Abstract
The chapter sums up the results of the empirical research and assesses the long-term significance of socialist internationalism. Their experience with rebuilding the Socialist International helped many socialists involved to have a brilliant career in politics and diplomacy. They belonged to a fortunate generation of political leaders who shaped post-war Europe. The transnational socialist network influenced many political questions in the decades to come. However, its importance swung back and forth and often international contacts increased nationalism and mistrust. The conclusion warns us to give paramount attention to the national context and to treat the transnational and comparative approach as an integration, not a substitute, to traditional political history. At the same time, it reaffirms the importance of the need to keep studying the regular exchange of influences between the national and international spheres of socialism.
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Notes
- 1.
C. Salm (2016) Transnational Socialist Networks in the 1970s: European Community Development Aid and Southern Enlargement (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 173–174.
- 2.
Entry, 1 September 1969, P. Nenni (1983) Diari, Vol. 3, I conti con la storia, diari 1967–1971 (Milano: SugarCo), 374.
- 3.
Entry, 23 May 1969, Nenni, I conti con la storia, 330.
- 4.
Entry, 17 June 1969, Nenni, I conti con la storia, 341. Nenni said the same thing to Tony Benn (Entry, 17 September 1975, T. Benn (1990) Against the Tide, Diaries 1973–76 (London: Arrow), 436).
- 5.
D. Healey (1952) ‘Power Politics and the Labour Party’, D. Healey (1990) When Shrimps Learn to Whistle: Signposts for the Nineties (London: Penguin), 3–18.
- 6.
D. Healey (1956) ‘Beyond Power Politics’ in Healey, When Shrimps Learn to Whistle, 19.
- 7.
D. Healey (2002) Healey’s World: Travels with My Camera (Lewes: Book Guild), 61.
- 8.
E. Costa (2018) ‘The Socialist International and Italian Social Democracy (1948–50): Cultural Differences and the “Internationalisation of Domestic Quarrels”’, Historical Research, 90, 251, 184.
- 9.
P. Van Kemseke (2006) Towards an Era of Development, The Globalization of Socialism and Christian Democracy: 1945–1965 (Leuven: Leuven University Press), 11.
- 10.
H. Wehner (1981) Wandel und Bewährung: Ausgewählte Reden und Schriften 1930–1980 (Frankfurt/M: Ullstein), 196. E. Pearce (2002) Denis Healey: A Life in Our Times (London: Little Brown), 210–218.
- 11.
S. Berger, N. LaPorte (2010) Friendly Enemies: Britain and the GDR, 1949–1990 (New York: Berghahn Books), 94–96.
- 12.
Salm, Transnational Socialist Networks in the 1970s, 20.
- 13.
M. Di Donato (2015) I comunisti italiani e la sinistra europea: il PCI e i rapporti con le socialdemocrazie (1964–1984) (Roma: Carocci), 55–66.
- 14.
M. Broad (2017) Harold Wilson, Denmark and the Making of Labour European policy (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press). K. Steinnes (2014) The British Labour Party, Transnational influences and European Community membership, 1960–1973 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner).
- 15.
Salm, Transnational Socialist Networks in the 1970s, 13.
- 16.
R. Weignleitner (1980) ‘Lebensskizze Dr Walter Wodak’, in W. Wodak, Diplomatie zwischen Parteiproporz und Weltpolitik (Graz: Styria), 5–20. B. Kuschey (2008) Die Wodaks: Exil und Rückkehr; eine Doppelbiografie (Wien: Braumüller).
- 17.
N. Glover (2011) National Relations: Public Diplomacy, National Identity and the Swedish (Lund: Nordic Academic Press), 130. C. Cook (2012) The Routledge Guide to European Political Archives: Sources since 1945 (London: Routledge), 21. N. Chomsky and E.S. Herman (1979) The Political Economy of Human Rights, Vol. 1, After the Cataclysm: Postwar Indochina and the Reconstruction of Imperial Ideology (Nottingham: Spokesman), 187–188.
- 18.
E. Fardella (2017) ‘A Significant Periphery of the Cold War: Italy-China Bilateral Relations, 1949–1989’, Cold War History, 17, 2, 181–197.
- 19.
Pearce, Denis Healey, 546–564.
- 20.
G. Devin (1993) L’Internationale socialiste: histoire et sociologie du socialisme internationale: 1945–1990 (Paris: Presses de la Fondation national des sciences politiques), 300–311.
- 21.
H. Gaitskell to G. Fay, 11 April 1956, University College London (UCL), Gaitskell, C158.16.
- 22.
R. Steininger (1979) Deutschland und die Sozialistische Internationale nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, Darstellung und Dokumentation (Bonn: Neue Gesellschaft), 98–123; 136–159.
- 23.
Gallarati Scotti to C. Sforza, 6 February 1951, in I documenti diplomatici italiani, Undicesima Serie 1948–1953, Vol. 5, 287.
- 24.
G. Devin (1996) ‘L’internationalisme des socialistes’, in M. Lazar (ed.) La gauche en Europe depuis 1945: invariants et mutations du socialisme européen (Paris: Presses de la Fondation national des sciences politiques), 427–428.
- 25.
T.C. Imlay (2016). ‘The Practice of Socialist Internationalism during the Twentieth Century’, Moving the Social, 55, 21.
- 26.
Entry, 17 September 1975, Benn, Against the tide, 437.
- 27.
D. Hanely (1983) ‘Un socialisme aux couleurs de l’Angleterre : le parti travailliste et l’Internationale Socialiste depuis 1945’, in H. Portelli (ed.), L’Internationale socialiste (Paris: Les Éditions Ouvrières), 64.
- 28.
M. Broad (2017) ’Kristian Steinnes, The British Labour Party, Transnational Influences and European Community Membership, 1960–1973’, Journal of Contemporary History, 52, 1, 183.
- 29.
See A. Gramsci (1975) Quaderni del carcere, Vol. 3 (Torino: Einaudi), 1775–1776. G. Vacca (2006) Il riformismo italiano: dalla fine della guerra fredda alle sfide future (Roma: Fazi), 7.
- 30.
J. Osterhammel (2009) ‘A ‘Transnational’ History of Society Continuity or New Departure?’ in H.-G. Haupt, J. Kock (eds), Comparative and Transnational History: Central European Approaches and New Perspectives (New York: Berghahn Books), 45–49. W. Kaiser, B. Leucht, M. Gehler (2010) ‘Transnational Networks in Regional Integration: Historical Perspectives on an Elusive Phenomenon’, in W. Kaiser, B. Leucht, M. Gehler (eds), Transnational Networks in Regional Integration: Governing Europe 1945–83 (London: Palgrave Macmillan), 1–5.
- 31.
S. Berger (2017). ‘Labour Movements in Global Historical Perspective: Conceptual Eurocentrism and its Problems’, in S. Berger, H. Nehring (eds), The History of Social Movements in Global Perspective. A survey (London: Palgrave Macmillan), 413–414.
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Costa, E. (2018). Conclusion. In: The Labour Party, Denis Healey and the International Socialist Movement. Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77347-6_9
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