Abstract
Early humans evolved some five to six million years ago, and from the last common grandmother of humans and chimpanzees around 2.5 million years ago, the genus homo arose with the development of stone tools.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abramov, O., & Mojzsis, S. J. (2009). Microbial habitability of the Hadean Earth during the late heavy bombardment. Nature, 459, 419–422.
Algaze, G. (2008). Ancient Mesopotamia at the dawn of civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Andrews, P. (2015). An Ape’s view of human evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Boesch, C., & Tomasello, M. (1998). Chimpanzee and human cultures. Current Anthropology, 39(5), 591–614.
Bolt, J., Trimmer, M., & van Zanden, J. L. (2014). GDP per capita since 1820. In J. L. Van Zanden, J. Baten, M. M. d’Ercole, A. Rijpma, C. Smith, & M. Timmer (Eds.), How was life? Global well-being since 1820. Paris: OECD.
Boyden, S. (2004). The biology of civilisation. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
Brown, L. R. (1970). Seeds of change. New York: Praeger Publishers.
Caldwell, J. C. (2002). The contemporary population challenge. In Report of the Expert Group Committee meeting on completing the fertility transition. New York: United Nations.
Cartmill, M., & Smith, F. H. (2009). The human lineage. London: Wiley.
Catling, D. C. (2014). The great oxidation event transition. In H. Holland & K. Turekian (Eds.), Treatise on geochemistry, Vol. 6: Atmosphere—History (pp. 177–195). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Chatterjee, H. J., Ho, S. Y. W., Barnes, I., & Groves, C. (2009). Estimating the phylogeny and divergence times of primates using a super matrix approach. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9, 259. Retrieved May 16, 2016, from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles?PMC2774700.
Cohen, K. M., Finney, S. C., Gibbard, P. L., & Fan, J.-K. (2013). The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart. Episodes, 36, 199–204. Retrieved March 18, 2015, from www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostartChart2014-10.pdf.
Copley, S. D., Smith, E., & Morowitz, H. J. (2007). The origin of the RNBA world: Co-evolution of genes and metabolism. Bioorganic Chemistry, 35, 430–443.
Danzer, G. A. (2000). Atlas of human history. Ann Arbor: Borders Group Inc.
Dauphas, N., & Morbidelli, A. (2014). Geochemical and planetary dynamic views on the origin of earth’s atmosphere and the oceans. In H. Holland & K. Turekian (Eds.), Treatise on geochemistry. Atmosphere—History (Vol. 6, pp. 1–35). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Diamond, J. (1997). Guns, germs, and steel. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
Galli, M. T., Jadoul, F., Bernasconi, S. M., & Weissert, H. (2005). Anomalies in global carbon cycling and extinction at Triassic/Jurassic boundary: Evidence from a marine C-isotope record. Palaeogeography, Palaeochemistry, Palaeoecology, 216(3–4), 203–214.
Gelbard, A., Haub, C., & Kent, M. M. (1999). World population beyond six billion. Population Bulletin, 54(1), 1–44.
Gibbons, A. (2011). Who were the Denisovans? Science, 333, 84–108.
Glazko, G. V., & Nei, M. (2003). Estimation of divergence times for major lineages of primate species. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 20(3), 424–434.
Goldewijk, K. K. (2014). Environmental quality since 1820. In J. L. Van Zanden, J. Baten, M. M. d’Ercole, A. Rijpma, C. Smith, & M. Timmer (Eds.), How was life? Global well-being since 1820. Paris: OECD.
Harari, Y. N. (2015). Sapiens: A brief history of humankind. New York: Harper.
Kirch, P. V. (1985). Feathered goods and fishhooks; an introduction to Hawaiian archaeology and prehistory. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Kravis, I. B., Heston, A. & Summers, R. (1982). World product and income—International comparison of real gross product. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lancaster, H. O. (1990). Expectations of life. New York: Springer.
Maddison, A. (2003). The world economy: Historical statistics. Paris: OECD.
McCaa, R. (2002). Paleodemography of the Americas: From ancient times to colonialism and beyond. In R. Seckel & J. Rose (Eds.), The Backbone of history: Health and nutrition in the western hemisphere (pp. 94–124). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McNeill, W. H. (1976). Plagues and people. New York: Anchor Books.
Morwood, M. J., O’Sullivan, P. B., Aziz, F., & Raza, A. (1998). Fissions-track ages of stone tools and fossils on the east Indonesia island of Flores. Nature, 392(6672), 173–176.
Murphy, J. B., Nance, R. D., & Cawood, P. A. (2009). Contrasting modes of supercontinent formation and the conundrum of Pangea. Gondwana Research, 15, 408–420.
Murphy, M. A., & Salvador, A. (Undated). International stratigraphic guide—An abridged version. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved March 18, 2015, from www.stratigraphy.org.bak/guide/abgui.hmt.
Noffke, N., Christian, D., Wacey, D., & Hazen, R. M. (2013). Microbially induced sedimentary structures recording and ancient ecosystem in the c.a. 3.48 billion-year old dresser formation, Pilbara, Western Australia. Astrobiology, 13(12), 1103–1124.
Paabo, S. (2014). Neanderthal man: In search of lost genomes. New York: Basic Books.
Palmer, D., Brasier, M., Burnie, D., Cleal, C., Crane, P., Thomas, B. A., et al. (2012). Prehistoric life. New York: DK Publishing.
Poston, D., & Bouvier, L. (2017). Population and society; an introduction to demography (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reich, D., Patterson, N., Kircher, M., Delfin, F., Nandineni, M. R., Pugach, I., et al. (2011). Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89, 516–528.
Roebroeks, W., & Villa, P. (2011). On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(13). Retrieved May 22, 2016, from www.pas.or/content/108/13/5209.
Royer, D. L. (2006). CO2-forced climate thresholds during the Phanerozoic. Geochimia et Cosmochimia Acta, 70, 5665–5675.
Sahney, S., & Benton, M. J. (2008). Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B, 275, 759–765.
Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. New York: Anchor Books.
Spray, J. G., Kelley, S. P., & Rowley, D. B. (1998). Evidence for a late Triassic multiple impact event on earth. Nature, 392, 171–173.
Srivastava, R. P. (2009). Morphology of primates and human evolution. New Delhi: PHI Learning.
Stringer, C., & Andrews, P. (2011). The complete world of human evolution (2nd ed.). London: Thames & Hudson.
Summons, R. E., & Hallman, C. (2014). Organic geochemical signatures of early life on earth. In H. Holland & K. Turekian (Eds.), Treatise on geochemistry. Organic Geochemistry (Vol. 12, pp. 33–46). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Sutikna, T., Tocheri, M. W., Morwood, M. J., Saptomo, E. W., Jatmiko, Awe, R. D., Wasisto, S., et al. (2016). Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia. Nature, 532, 366–369.
United Nations (UN). (1999). The world at six billion. New York.
United Nations (UN). (2007). World population prospects—The 2006 revision. New York.
United Nations (UN). (2013). World population prospects—The 2012 revision. New York.
United Nations (UN). (2014). United Nations demographic yearbook. New York.
United Nations (UN). (2016). International migration report 2015. New York.
United Nations (UN). (2017). World population prospects—The 2017 revision. New York.
United Nations Development Program (UNDP). (2014). Human development report 2014. New York.
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (2015). Human Development Report 2015—Technical Notes. New York. Retrieved August 21, 2016, from http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi.
United Nations Development Program (UNDP). (2016). Human development report 2016. New York.
United States Census Bureau (USCB). (2013). World population—Historical estimates of the world population. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php.
Van Leeuwen, B., & van Leeuwen-Li, J. (2014). Education since 1820. In J. L. Van Zanden, J. Baten, M. M. d’Ercole, A. Rijpma, C. Smith, & M. Timmer (Eds.), How was life? Global well-being since 1820. Paris: OECD.
Wood, B., & Richmond, B. G. (2000). Human evolution: Taxonomy and paleobiology. Journal of Anatomy, 196, 19–60.
Wood, B. (2014). Fifty years after Homo habilis. Nature, 508, 31–33.
Yusuf, F., Martins, J. M., & Swanson, D. A. (2014). Methods of demographic analysis. Dordrecht: Springer.
Zhao, G., Sun, M., Wilde, S. A., & Li, S. (2004). A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: Assembly, growth and breakup. Earth-Science Reviews, 67, 91–123.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Martins, J.M., Guo, F., Swanson, D.A. (2018). Population: Survival and Growth. In: Global Population in Transition. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77362-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77362-9_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77361-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-77362-9
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)