Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Posterior Hip Disorders pp 59–146Cite as

Imaging Assessment in Posterior Hip Pathology

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 1341 Accesses

Abstract

Posterior hip pain is among the most common diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for orthopedists and radiologists. In this chapter we describe the useful imaging techniques for the assessment of posterior hip mainly focusing on the MRI, the diagnostic procedure that may substantially influence the management of these patients. We also describe the radiological anatomy of the posterior hip and, subsequently, two poorly known causes of posterior hip pain, deep gluteal syndrome and ischiofemoral impingement. Both remain poorly recognized conditions because symptoms are often nonspecific. The etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and classification of these entities are discussed from the point of view of the image with emphasis on MR imaging with endoscopic correlation. A broad spectrum of pathologies may nonspecifically trigger DGS, which can be classified as traumatic, iatrogenic, inflammatory/infectious, vascular, gynecologic and tumors/pseudotumors. Specific entrapments include fibrous bands, piriformis syndrome, obturator internus/gemellus syndrome, quadratus femoris and ischiofemoral pathology, hamstring conditions, gluteal disorders, or orthopedic causes. On the other hand, potential sources of ischiofemoral impingement include anatomical variants of the proximal femur or pelvis, functional disorders as hip instability, pelvic/spinal instability or abductor/adductor imbalance, ischial tuberosity enthesopathies, trauma/overuse or extreme hip motion, iatrogenic conditions, tumors, and other pathologies. Finally, we briefly evaluate the role of image in the assessment of other well-known but equally important conditions of the posterior hip including fractures, other neural pathologies, bursae diseases, posterior femoroacetabular impingement, hamstring conditions, or pathology of the sacroiliac joints.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Tibor LM, Sekiya JK. Differential diagnosis of pain around the hip joint. Arthroscopy. 2008;24(12):1407–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Martin HD, Shears SA, Johnson JC, Smathers AM, Palmer IJ. The endoscopic treatment of sciatic nerve entrapment/deep gluteal syndrome. Arthroscopy. 2011;27(2):172–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Martin HD, Palmer IJ, Hatem MA. Deep gluteal syndrome. In: Nho S, Leunig M, Kelly B, Bedi A, Larson C, editors. Hip arthroscopy and hip joint preservation surgery. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Guanche CA. Hip arthroscopy techniques: deep gluteal space access. In: Nho S, Leunig M, Kelly B, Bedi A, Larson C, editors. Hip arthroscopy and hip joint preservation surgery. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hernando MF, Cerezal L, Pérez-Carro L, Abascal F, Canga A. Deep gluteal syndrome: anatomy, imaging, and management of sciatic nerve entrapments in the subgluteal space. Skelet Radiol. 2015;44(7):919–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Clohisy JC, Carlisle JC, Beaule PC, et al. A systematic approach to the plain radiographic evaluation of the young adult hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90:47–66.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Sartoris DJ, Resnick D. Plain film radiography: routine and specialized techniques and projections. In: Resnick D, Niwayana G, editors. Diagnosis of bone and joint disorders, vol. 1. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1998. p. 38.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Miller TT. Abnormalities in and around the hip: MR imaging versus sonography. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2005;13:799–809.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Joines MM, Motamedi K, Seeger LL, et al. Musculoskeletal interventional ultrasound. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2007;11:192–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Klauser AS, Tagliafico A, Allen GM, Boutry N. Clinical indications for musculoskeletal ultrasound: a Delphi-based consensus paper of the European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(5):1140–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Martinoli C, Garello I, Marchetti A. Hip ultrasound. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81(12):3824–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Flohr TG, Schaller S, Stierstorfer K, et al. Multi-detector row CT systems and image-reconstruction techniques. Radiology. 2005;235:756.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Conway WF, Totty WG, McEnery KW. CT and MR imaging of the hip. Radiology. 1996;198:297–307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Pritchard RS, Shah HR, Nelson CL, et al. MR and CT appearance of iliopsoas bursal distention secondary to diseased hips. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1990;14:797–800.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kneeland JB. MR imaging of sports injuries of the hip. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1999;7:105–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Magee T. Comparison of 3 tesla MR versus 3 tesla MR arthrography of the hip for detection of acetabular labral tears in the same patient population. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194:A91–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Gary JL, Mulligan M, Banagan K. Magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of ligamentous injury in the pelvis: a prospective case-controlled study. J Orthop Trauma. 2014;28(1):41–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bierry G, Simeone FJ, Borg-Stein JP, Clavert P, Palmer WE. Sacrotuberous ligament: relationship to normal, torn, and retracted hamstring tendons on MR images. Radiology. 2014;271(1):162–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Petchprapa CN, Rosenberg ZS, Sconfienza LM, Cavalcanti CF, Vieira RL, Zember JSMR. Imaging of entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity part 1. The pelvis and hip. Radiographics. 2010;30(4):983–1000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Solomon LB, Lee YC, Callary SA, Beck M, Howie DW. Anatomy of piriformis, obturator internus and obturator externus: implications for the posterior surgical approach to the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92:1317–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Meknas K, Christensen A, Johansen O. The internal obturator muscle may cause sciatic pain. Pain. 2003;104:375–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Tosun O, Algin O, Yalcin N, Cay N, Ocakoglu G, Karaoglanoglu M. Ischiofemoral impingement: evaluation with new MRI parameters and assessment of their reliability. Skelet Radiol. 2012;41(5):575–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Kassarjian A, Tomas X, Cerezal L, Canga A, Llopis E. MRI of the quadratus femoris muscle: anatomic considerations and pathologic lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(1):170–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Aung HH, Sakamoto H, Akita K, Sato T. Anatomical study of the obturator internus, gemelli and quadratus femoris muscles with special reference to their innervation. Anat Rec. 2001;263(1):41–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Honma S, Jun Y, Horiguchi M. The human gemelli muscles and their nerve supplies. Kaibogaku Zasshi. 1998;73(4):329–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wilson JT. Abnormal distribution of the nerve to the quadratus femoris in man, with remarks on its significance. J Anat Physiol. 1889;23(Pt 3):354–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Gudena R, Alzahrani A, Railton P, Powell J, Ganz R. The anatomy and function of the obturator externus. Hip Int. 2015;25(5):424–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Tatu L, Parratte B, Vuillier F, Diop M, Monnier G. Descriptive anatomy of the femoral portion of the iliopsoas muscle. Anatomical basis of anterior snapping of the hip. Surg Radiol Anat. 2001;23(6):371–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Obey MR, Broski SM, Spinner RJ, Collins MS, Krych AJ. Anatomy of the adductor magnus origin: implications for proximal hamstring injuries. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967115625055.

  30. Miller SL, Gill J, Webb GR. The proximal origin of the hamstrings and surrounding anatomy encountered during repair. A cadaveric study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:44–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Martin HD, Palmer IJ, Hatem MA. Deep gluteal syndrome. Hip arthroscopy and hip joint preservation surgery. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Crock HV. Anatomy of the medial femoral circumflex artery and its surgical implications. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2001;83(1):149–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lazaro LE, Klinger CE, Sculco PK, Helfet DL, Lorich DG. The terminal branches of the medial femoral circumflex artery: the arterial supply of the femoral head. Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B(9):1204–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Dong Q, Jacobson JA, Jamadar DA, Gandikota G. Entrapment neuropathies in the upper and lower limbs: anatomy and MRI features. Radiol Res Pract. 2012;2012:230679.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Ergun T, Lakadamyali H. CT and MRI in the evaluation of extraspinal sciatica. Br J Radiol. 2010;83(993):791–803.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Enneking FK, Chan V, Greger J, Hadzić A, Lang SA. Lower-extremity peripheral nerve blockade: essentials of our current understanding. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30(1):4–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Moore KR, Tsuruda JS, Dailey AT. The value of MR neurography for evaluating extraspinal neuropathic leg pain: a pictorial essay. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(4):786–94.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Bates D, Ruggieri P. Imaging modalities for evaluation of the spine. Radiol Clin N Am. 1991;29:675–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Coppieters MW, Alshami AM, Babri AS, Souvlis T, Kippers V, Hodges PW. Strain and excursion of the sciatic, tibial, and plantar nerves during a modified straight leg raising test. J Orthop Res. 2006;24(9):1883–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kulcu DG, Naderi S. Differential diagnosis of intraspinal and extraspinal non-discogenic sciatica. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15(11):1246–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Güvençer M, Akyer P, Iyem C, Tetik S, Naderi S. Anatomic considerations and the relationship between the piriformis muscle and the sciatic nerve. Surg Radiol Anat. 2008;30(6):467–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Martin HD, Kivlan BR, Palmer IJ, Martin RL. Diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests for sciatic nerve entrapment in the gluteal region. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(4):882–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Papadopoulos EC, Khan SN. Piriformis syndrome and low back pain: a new classification and review of the literature. Orthop Clin North Am. 2004;35(1):65–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Foster MR. Piriformis syndrome. Orthopedics. 2002;25(8):821–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lewis AM, Layzer R, Engstrom JW, Barbaro NM, Chin CT. Magnetic resonance neurography in extraspinal sciatica. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(10):1469–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Boyajian-O’Neill LA, McClain RL, Coleman MK, Thomas PP. Diagnosis and management of piriformis syndrome: an osteopathic approach. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2008;108:657–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Russell JM, Kransdorf MJ, Bancroft LW, Peterson JJ, Berquist TH, Bridges MD. Magnetic resonance imaging of the sacral plexus and piriformis muscles. Skelet Radiol. 2008;37(8):709–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Benzon HT, Katz JA, Benzon HA, Iqbal MS. Piriformis syndrome: anatomic considerations, a new injection technique, and a review of the literature. Anesthesiology. 2003;98(6):1442–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Fanucci E, Masala S, Sodani G. CT-guided injection of botulinic toxin for percutaneous therapy of piriformis muscle syndrome with preliminary MRI results about denervative process. Eur Radiol. 2001;11(12):2543–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Dezawa A, Kusano S, Miki H. Arthroscopic release of the piriformis muscle under local anesthesia for piriformis syndrome. Arthroscopy. 2003;19(5):554–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Masala S, Crusco S, Meschini A, Taglieri A, Calabria E, Simonetti G. Piriformis syndrome: long-term follow-up in patients treated with percutaneous injection of anesthetic and corticosteroid under CT guidance. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2012;35(2):375–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Beaton LE, Anson BJ. The relation of the sciatic nerve and its subdivisions to the piriformis muscle. Anat Rec. 1937;70:1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Smoll NR. Variations of the piriformis and sciatic nerve with clinical consequence: a review. Clin Anat. 2010;23(1):8–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Natsis K, Totlis T, Konstantinidis GA. Anatomical variations between the sciatic nerve and the piriformis muscle: a contribution to surgical anatomy in piriformis syndrome. Surg Radiol Anat. 2014;36(3):273–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Güvençer M, Iyem C, Akyer P, Tetik S, Naderi S. Variations in the high division of the sciatic nerve and relationship between the sciatic nerve and the piriformis. Turk Neurosurg. 2009;19(2):139–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Windisch G, Braun EM, Anderhuber F. Piriformis muscle: clinical anatomy and consideration of the piriformis syndrome. Surg Radiol Anat. 2007;29(1):37–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Arora J, Mehta V, Kumar H, Suri RK, Rath G, Das S. A rare bimuscular conglomeration gluteopiriformis case report. Morphologie. 2010;94(305):40–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Diercks R, Bron C, Dorrestijn O. Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of subacromial pain syndrome: a multidisciplinary review by the Dutch Orthopaedic Association. Acta Orthop. 2014;85(3):314–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Filler AG, Gilmer-Hill H. Piriformis syndrome, obturator internus syndrome, pudendal nerve entrapment, and other pelvic entrapments. In: Winn HR, editor. Youmans neurological surgery. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2009. p. 2447–55.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Murata Y, Ogata S, Ikeda Y, Yamagata M. An unusual cause of sciatic pain as a result of the dynamic motion of the obturator internus muscle. Spine J. 2009;9(6):e16–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Meknas K, Kartus J, Letto JI, Christensen A, Johansen O. Surgical release of the internal obturator tendon for the treatment of retro-trochanteric pain syndrome: a prospective randomized study, with long-term follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009;17(10):1249–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Hernando MF, Cerezal L, Pérez-Carro L, Canga A, González RP. Evaluation and management of ischiofemoral impingement: a pathophysiologic, radiologic, and therapeutic approach to a complex diagnosis. Skelet Radiol. 2016;45(6):771–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Torriani M, Souto SC, Thomas BJ, Ouellette H, Bredella MA. Ischiofemoral impingement syndrome: an entity with hip pain and abnormalities of the quadratus femoris muscle. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(1):186–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Taneja AK, Bredella MA, Torriani M. Ischiofemoral impingement. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2013;21(1):65–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Bucknor MD, Steinbach LS, Saloner D, Chin CT. Magnetic resonance neurography evaluation of chronic extraspinal sciatica after remote proximal hamstring injury: a preliminary retrospective analysis. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(2):408–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Chen CK, Yeh L, Chang WN, Pan HB, Yang CF. MRI diagnosis of contracture of the gluteus maximus muscle. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(2):W169–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Makhsous M, Lin F, Cichowski A, Cheng I. Use of MRI images to measure tissue thickness over the ischial tuberosity at different hip flexion. Clin Anat. 2011;24(5):638–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Delaney H, Bencardino J, Rosenberg ZS. Magnetic resonance neurography of the pelvis and lumbosacral plexus. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2014;24(1):127–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Fabeck L, Tolley M, Rooze M, Burny F. Theoretical study of the decrease in the femoral neck anteversion during growth. Cells Tissues Organs. 2002;171:269–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Issack PS, Helfet DL. Sciatic nerve injury associated with acetabular fractures. HSS J. 2009;5(1):12–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Daniilidis K, Stukenborg-Colsman CM, Ettinger M, Windhagen H. Huge sciatic neuroma presented 40 years after traumatic above knee amputation. Technol Health Care. 2013;21(3):261–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Wolf M, Bäumer P, Pedro M. Sciatic nerve injury related to hip replacement surgery: imaging detection by MR neurography despite susceptibility artifacts. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e89154.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Von Roth P, Abdel MP, Wauer F. Significant muscle damage after multiple revision total hip replacements through the direct lateral approach. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B(12):1618–22. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.96B12.34256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Abitbol JJ, Gendron D, Laurin CA, Beaulieu MA. Gluteal nerve damage following total hip arthroplasty. A prospective analysis. J Arthroplast. 1990;5(4):319–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Wong M, Vijayanathan S, Kirkham B. Sacroiliitis presenting as sciatica. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(10):1323–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Crum-Cianflone NF. Bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral myositis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21:473–94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Kraniotis P, Marangos M, Lekkou A. Brucellosis presenting as piriformis myositis: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2011;5:125.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Chiedozi LC. Pyomyositis. Review of 205 cases in 112 patients. Am J Surg. 1979;137(2):255–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Dailey AT, Rondina MT, Townsend JJ. Sciatic nerve sarcoidosis: utility of magnetic resonance peripheral nerve imaging and treatment with radiation therapy. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(5):956–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Dalmau J. Carcinoma associated paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;67(1):4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Bower EB, Smullens SN, Parke WW. Clinical aspects of persistent sciatic artery: report of two cases and review of the literature. Surgery. 1977;81(5):588–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Ishida K, Imamaki M, Ishida A. A ruptured aneurysm in persistent sciatic artery: a case report. J Vasc Surg. 2005;42(3):556–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Mousa A, Rapp Parker A, Emmett MK. Endovascular treatment of symptomatic persistent sciatic artery aneurysm: a case report and review of literature. Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010;44(4):312–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Melikoglu MA, Kocabas H, Sezer I. Internal iliac artery pseudoaneurysm: an unusual cause of sciatica and lumbosacral plexopathy. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87(8):681–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Kuma S, Mii S, Masaki I, Koike M, Nakahara I. Arteriovenous malformation arising on persistent sciatic vessels. Ann Vasc Surg. 2010;24(2):256.e1–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Berthelot JM, Pillet JC, Mitard D. Buttock claudication disclosing a thrombosis of the superior left gluteal artery: report of a case diagnosed by a selective arteriography of the iliac artery, and cured by per-cutaneous stenting. Joint Bone Spine. 2007;74(3):289–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Di Martino A, Papapietro N, Denaro V. Sciatic nerve compression by a gluteal vein varicosity. Spine J. 2014;14(8):1797.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Maniker A, Thurmond J, Padberg FT Jr, Blacksin M, Vingan R. Traumatic venous varix causing sciatic neuropathy: case report. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(5):1224.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Borghi C, Dell’Atti L. Pelvic congestion syndrome: the current state of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;293(2):291–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Lemos N, Marques RM, Kamergorodsky G. Vascular entrapment of the sciatic plexus causing catamenial sciatica and urinary symptoms. Int Urogynecol J. 2016;27(2):317–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Al-Khodairy AT, Gerber BE, Praz G. Adenomyosis: an unusual cause of sciatic pain. Eur Spine J. 1995;4(5):317–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Al-Khodairy AW, Bovay P, Gobelet C. Sciatica in the female patient: anatomical considerations, aetiology and review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2007;16(6):721–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Ghezzi L, Arighi A, Pietroboni AM. Sciatic endometriosis presenting as periodic (catamenial) sciatic radiculopathy. J Neurol. 2012;259(7):1470–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Kulowski J. Unusual causes of low back pain and sciatica during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1962;84:627–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Roux A, Tréguier C, Bruneau B. Localized hypertrophic neuropathy of the sciatic nerve in children: MRI findings. Pediatr Radiol. 2012;42(8):952–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Johnson PC, Kline DG. Localized hypertrophic neuropathy: possible focal perineurial barrier defect. Acta Neuropathol. 1989;77(5):514–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Ma M, Guillerman RP. Paradoxic hypertrophy of the sciatic nerve. Pediatr Radiol. 2010;40(Suppl 1):S177.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Masuda N, Hayashi H, Tanabe H. Nerve root and sciatic trunk enlargement in Déjérine-Sottas disease: MRI appearances. Neuroradiology. 1992;35(1):36–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Torigian DA, Siegelman ES. CT findings of pelvic lipomatosis of nerve. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(3 Suppl):S94–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Mahan MA, Howe BM, Amrami KK, Spinner RJ. Occult radiological effects of lipomatosis of the lumbosacral plexus. Skelet Radiol. 2014;43(7):963–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Murphey MD, Smith WS, Smith SE, Kransdorf MJ. Imaging of musculoskeletal neurogenic tumors: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 1999;19(5):1253–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Goddyn C, Passuti N, Leconte R, Redon H, Gouin F. Sciatic nerve compression related to ossification of the sacrospinous ligament secondary to pelvic balance abnomalities. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2009;95(8):645–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Fathi I, Sakr M. Review of tumoral calcinosis: a rare clinico-pathological entity. World J Clin Cases. 2014;2(9):409–14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Baek D, Lee SE, Kim WJ, Jeon S. Greater trochanteric pain syndrome due to tumoral calcinosis in a patient with chronic kidney disease. Pain Physician. 2014;17(6):E775–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Shaukat YM, Malik EF, Al Rashid M, Cannon SR. Large tumoral calcinosis in the gluteal region: a case report. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2013;15(5):495–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Williams JB, Youngberg RA, Bui-Mansfield LT, Pitcher JD. MR imaging of skeletal muscle metastases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168(2):555–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Ergun T. Bilateral sciatica secondary to mass lesions in the gluteal muscles. Intramuscular metastasis. J Clin Neurosci. 2008;15(12):1388–426.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Roncaroli F, Poppi M, Riccioni L, Frank F. Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the sciatic nerve followed by localization in the central nervous system: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 1997;40(3):618–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Stewart JD. The piriformis syndrome is overdiagnosed. Muscle Nerve. 2003;28(5):644–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Chhabra A, Andreisek G, Soldatos T. MR neurography: past, present, and future. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(3):583–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Kasprian G, Amann G, Panotopoulos J. Peripheral nerve tractography in soft tissue tumors: a preliminary 3-tesla diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging study. Muscle Nerve. 2015;51(3):338–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Skorpil M, Karlsson M, Nordell A. Peripheral nerve diffusion tensor imaging. Magn Reson Imaging. 2004;22(5):743–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Wilson JJ, Furukawa M. Evaluation of the patient with hip pain. Am Fam Physician. 2014;89(1):27–34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Sutter R, Pfirrmann CW. Atypical hip impingement. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201(3):437–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Ali AM, Teh J, Whitwell D, Ostlere S. Ischiofemoral impingement: a retrospective analysis of cases in a specialist orthopaedic centre over a four-year period. Hip Int. 2013;23(3):263–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. López-Sánchez MC, Armesto Pérez V, Montero Furelos LÁ, Vázquez-Rodríguez TR, Calvo Arrojo G, Díaz Román TM. Ischiofemoral impingement: hip pain of infrequent cause. Reumatol Clin. 2013;9(3):186–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Maraş Özdemir Z, Aydıngöz Ü, Görmeli CA, Sağır Kahraman A. Ischiofemoral space on MRI in an asymptomatic population: normative width measurements and soft tissue signal variations. Eur Radiol. 2015;25(8):2246–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Sproul RC, Reynolds HM, Lotz JC, Ries MD. Relationship between femoral head size and distance to lesser trochanter. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;461:122–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Johnson KA. Impingement of the lesser trochanter on the ischial ramus after total hip arthroplasty. Report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59:268–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Finnoff JT, Bond JR, Collins MS, Sellon JL, Hollman JH, Wempe MK, Smith J. Variability of the ischiofemoral space relative to femur position: an ultrasound study. PM&R. 2015;7(9):930–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.03.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Hatem MA, Palmer IJ, Martin HD. Diagnosis and 2-year outcomes of endoscopic treatment for ischiofemoral impingement. Arthroscopy. 2015;31(2):239–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Tennant S, Kinmont C, Lamb G, Gedroyc W, Hunt DM. The use of dynamic interventional MRI in developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999;81(3):392–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Singer A, Clifford P, Tresley J, Jose J, Subhawong T. Ischiofemoral impingement and the utility of full-range-of-motion magnetic resonance imaging in its detection. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2014;43(12):548–51.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Kassarjian A. Signal abnormalities in the quadratus femoris muscle: tear or impingement? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(6):W379. author reply W380-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Gujar S, Vikani S, Parmar J, Bondre KV. A correlation between femoral neck shaft angle to femoral neck length. Int J Biomed Adv Res. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbar.v4i5.354. ISSN: 2229-3809 (Online).

  126. Bredella MA, Azevedo DC, Oliveira AL, Simeone FJ, Chang CY, Stubbs AJ, Torriani M. Pelvic morphology in ischiofemoral impingement. Skelet Radiol. 2015;44(2):249–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Stevens PM, Coleman SS. Coxa breva: its pathogenesis and a rationale for its management. J Pediatr Orthop. 1985;5(5):515–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Sussman WI, Han E, Schuenke MD. Quantitative assessment of the ischiofemoral space and evidence of degenerative changes in the quadratus femoris muscle. Surg Radiol Anat. 2013;35:273–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Delaunay S, Dussault RG, Kaplan PA, Alford BA. Radiographic measurements of dysplastic adult hips. Skelet Radiol. 1997;26(2):75–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Tomás A, Domínguez R, Veras M, Roche S, Merino X, Pineda U. Ischiofemoral impingement: spectrum of findings. European Congress of Radiology, 2013/C-1005. Scientific exhibit. https://doi.org/10.1594/ecr2013/C-1005.

  131. De Sa D, Alradwan H, Cargnelli S, Thawer Z, Simunovic N, Cadet E, Bonin N, Larson C, Ayeni OR. Extra-articular hip impingement: a systematic review examining operative treatment of psoas, subspine, ischiofemoral, and greater trochanteric/pelvic impingement. Arthroscopy. 2014;30(8):1026–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Tsatalas T, Giakas G, Spyropoulos G. The effects of muscle damage on walking biomechanics are speed-dependent. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;110(5):977–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Vital JM, García Suárez A, Sauri Barraza JC. Sagittal balance in spine disorders. Rev Ortop Traumatol. 2006;50:447–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Miokovic T, Armbrecht G, Felsenberg D, Belavy DL. Differential atrophy of the postero-lateral hip musculature during prolonged bedrest and the influence of exercise countermeasures. J Appl Physiol. 2011;110(4):926–34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  135. Hayat Z, Konan S, Pollock R. Ischiofemoral impingement resulting from a chronic avulsion injury of the hamstrings. BMJ Case Rep. 2014;25:bcr2014204017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Singer AD, Subhawong TK, Jose J, Tresley J, Clifford PD. Ischiofemoral impingement syndrome: a meta-analysis. Skelet Radiol. 2015;44(6):831–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  137. Viala P, Vanel D, Larbi A, Cyteval C, Laredo JD. Bilateral ischiofemoral impingement in a patient with hereditary multiple exostoses. Skelet Radiol. 2012;41(12):1637–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Mehta M, White LM, Knapp T, Kandel RA, Wunder JS, Bell RS. MR imaging of symptomatic osteochondromas with pathological correlation. Skelet Radiol. 1998;27(8):427–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Uri DS, Dalinka MK, Kneeland JB. Muscle impingement: MR imaging of a painful complication of osteochondromas. Skelet Radiol. 1996;25(7):689–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Patti JW, Ouellette H, Bredella MA, Torriani M. Impingement of lesser trochanter on ischium as a potential cause for hip pain. Skelet Radiol. 2008;37:939–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Backer MW, Lee KS, Blankenbaker DG, Kijowski R, Keene JS. Correlation of ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection of the quadratus femoris with MRI findings of ischiofemoral impingement. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;203(3):589–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Kim WJ, Shin HY, Koo GH, Park HG, Ha YC, Park YH. Ultrasound-guided Prolotherapy with Polydeoxyribonucleotide sodium in Ischiofemoral impingement syndrome. Pain Pract. 2014;14(7):649–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Blankenbaker DG, Tuite MJ. Non-femoroacetabular impingement. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2013;17(3):279–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Monahan E, Shimada K. Verifying the effectiveness of a computer- aided navigation system for arthroscopic hip surgery. Westwood JD, Haluck RS, Hoffman HM, et al. medicine meets virtual reality 16–parallel, combinatorial, convergent: Nextmed by design. Stud Health Technol Informl. 2008;132:302–7.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Lee S, Kim I, Lee SM, Lee J. Ischiofemoral impingement syndrome. Ann Rehabil Med. 2013;37(1):143–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Ata AM, Yavuz H, Kaymak B, Ozcan HN, Ergen B, Ozçakar L. Ischiofemoral impingement revisited: what physiatrists need to know in short. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;93(12):1104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Cho KH, Lee SM, Lee YH, Suh KJ, Kim SM, Shin MJ, Jang HW. Non-infectious ischiogluteal bursitis: MRI findings. Korean J Radiol. 2004;5(4):280–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  148. Robinson P, White LM, Agur A, Wunder J, Bell RS. Obturator externus bursa: anatomic origin and MR imaging features of pathologic involvement. Radiology. 2003;228(1):230–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Stibbe EP. Complete absence of the quadratus femoris. Anatomical notes. J Anat. 1929;64(Pt 1):97.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. O’Brien SD, Bui-Mansfield LT. MRI of quadratus femoris muscle tear: another cause of hip pain. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189(5):1185–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Klinkert P Jr, Porte RJ, de Rooij TP, de Vries AC. Quadratus femoris tendinitis as a cause of groin pain. Br J Sports Med. 1997;31(4):348–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  152. Lewis PB, Ruby D, Bush-Joseph CA. Muscle soreness and delayed-onset muscle soreness. Clin Sports Med. 2012;31(2):255–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Linklater JM, Hamilton B, Carmichael J, Orchard J, Wood DG. Hamstring injuries: anatomy, imaging, and intervention. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2010;14(2):131–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Valle X, Tol JL, Hamilton B. Hamstring muscle injuries, a rehabilitation protocol purpose. Asian J Sports Med. 2015;6(4):e25411.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  155. Heiderscheit BC, Sherry MA, Silder A. Hamstring strain injuries: recommendations for diagnosis, rehabilitation, and injury prevention. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40(2):67–81.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  156. Hodgson RJ, O’Connor PJ, Grainger AJ. Tendon and ligament imaging. Br J Radiol. 2012;85(1016):1157–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Lempainen L, Sarimo J, Mattila K, Heikkilä J, Orava S, Puddu G. Distal tears of the hamstring muscles: review of the literature and our results of surgical treatment. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(2):80–3. discussion 83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Broadley P, Offiah AC. Hip and groin pain in the child athlete. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2014;18(5):478–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Izadpanah K, Jaeger M, Maier D, Südkamp NP, Ogon P. Preoperative planning of calcium deposit removal in calcifying tendinitis of the rotator cuff – possible contribution of computed tomography, ultrasound and conventional X-ray. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:385.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  160. Gosens T, Hofstee DJ. Calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder: advances in imaging and management. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2009;11(2):129–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Pfirrmann CW, Chung CB, Theumann NH, Trudell DJ, Resnick D. Greater trochanter of the hip: attachment of the abductor mechanism and a complex of three bursae-MR imaging and MR bursography in cadavers and MR imaging in asymptomatic volunteers. Radiology. 2001;221:469–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Woodley SJ, Mercer SR, Nicholson HD. Morphology of the bursae associated with the greater trochanter of the femur. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(2):284–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Swezey RL. Obturator internus bursitis: a common factor in low back pain. Orthopedics. 1993;16:783–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Hruby S, Ebmer J, Dellon AL, Aszmann OC. Anatomy of pudendal nerve at urogenital diaphragm – new critical site for nerve entrapment. Urology. 2005;66(5):949–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Martinoli C, Miguel-Perez M, Padua L. Imaging of neuropathies about the hip. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82(1):17–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Loukas M, Louis RG, Hallner B, et al. Anatomical and surgical considerations of the sacrotuberous ligament and its relevance in pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome. Surg Radiol Anat. 2006;28:163–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Filler AG. Diagnosis and treatment of pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome subtypes: imaging, injections and minimal access surgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2009;26:1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Hough DM, Wittenberg KH, Pawlina W, et al. Chronic perineal pain caused by pudendal nerve entrapment: anatomy and CT-guided perineural injection technique. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:561–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Stecco A, Gilliar W, Hill R, Fullerton B, Stecco C. The anatomical and functional relation between gluteus maximus and fascia lata. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2013;17(4):512–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Thomason HC 3rd, Bos GD, Renner JB. Calcifying tendinitis of the gluteus maximus. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2001;30(10):757–8.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Kim HT, Ahn JM, Hur JO, Lee JS, Cheon SJ. Reconstruction of acetabular posterior wall fractures. Clin Orthop Surg. 2011;3(2):114–20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Diagnóstico Médico Cantabria (DMC), Musculoskeletal Radiology, Santander, Cantabria, Spain

    Moisés Fernández Hernando MD & Luis Cerezal MD, PhD

  2. Clínica Mompia, Orthopedic Surgery Department, Santa Cruz de Bezana, Cantabria, Spain

    Luis Pérez-Carro MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Moisés Fernández Hernando MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Luis Pérez-Carro MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Luis Cerezal MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medical and Research Director, Hip Preservation Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Hal D. Martin

  2. International Consultant, Hip Preservation Center / Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Juan Gómez-Hoyos

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hernando, M.F., Pérez-Carro, L., Cerezal, L. (2019). Imaging Assessment in Posterior Hip Pathology. In: Martin, H., Gómez-Hoyos, J. (eds) Posterior Hip Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78040-5_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78040-5_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-78038-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-78040-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation