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Adaptation of Crops to Warmer Climates: Morphological and Physiological Mechanisms

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Sustainable Solutions for Food Security

Abstract

Increased surface temperature is one of the major reasons for reduced crop productivity in many parts of the world. Response to elevated temperature varies among crop species—a certain threshold temperature has been determined for each crop above which it suffers yield losses. Thus, some crop species, e.g. summer crops (cotton, rice, sorghum), are considered relatively more tolerant to high temperature than winter crops (wheat, barley, chickpeas, faba bean). Heat-induced yield penalties in crops are the result of inhibited vegetative growth or impaired reproductive development. High temperature can cause cellular injury, leading to catastrophic collapse of cellular organization and functioning and ultimately, growth inhibition. Similarly, reproductive structures, especially pollen are highly sensitive to elevated temperatures and a heat shock event at reproductive phase impairs fertilisation and consequently increases fruit or seed abortion. Tolerance to high temperature is associated with a range of physiological and morphological adaptations in plants. For example, plants can tolerate heat-induced damage through foliar orientation, stomatal regulation and stimulation of antioxidative defence systems. These adaptive mechanisms are regulated by stress responsive genes, encoding for specific proteins, e.g. heat shock proteins, which enable plants to survive under extreme environments. This chapter discusses various adaptive, avoidance and acclimation mechanisms of heat tolerance in plants. It also highlights the breeding and management techniques used for inducing heat stress tolerance in crop plants.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Plant Science, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia

    Ullah Najeeb

  2. The University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia

    Ullah Najeeb & Daniel K. Y. Tan

  3. Agronomic Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Sarwar

  4. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Shafaqat Ali

Authors
  1. Ullah Najeeb
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  2. Daniel K. Y. Tan
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  3. Muhammad Sarwar
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  4. Shafaqat Ali
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Correspondence to Ullah Najeeb .

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  1. Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University, St Johns, NL, Canada

    Atanu Sarkar

  2. KPMG, New Delhi, India

    Suman Ranjan Sensarma

  3. School of Environmental Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

    Gary W. vanLoon

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Najeeb, U., Tan, D.K.Y., Sarwar, M., Ali, S. (2019). Adaptation of Crops to Warmer Climates: Morphological and Physiological Mechanisms. In: Sarkar, A., Sensarma, S., vanLoon, G. (eds) Sustainable Solutions for Food Security . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77878-5_2

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