Skip to main content

International Perspectives

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Cancer Survivorship

Abstract

Cancer incidence is on the rise across the globe, and so too are the numbers of individuals living through and beyond cancer. Although progress has been made in the past decade shifting cancer from an acute to chronic illness requiring ongoing care, cancer survivorship remains a significant health concern across the globe (despite the reality that there still are many countries that are limited in their ability to identify and treat cancer). There are clear disparities in the ability to provide care to cancer survivors in the developed and the developing nations. This chapter reviews the socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental factors that impact a country’s ability to deliver survivorship care that is well organized, comprehensive, and culturally sensitive to survivors’ needs within a global context. The roles of healthcare systems, societal responses, cancer care, and survivorship care models across certain countries are highlighted. Despite efforts to advance cancer survivorship care, there is still a critical need to expand access to survivorship care globally through additional financial and human resources, greater international collaboration, research related to providing evidence-based care, and the reduction of fragmentation in care delivery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic that is composed of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators. A high HDI indicates that a country has a high life expectancy at birth, a longer period of education, and a higher income per capita.

References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cancer Prevention and Control 2017. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/international/statistics.htm.

  2. Ferlay JSI, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr

    Google Scholar 

  3. World Cancer Research Fund International. Comparing more & less developed countries. 2017. Available from: http://www.wcrf.org/int/cancer-facts-figures/comparing-more-less-developed-countries.

  4. Bray F, Ren JS, Masuyer E, Ferlay J. Global estimates of cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult population in 2008. Int J Cancer. 2013;132(5):1133–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Parkin D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55(2):74–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(2):87–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Istituto Superiore di Sanità. EUROCARE-6: Cancer registry based project on survival and care of cancer patients in Europe Rome, Italy. 2017. Available from: http://www.eurocare.it/Eurocare6/tabid/92/Default.aspx.

  8. Wendt C. Mapping European healthcare systems: a comparative analysis of financing, service provision and access to healthcare. J Eur Soc Policy. 2009;19(5):432–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Rowland JH, Kent EE, Forsythe LP, Loge JH, Hjorth L, Glaser A, et al. Cancer survivorship research in Europe and the United States: where have we been, where are we going, and what can we learn from each other? Cancer. 2013;119(S11):2094–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. World Health Organization. World Health Organization assesses the world’s health systems 2000. Available from: http://www.who.int/whr/2000/media_centre/press_release/en/.

  11. Ellis RP, Chen T, Luscombe CE. Comparisons of health insurance systems in developed countries. Encyclopedia of health economics. New York: Elsevier; 2014. p. 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  12. World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2016: monitoring health for the SDGs sustainable development goals: World Health Organization; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Patient protection and affordable care act. Public Law. 2010;111(148):1.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Andaleeb SS. Service quality perceptions and patient satisfaction: a study of hospitals in a developing country. Soc Sci Med. 2001;52(9):1359–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sankaranarayanan R, Swaminathan R, Jayant K, Brenner H. An overview of cancer survival in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and Central America: the case for investment in cancer health services. IARC Sci Publ. 2011;162:257–91.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sankaranarayanan R, Swaminathan R, Brenner H, Chen K, Chia K, Chen J, et al. Cancer survival in Africa, Asia, and Central America: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(2):165–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Goss PE, Strasser-Weippl K, Lee-Bychkovsky BL, Fan L, Li J, Chavarri-Guerra Y, et al. Challenges to effective cancer control in China, India, and Russia. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(5):489–538.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yeo SS, Meiser B, Barlow-Stewart K, Goldstein D, Tucker K, Eisenbruch M. Understanding community beliefs of Chinese-Australians about cancer: initial insights using an ethnographic approach. Psycho-Oncology. 2005;14(3):174–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Pramesh C, Badwe RA, Borthakur BB, Chandra M, Raj EH, Kannan T, et al. Delivery of affordable and equitable cancer care in India. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(6):e223–e33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Sankaranarayanan R. Cancer prevention and care in India: an unfinished agenda. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(6):554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Collingridge D. Three countries—half of the global cancer burden. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(5):483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Wagner EH, Austin BT, Davis C, Hindmarsh M, Schaefer J, Bonomi A. Improving chronic illness care: translating evidence into action. Health Aff. 2001;20(6):64–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. World Health Organization. Manual on the prevention and control of common cancers. Manila: WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hewitt M, Greenfield S, Stoval E, editors. From cancer patient to cancer survivor. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Brearley S, Stamataki Z, Addington-Hall J, Foster C, Hodges L, Jarrett N, et al. The physical and practical problems experienced by cancer survivors: a rapid review and synthesis of the literature. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2011;15(3):204–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Burg MA, Adorno G, Lopez ED, Loerzel V, Stein K, Wallace C, et al. Current unmet needs of cancer survivors: analysis of open-ended responses to the American Cancer Society Study of Cancer Survivors II. Cancer. 2015;121(4):623–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Rosedale M, Fu MR, editors. Confronting the unexpected: temporal, situational, and attributive dimensions of distressing symptom experience for breast cancer survivors. Oncology nursing forum; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(1):7–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Comprehensive Cancer Control Program (NCCCP). 2017. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/ncccp/what_is_cccp.htm.

  30. World Health Organization. Cancer control: a global snapshot in 2015 summary of results from the 2015 WHO NCD Country Capacity Survey. 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Jefford M, Rowland J, Grunfeld E, Richards M, Maher J, Glaser A. Implementing improved post-treatment care for cancer survivors in England, with reflections from Australia, Canada and the USA. Br J Cancer. 2013;108(1):14–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Initiative NCS. Innovation to implementation: stratified pathways of care for people living with or beyond cancer-“a how to guide.”. London: NHS; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Maher EJ. Managing the consequences of cancer treatment and the English National Cancer Survivorship Initiative. Acta Oncol. 2013;52(2):225–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Richardson A, Addington-Hall J, Amir Z, Foster C, Stark D, Armes J, et al. Knowledge, ignorance and priorities for research in key areas of cancer survivorship: findings from a scoping review. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(Suppl 1):S82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Elliott J, Fallows A, Staetsky L, Smith P, Foster C, Maher E, et al. The health and well-being of cancer survivors in the UK: findings from a population-based survey. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(Suppl 1):S11–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. NHS England. Implementing the cancer taskforce recommendations: commissioning person centred care for people affected by cancer. 2016. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/cancer-guid-v1.pdf.

  37. Jefford M, Kinnane N, Howell P, Nolte L, Galetakis S, Bruce Mann G, et al. Implementing novel models of posttreatment care for cancer survivors: enablers, challenges and recommendations. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2015;11(4):319–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Limited Cancer Survivorship Country Profile Germany. 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Rick O, Kalusche E-M, Dauelsberg T, König V, Korsukéwitz C, Seifart U. Reintegrating cancer patients into the workplace. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2012;109(42):702.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. OECD.org. Cancer care: assuring quality to improve survival country note: Germany. 2013. https://www.oecd.org/els/health-systems/Cancer-Care-Germany-2013.pdf.

  41. German Cancer Society. Health Policy. 2017. Available from: https://www.krebsgesellschaft.de/gcs/german-cancer-society/health-policy.html.

  42. Schilling G, Niebling W, Mack-Hennes A, Arnold D. Cancer survivorship in Germany: education of GPS—why and how? J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(3_suppl):97–.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Nielsen J, Palshof T, Mainz J, Jensen A, Olesen F. Randomised controlled trial of a shared care programme for newly referred cancer patients: bridging the gap between general practice and hospital. Qual Saf Health Care. 2003;12(4):263–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Chait I, Glynne-Jones R, Thomas S. A pilot study exploring the effect of discharging cancer survivors from hospital follow-up on the workload of general practitioners. Br J Gen Pract. 1998;48(430):1241–3.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. de Rooij BH, Ezendam NPM, Nicolaije KAH, Vos MC, Pijnenborg JMA, Boll D, et al. Factors influencing implementation of a survivorship care plan—a quantitative process evaluation of the ROGY care trial. J Cancer Surviv. 2017;11(1):64–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Maly RC, Liang L-J, Liu Y, Griggs JJ, Ganz PA. Randomized controlled trial of survivorship care plans among low-income, predominantly Latina breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35(16):1814–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Dalton S, Johansen C. New paradigms in planning cancer rehabilitation and survivorship. Acta Oncol. 2013;52(2):191–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Aaronson NK, Mattioli V, Minton O, Weis J, Johansen C, Dalton SO, et al. Beyond treatment – psychosocial and behavioural issues in cancer survivorship research and practice. Eur J Cancer Suppl. 2014;12(1):54–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Braun TC, Hagen NA, Smith C, Summers N. Oncologists and family physicians. Using a standardized letter to improve communication. Can Fam Phys. 2003;49(7):882–6.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Canadian Cancer Research Alliance. Pan-Canadian framework for cancer survivorship research. Toronto; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Victorian Cancer Survivorship Program. 2017. Available from: https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/about/health-strategies/cancer-care/cancer-projects/victorian-cancer-survivorship-program.

  52. Clinical Oncology Society of Australia. Clinical Oncology Society of Australia Model of Survivorship Care Working Group Model of Survivorship Care: Critical Components of Cancer Survivorship Care in Australia Position Statement. 2016. Available from: https://www.cosa.org.au/media/332340/cosa-model-of-survivorship-care-full-version-final-20161107.pdf.

  53. Clinical Oncology Society of Australia (COSA) COSA Model of Cancer Survivorship Care Consumer Consultation Workshop Report, Sydney, Australia; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Principles of Cancer Survivorship. 2017. Available from: https://canceraustralia.gov.au/system/tdf/publications/principles-cancer-survivorship/pdf/pocs_-_principles_of_cancer_survivorship.pdf?file=1&type=node&id=5341.

  55. Girgis A, Butow P, editors. Cancer survivorship: research priorities at the national and international levels. Cancer Forum; 2009: The Cancer Council Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Emery JD, Jefford M, King M, Hayne D, Martin A, Doorey J, et al. ProCare trial: a phase II randomized controlled trial of shared care for follow-up of men with prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2017;119(3):381–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Eakin EG, Hayes SC, Haas MR, Reeves MM, Vardy JL, Boyle F, et al. Healthy living after cancer: a dissemination and implementation study evaluating a telephone-delivered healthy lifestyle program for cancer survivors. BMC Cancer. 2015;15(1):992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Chan A, Lum ZK, Ng T, Eyob T, Wang XJ, Chae J-W, et al. Perceptions and barriers of survivorship care in Asia: perceptions from Asian breast cancer survivors. J Global Oncol. 2017;3(2):98–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Bedi M, Devins GM. Cultural considerations for South Asian women with breast cancer. J Cancer Surviv. 2016;10(1):31–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Lawrence RA, McLoone JK, Wakefield CE, Cohn RJ. Primary care physicians’ perspectives of their role in cancer care: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(10):1222–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Puglisi F, Agostinetto E, Gerratana L, Bozza C, Cancian M, Iannelli E, et al. Caring for cancer survivors: perspectives of oncologists, general practitioners and patients in Italy. Future Oncol. 2017;13(3):233–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Folland S, Goodman AC, Stano M. The economics of health and health care. Routledge: Pearson International Edition; 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  63. The World Bank Group. Health expenditure per capita (current US$). 2017. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PCAP.

  64. The GLOBOCAN Project. Online Analysis, prediction. The GLOBOCAN Project 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Zeng H, Zheng R, Guo Y, Zhang S, Zou X, Wang N, et al. Cancer survival in China, 2003–2005: a population-based study. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(8):1921–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. China Cancer Rehabilitation Society. China Cancer Rehabilitation Society (CCRS) 2017. Updated May 19. Available from: http://www.ccrs2010.org/%E5%9B%A2%E4%BD%93%E4%BC%9A%E5%91%98%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D/.

  67. Shanghai Cancer Recovery Club. Shanghai Cancer Recovery Club (SCRC). Shanghai Cancer Recovery Club (SCRC). 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Wang J, Yuan Z, Luo Z, Yu J. Psychosocial behavioral intervention of Shanghai Cancer Recovery Club. Shanghai J Prevent Med. 2016;28(10):752–3.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Kong X, Yang Y, Gao J, Guan J, Liu Y, Wang R, et al. Overview of the health care system in Hong Kong and its referential significance to mainland China. J Chin Med Assoc. 2015;78(10):569–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Lam W, Wong S, Bu S, Fielding R. Supportive care needs and physical and psychological wellbeing in breast cancer survivors: a Hong Kong perspective. Eur J Cancer. 2016;60:e7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Au A, Lam W, Tsang J, Yau TK, Soong I, Yeo W, et al. Supportive care needs in Hong Kong Chinese women confronting advanced breast cancer. Psycho-Oncology. 2013;22(5):1144–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Chan CW, Choi KC, Chien WT, Cheng KK, Goggins W, So WK, et al. Health-related quality-of-life and psychological distress of young adult survivors of childhood cancer in Hong Kong. Psycho-Oncology. 2014;23(2):229–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Powell M, Anesaki M. Health care in Japan: Routledge; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Stewart BW, Kleihues P. World cancer report. Lyon: IARC Press; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Nakamura S, Narimatsu H, Sho R, Kawasaki R, Yamashita H, Kubota I, et al. Health management in cancer survivors: findings from a population-based prospective cohort study—the Yamagata study (Takahata). Cancer Sci. 2015;106(11):1607–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. International Cancer Information Service Group. Available from: http://icisg.org/.

  77. Jacobs LA, Shulman LN. Series: follow-up care of cancer survivors: challenges and solutions. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:e19–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Nekhlyudov L, Ganz PA, Arora NK, Rowland JH. Going beyond being lost in transition: a decade of progress in cancer survivorship. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:1978–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Richards M, Corner J, Maher J. The National Cancer Survivorship Initiative: new and emerging evidence on the ongoing needs of cancer survivors. Br J Cancer. 2011;105(Suppl 1):S1–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patricia A. Findley .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Findley, P.A., Jefford, M., Johanssen, C., Cheng, A.S.K. (2018). International Perspectives. In: Feuerstein, M., Nekhlyudov, L. (eds) Handbook of Cancer Survivorship. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77432-9_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77432-9_20

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77430-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-77432-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics