, 148–163. Newbury Park: Sage.
Malešević, Siniša. 2011. “The Chimera of National Identity.” Nations and Nationalism 17 (2): 272–290.
Manning, Frederick S. 1991. Morale, Cohesion, and Esprit de Corps. In The Handbook of Military Psychology, edited by Reuven Gal and David A. Mangelsdorff, 453–470. Chichester: Wiley.
Martin, Brian Joseph. 2011. Napoleonic Friendship: Military Fraternity, Intimacy, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century France. Lebanon, NH: University of New Hampshire Press.
Marvin, Carolyn, and David W. Ingle. 1999. Blood Sacrifice and the Nation: Totem Rituals and the American Flag. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Melman, Yossi. 2005. “IDF Will Also Offer an Award for Information on the Missing Soldiers from Sultan Ya’acoub and Guy Hever.” Haaretz, May 17. http://news.walla.co.il/item/716756. Accessed September 29, 2017. Hebrew.
Miron, Dan. 1992. Facing the Silent Brother: Essays on the Poetry of the War of Independence. Tel Aviv: Keter and Open University. Hebrew.
Morgan, David. 1994. “Theater of War: Combat, the Military and Masculinities.” In Theorizing Masculinities, edited by Harry Brod and Michael Kaufman, 165–182. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mosse, George L. 1982. “Friendship and Nationhood: About the Promise and Failure of German Nationalism.” Journal of Contemporary History 17: 351–367.
Mosse, George L. 1990. Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of World Wars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mosse, George L. 1993. Confronting the Nation: Jewish and Western Nationalism. Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press.
Nagel, Joan. 1998. “Masculinity and Nationalism: Gender and Sexuality in the Making of Nations.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (2): 242–269.
Oppenheimer, Yochai. 2002. “Transformations in the Schema of the Living Dead in the Poetry of Independence War.” Sedan: Studies in Hebrew Literature 5: 416–442. Hebrew.
Pateman, Carole. 1989. The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Posen, Barry R. 1993. “Nationalism, the Mass Army, and Military Power.” International Security 18 (2): 80–124.
Rempel, Martin W., and Ronald J. Fisher. 1997. “Perceived Threat, Cohesion, and Group Problem Solving in Intergroup Conflict.” International Journal of Conflict Management 8 (3): 216–234.
Santino, Jack. 1992. “Yellow Ribbons and Seasonal Flags: The Folk Assemblage of War.” Journal of American Folklore 105 (1): 19–33.
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. 1985. Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York: Columbia University Press.
Shils, Edward, and Morris Janowitz. 1948. “Cohesion and Disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II.” Public Opinion Quarterly 12: 280–315.
Siebold, Guy L. 1999. “The Evolution of the Measurement of Cohesion.” Military Psychology 11 (1): 5–26.
Singer, Brian C. J. 1996. “Cultural versus Contractual Nations: Rethinking Their Opposition.” History and Theory 35 (3): 309.
Sivan, Emmanuel. 1991. The 1948 Generation: Myth, Profile and Memory. Tel Aviv: Maarachot, Ministry of Security. Hebrew.
Smith, Anthony D. 1998. Nationalism and Modernity. London: Routledge.
Sturken, Marita. 1997. Tangled Memories: The Vietnam War, the AIDS Epidemic, and the Politics of Remembering. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Tenenboim-Weinblatt, Keren. 2008. “Fighting for the Story’s Life: Non-Closure in Journalistic Narrative.” Journalism 9 (1): 31–51.
Zerubavel, Eviatar. 1981. Hidden Rhythms: Schedules and Calendars in Social Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kaplan, D. (2018). Absent Brother: Military Friendship and Commemoration. In: The Nation and the Promise of Friendship. Cultural Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78402-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78402-1_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-78401-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-78402-1
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)