Abstract
This chapter considers the responsibility of school authorities for the physical, mental and emotional harm suffered by their pupils. It examines the potential for school liability for physical injury within the duty of care owed in the tort of negligence and the approach of the courts to what may reasonably be expected of educators particularly in light of civil liability legislation. It then considers the parameters of school liability for psychiatric harm caused by the intentional acts of others, such as bullying, cyberbullying and sexual abuse. It touches on developing initiatives towards practising citizenship and restorative practice aimed at reducing many of the threats to young people by school cultures characterised by respect and responsibility.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anders, J. (2015). Keeping kids in school and out of court: A study of education – Youth justice collaboration in the US, Scotland and Denmark. Canberra: Winston Churchill Memorial Trust of Australia.
Australia Capital Territory Schools Authority v El Sheik (2000) FCA 931 (11 July 2000).
Bazley v Curry. (1999). 2 SCR 534.
Belsey, B. (2007). Always on, always aware! bullying.org. 17 January www.cyberbullying.ca
Buckley, S., & Maxwell, G. (2007). Respectful schools: Restorative practices in education a summary report. Office of the Children’s Commissioner and the Institute of Policy Studies, School of Government, Victoria University, Wellington.
Bujnowicz v Trustees Roman Catholic Church [2005] NSWCA 457.
Catholic Education Office Archdiocese of Melbourne, Student Wellbeing Central to Learning and School Improvement. (2007, October). http://web.spgww.catholic.edu.au/documents/policies/restorativejusticeresearch.pdf
Commonwealth v Introvigne. (1982). 150 CLR 258.
Cox v New South Wales [2007] NSWCA 471.
Deatons Pty Ltd v Flew (1949) 79 CLR 370.
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562.
Dwyer, A., & Easteal, P. (2013). Cyber bullying in Australian schools: The question of negligence and liability. Alternative Law Journal, 38(2), 92.
Fallas v Mourlas [2006] NSWCA 32.
Fronius, et al. (2016). Restorative justice in US schools: A research review. San Francisco: Wested Justice and Prevention Research Centre.
Gregory v New South Wales [2009] NSWSC 559.
H v Pennell and South Australia. (1987). 46 SASR 158.
Hayden, A. (2001). Restorative conferencing manual of Aotearoa New Zealand. Wellington: Department for Courts.
Hill v Van Erp. (1997). 188 CLR 159.
Ipp, J. (2002). Report of the panel for the review of the law of negligence (the Ipp report). http:revofneg.treasury.gov.au/content/reports.asp
Kretschmar v Queensland. (1989). Aust Torts Reports ¶80–272.
Lisa Eskinazi v Victoria (County Court (Vic), Lewitan J, No 06471/99, 20 June 2003, unreported).
Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd [2002] 1 AC 215.
Mazerolle, P., Legosz, M., & Finighan, P. Weapons in schools in Queensland: The nature, causes and responses (2011) Griffith University, Brisbane. www.behaviour.education.qld.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/.../weapons-in-schools.pdf
Miller v South Australia. (1980). 24 SASR 416.
Morrison, B., & Vaandering, D. (2012). Restorative justice: Pedagogy, praxis, and discipline. Journal of School Violence, 11(2), 138.
New South Wales v Lepore. (2003). 195 ALR 412; Samin v Queensland and Rich v Queensland (2003) 195 ALR 412.
Osher, D., Bear, G., Sprague, J., & Doyle, W. (2010). How can we improve school discipline? Educational Researcher, 39(1), 48.
Oyston v St Patrick’s College (No 2) [2013] NSWCA 310.
Pelletier, R., Handal, B., Khalil, J., & Francis, T. (2015). Cyberbullying – When does a school authority’s liability in Tort end? The Western Australian Jurist, 6, 93.
Perry-Hazan, L., & Birnhack, M. (2016). The hidden human rights curriculum of surveillance cameras in schools: Due process, privacy and trust. Cambridge Journal of Education, 48(1), 47–64.
Prince Alfred College Incorporated v ADC [2016] HCA 37.
Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales v Dederer. (2007). 234 CLR 330.
Rooney, T. (2010). Trusting children: How do surveillance technologies alter a child’s experience of trust, risk and responsibility? Surveillance & Society, 7(3/4), 344.
Salmond, J. (1907). Salmond on Torts (1st ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell. Schools should be sued for cyberbullying: Experts. Sydney Morning Herald, August 15 2013.
Shariff, S., & Hoff, D. L. (2007). Cyberbullying: Clarifying the legal boundaries for school supervision in cyberspace. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 1(1), 76.
St Mark’s Orthodox Coptic College v Abraham [2007] NSWCA 185.
Sullivan, A., Johnson, B., Owens, L., & Conway, R. (2014). Punish them or engage them? Teachers’ views of unproductive student behaviours in the classroom. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 39(6), 43.
Trustees of the Roman Catholic Church for the Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn v Hadba [2005] HCA 31.
Uniting Church in Australia Property Trust (NSW) v Miller, Miller v Lithgow City Council [2015] NSWCA 320.
Varnham, S. (2015, November). The role of Catholic schools in Australia in educating for human rights and social justice: An overview. Paper presented at the annual conference of the European education law association, within educating for today and tomorrow: A renewing passion, The World Catholic Education Congress, The Vatican, 18–21. (International Journal of Education Law and Policy Special Issue forthcoming).
Varnham, S., Evers, M., & Booth, T. (2014–2015a). Valuing their voices: Encouraging responsibility and citizenship through student participation in school decision making. International Journal of Law and Education, 19(2) & 20(1), 23.
Varnham, S., Evers, M., Booth, T., & Avgoustinos, C. (2014–2015b). Democracy in schools: Encouraging responsibility and citizenship through student participation in school decision making. International Journal of Law and Education, 19(1) & 20(1), 73.
Watson v Haines. (1987). Aust Torts reports 80–094.
Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) 146 CLR 40.
Wyong Shire Council v Vairy [2004] NSWCA 247.
X (minors) v Bedfordshire County Council; M (a minor) and another v Newham London Borough Council and others; E (a minor) v Dorset County Council; and other appeals [1995] 2 AC 633.
Zehr, H. (1990). Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice. Herald Press: North Dakota.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Varnham, S. (2018). Risk and Responsibility: Liability of School Authorities for Harm to Pupils. In: Trimmer, K., Dixon, R., S. Findlay, Y. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Education Law for Schools. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77751-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77751-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77750-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-77751-1
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)