Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Labour Party, Denis Healey and the International Socialist Movement pp 49–94Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Parties and People, the Labour Party and the International Socialist Network

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 236 Accesses

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements ((PSHSM))

Abstract

This chapter describes the institutions and people involved in inter-party relations and the central role of the Labour Party in the international socialist movement. It analyses the history and structure of the International Department of the Labour Party, particularly the ascent of its International Secretary, Denis Healey. It assesses how the Labour Party acted as a model for reformist socialists, but also attracted Marxists. It deals with the ambiguity and tension between the Labour Party and the Labour Government, how it influenced British foreign policy and how the International Department was involved in managing dissent and disciplinary activities. It describes the similarities and divergences of the other European socialist parties with the Labour Party and how their preferences in international socialist cooperation reflected their strategies, internal development and culture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    J. Price (1945) International Labour Movement (London: Oxford University Press), 167–173.

  2. 2.

    E. Pearce (2002) Denis Healey: A Life in our Times (London: Little Brown), 547.

  3. 3.

    W. Wodak to A. Schärf, 21 December 1945, W. Wodak (1980) Diplomatie zwischen Parteiproporz und Weltpolitik: Briefe, Dokumente und Memoranden aus dem Nachlass Walter Wodaks 1945–1950 (Salzburg: Neugebauer), 23.

  4. 4.

    F. Malfatti to P. Nenni, 14 January 1946, Fondazione Pietro Nenni (FPN), Pietro Nenni, b.31, f.1547.

  5. 5.

    J. Polasky (1995) The Democratic Socialism of Emile Vandervelde: Between Reform and Revolution (Oxford: Berg), 191–199; 215–217.

  6. 6.

    Denis Healey, who won immediate likeability by just not being him, called Gillies ‘a cantankerous Scot who distrusted foreigners and hated all Germans’ D. Healey (1990) The Time of My Life (London: Penguin), 74.

  7. 7.

    C. Collette (1998) The International Faith: Labour’s Attitude to European Socialism (Aldershot: Ashgate), 12–27; 46–62.

  8. 8.

    H.R. Winkler (2005) British Labour Seeks a Foreign Policy, 1900–1940 (New Brunswick: Transaction), 38.

  9. 9.

    R. Vickers (2003) The Labour Party and the World (Manchester: Manchester University Press), 91–92; 113.

  10. 10.

    Collette, The International Faith, 87–92.

  11. 11.

    P.J. Noel-Baker. ‘Memorandum concerning the “private and confidential” notes on the policy of German social democracy during the last world war and on the eve of the Third Reich’, [November 1941]; H. Laski to P. Noel-Baker, 19 November 1941, Labour History Archive and Study Centre, People’s History Museum, Manchester (LHASC), Labour Party (LP), International Sub-Committee, Minutes and Documents, 1941. Minutes of the meeting of the International Sub-Committee, 24 March 1942, LHASC, LP, International Sub-Committee, Minutes and Documents, 1942.

  12. 12.

    Laski and Gillies fought again in the 1943 ([William Gillies], ‘Draft Circular’; Harold J. Laski, ‘Comments on Mr. Gillies’ Draft Circular’, 22 August 1943; W. Gillies, ‘Notes in Reply to Harold J. Laski’, LHASC, LP, International Sub-Committee, Minutes and Documents, 1943).

  13. 13.

    Balthazar mentions the strengthening of the party officials (H. Balthazar (1972) ‘L’Internationale Socialiste, Les debats de Londres en 1940–1941’, Cahiers d’histoire de la seconde guerre mondiale, 2, 194).

  14. 14.

    B. Pimlott (1985), Hugh Dalton (London: Cape), 389–393.

  15. 15.

    [Hugh Dalton], ‘Post-War Settlement’, LHASC, LP, International Sub-Committee, Minutes & Documents, 1943. [Hugh Dalton], ‘International Post-War Settlement’, Second Draft; Minutes of the International Sub-Committee, 18 April 1944; ’Annual Conference’; ‘Draft Resolution by the Rt. Hon. Hugh Dalton, MP on International Post-War Settlement for Annual Conference’, LHASC, LP, International Sub-Committee, Minutes and Documents, 1944.

  16. 16.

    Minutes of the International Sub-Committee, 18 April 1944, LHASC, LP, International Sub-Committee, Minutes and Documents, 1944.

  17. 17.

    Entry, 13 and 14 November 1944; Entry, 16 January 1945, Ben Pimlott (ed.) (1986) The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton 1940–45 (London: Jonathan Cape), 806–807; 823–824.

  18. 18.

    Malfatti, ‘Conferenza dell’Internazionale Socialista, Londra 3–5 marzo 1945’, Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Roma (ACS), Fondo Nicolò Carandini (NC), b.6.

  19. 19.

    Entry, 16 January 1945; 16 February 1945, Ben Pimlott The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 823–824; 831.

  20. 20.

    I. Kramnick, B. Sheerman (1993) Harold Laski, A Life on the Left (London: Hamilton), 483–496.

  21. 21.

    Kramnick and Sheerman, Harold Laski, 493.

  22. 22.

    Foreign Office to Brussels, 29 May 1945, The National Archives, Kew (TNA), FO 371/48988-Z5526.

  23. 23.

    Archivio Cinematografico Luce, Istituto Nazionale LUCE, Notiziario Nuova Luce NL010. http://patrimonio.archivioluce.com/luce-web/detail/IL5000094655/2/firenze-teatro-comunale-24-congresso-nazionale-del-partito-socialista-italiano-unita-proletaria.html (accessed 17 April 2018).

  24. 24.

    Kramnick and Sheerman, Harold Laski, 492.

  25. 25.

    ‘Warschau – Bericht des polnischen Sozialisten S.Gross über den III. Parteitag der SPÖ in Wien’, 30 October 1947, in P. Heumos (ed.) (2004), Europäischer Sozialismus im Kalten Krieg: Briefe und Berichte 1944–1948 (Frankfurt: Campus), 21.

  26. 26.

    G. Devin (1993), L’Internationale socialiste: histoire et sociologie du socialisme internationale: 1945–1990 (Paris: Presses de la Fondation national des sciences politiques), 328–329. D. Hanely (1983) ‘Un socialisme aux couleurs de l’Angleterre : le parti travailliste et l’Internationale Socialiste depuis 1945’, in H. Portelli (ed.), L’Internationale socialiste (Paris: Les Éditions Ouvrières). 59.

  27. 27.

    M. Van der Goes van Naters (1980) Met en tegen de tijd (Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers), 200.

  28. 28.

    Healey, Time of my life, 73–74.

  29. 29.

    A. Thorpe (2014) ‘Locking out the Communists: The Labour party and the Communist party, 1939–46’, Twentieth Century British History, 25, 2, 248–250.

  30. 30.

    A. Thorpe (2009) Parties at War: Political Organization in Second World War Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 45–48.

  31. 31.

    Malfatti to Nenni, 14 January 1946, FPN, Pietro Nenni, b.31, f.1547.

  32. 32.

    Entry, 20 May 1946, B. Pimlott (1986) The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton: 1918–40, 1945–60 (London: Cape), 372.

  33. 33.

    Minutes of the International Sub-Committee, 15 July 1947; Minutes of the International Sub-Committee, 18 November 1947, LHASC, LP, International Department (ID), Denis Healey’s Papers (DH), 12.

  34. 34.

    J. Lee (1981) My Life with Nye (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books), 168–172.

  35. 35.

    ’Note on the International Department’, July 1948, LHASC, LP, International Sub-Committee, Minutes and Documents, 1948.

  36. 36.

    Labour Party Annual Conference Report (LPACR) 1947, 18–19.

  37. 37.

    Lee, My Life with Nye, 168–172.

  38. 38.

    LPACR 1950, 23–28.

  39. 39.

    E. Randall, International exchange of party officials, Labour organiser, April 1950. E. Randall, A cheap holiday, Labour organiser, April 1950. A suggestion, Labour organiser, April 1950. E. Randall, International Socialist Solidarity, Labour Organiser’, May 1950.

  40. 40.

    Minutes of the International Sub-Committee 19 October 1948, LHASC, LP, ID, DH, 12.

  41. 41.

    A. Levi, Se tornerà il vento laborista, La Stampa, 5 April 1986.

  42. 42.

    E. Healey (2007) Part of the Pattern: Memoirs of a Wife at Westminster (Oxford : ISIS), 102.

  43. 43.

    Entry, 7 January 1952, Pimlott (ed.), The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 577.

  44. 44.

    H. Gotthelf to J. Middleton, 7 November 1952, LHASC, LP, James Middleton papers, M84.

  45. 45.

    Entry, 23 January 1952, Dalton, The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 578.

  46. 46.

    Healey, Time of My Life, 77.

  47. 47.

    Entry, 13 and 14 November 1944, Dalton, The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton, 806–807. A comparison between the drafts and the final version reveals that most changes were about language not content.

  48. 48.

    ’Notes for Mr Sam Watson 31 January 1949’, LHASC, LP, ID, DH, 13, 03.

  49. 49.

    Entry, 16 June 1950, Dalton, The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 475–478. Pearce, Denis Healey, 128–138. R.M. Douglas (2004) The Labour Party, Nationalism and Internationalism, 1939–1951 (London: Routledge), 247–248; 264.

  50. 50.

    Healey, The Time of My Life, 71.

  51. 51.

    Likewise, Christopher Mayhew, Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs lost his seat in 1950 but received Bevin’s seat as a reward for his work in the Foreign Office.

  52. 52.

    Healey, The Time of My Life, 78.

  53. 53.

    Entry, 7 January 1952, Dalton, The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 577.

  54. 54.

    Healey to H. Dalton, 12 February 1946, LHASC, LP, ID, DH, 03, 09.

  55. 55.

    Dalton to C. Attlee 10 August 1949, London School of Economics (LSE), Dalton, 2, 9, 7. Dalton to Attlee, 1 September 1950, LSE, Dalton, 2, 9, 9. Also Healey, The Time of My Life, 117.

  56. 56.

    Entries, 10 May 1951, 14 May 1951, P. Catterali (ed.) (2003) The Macmillan Diaries, The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957 (London: Macmillan), 70–72.

  57. 57.

    M. Phillips to E. Bevin, 3 August 1945, TNA, FO 371/47442-N10124. Minutes of the International Sub-Committee, 20 November 1945, LHASC, ID, Minutes and Documents, 1945.

  58. 58.

    Minute, 8 November 1945, TNA, FO 371/47442-N15230.

  59. 59.

    V.A. Allen (1957) Trade Union Leadership: Based on a Study of Arthur Deakin (London: Longmans), 77–85.

  60. 60.

    Healey, The Time of My Life, 105.

  61. 61.

    Healey, The Time of My Life, 104.

  62. 62.

    ‘Mr Denis Healey’s speech at the Italian Unification Congress’, TNA, FO 371/79301–Z8223.

  63. 63.

    A. Crosland (1975) Social Democracy in Europe (London: Fabian society), 1.

  64. 64.

    C.R. Ricotti (2005). Il costituzionalismo britannico nel Mediterraneo (Milano: Giuffrè). E. Capozzi (2002). Le costituzioni anglosassoni e l’Europa. Riflessi e dibattiti tra ‘800 e ‘900 (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino).

  65. 65.

    H. Deutsch-Renner, Ende des Austromarxismus?, Zukunft, June 1946.

  66. 66.

    K. Czernetz, Probleme der Außenpolitik, Zukunft, August 1946.

  67. 67.

    E. Costa (2011) ‘Il “campo sperimentale” del socialismo: la vittoria laburista del 1945 e i suoi riflessi sulla sinistra italiana’, Dimensioni e problemi della ricerca storica, 24, 2, 20.

  68. 68.

    Stenogramme, 8 Juin, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam (IISH), Socialist International (SI), 235.

  69. 69.

    SPD-Pressedienst, II/67, 20.8.1947, Ü: K.Schumacher, Großbritannien—von deutschen Sozialisten gesehen.

  70. 70.

    Quoted in K. Klotzbach (1982) Der Weg zur Staatspartei : Programmatik, praktische Politik und Organisation der deutschen Sozialdemokratie 1945 bis 1965 (Berlin: Dietz), 117.

  71. 71.

    Quoted in M. Drögemöller (2008) Zwei Schwestern in Europa. Deutsche und niederländische Sozialdemokratie 1945–1990 (Berlin: Vorwärts Buch), 46.

  72. 72.

    J. Texcier, The ideological development of democratic socialism in France, Socialist International Information, 14 January, 1956. Also M. Fulla (2016) Les socialistes français et l’économie (1944–1981): une histoire économique du politique (Paris: Presses de Sciences Po), 67–94.

  73. 73.

    M. Phillips, We talk with Stalin on the two roads to Socialism, Daily Herald, 22 August 1946.

  74. 74.

    See Chap. 5.

  75. 75.

    J. Nichols to C. Warner, 3 November 1945, TNA, FO 371/47109-N15361.

  76. 76.

    Circular 155/50, ‘Report of the International Socialist Conference at Copenaghen, 1–3 June 1950’, IISH, SI, 54.

  77. 77.

    LPACR 1944, 132. Dalton repeated the commitment in 1945 (LPACR 1945, 83).

  78. 78.

    LPACR 1943, 118.

  79. 79.

    Among the countries asking for help were France, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Bulgaria and the Faroe Islands (Minutes of the International Sub-Committee, 20 March 1945; Minutes of the International Sub-Committee 18 September 1945, LHASC, LP, ID, Minutes & Documents, 1945). Also Czechoslovakia (B. Vilim to M. Phillips, 22 November 1945, TNA, FO 371/47216-N16956).

  80. 80.

    J. Callaghan (2007) The Labour Party and Foreign Policy: A History (London: Routledge), 192.

  81. 81.

    For example, see Sam Watson’s speech as chairman of the 1950 conference (LPACR 1950, 76); Dalton’s speech at the 1950 conference (LPACR 1950, 166); Alice Bacon’s speech, chairman of the 1951 conference (LPACR 1951, 74–75).

  82. 82.

    LPACR 1950, 131.

  83. 83.

    LPACR 1951, 131.

  84. 84.

    J.W. Russell to Attlee, 3 December 1946, TNA, FO 371/56359-N15741.

  85. 85.

    C. Mayhew to Prime Minister, ‘Italian socialist parties’, 14 June 1949, TNA, FO 371/79300-Z4298.

  86. 86.

    J. Hochfeld (1946) An Open Letter from a Polish Socialist to a Friend of the Labour Party (London: London Committee of the Polish Socialist Party), 3. Rome to Foreign Office, 29 November 1949, TNA, FO 371/79301-Z7767.

  87. 87.

    C. Norton to G.A. Wallinger, 7 January 1948, TNA, FO 371/72238-R953.

  88. 88.

    Rome to Foreign Office, 8 December 1949, TNA, FO 371/79301-Z7998.

  89. 89.

    ‘I suppose it is a little difficult for Communists to understand how much argument and difference of opinion there can be amongst Socialists!’ (R.B. Kirby to Healey, 28 November 1946, LHASC, LP, DH, 4, 14).

  90. 90.

    G. Procacci, (ed.) (1994) The Cominform: Minutes of the Three Conferences 1947–1948–1949 (Milano: Feltrinelli), 795.

  91. 91.

    Procacci (ed.), The Cominform, 793.

  92. 92.

    P. Van Kemseke (2006) Towards an Era of Development, The Globalization of Socialism and Christian Democracy: 1945–1965 (Leuven: Leuven University Press), 54.

  93. 93.

    L. Diamond (1991) Multi-Track Diplomacy: A Systems Guide and Analysis (Grinnel, Iowa: Peace Institute), 1. W. Kaiser and J.-H. Meyer (2013) ‘Beyond Governments and Supranational Institutions: Societal Actors in European integration’, in W. Kaiser, J.-H. Meyer (eds), Societal actors in European integration: Polity-Building and Policy-Making, 1958–1992 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 1–6.

  94. 94.

    I. Parmar (2006) ‘Conceptualising the state-private network in American foreign policy’, in H. Laville and H. Wilford (eds), The US Government, Citizen Groups and the Cold War: The State-Private Network (London: Routledge), 13–25. G. Scott-Smith (2012) Western Anti-Communism and the Interdoc Network: Cold War Internationale (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 10.

  95. 95.

    L. Van Dongen, S. Roulin and G. Scott-Smith (2014) ‘Introduction’, in L. Van Dongen, S. Roulin and G. Scott-Smith (Eds.) Transnational Anti-Communism and the Cold War: Agents, Activities, and Networks (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).

  96. 96.

    For two sides of the controversy see F. Stonor Saunders (2000) Who paid the Piper?: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (London: Granta Books) and H. Wilford (2003) The CIA, the British Left, and the Cold War (London-Portland: F. Cass).

  97. 97.

    D.D. Kaye (2007) Talking to the Enemy: Track Two Diplomacy in the Middle East and South Asia (Santa Monica, CA: RAND National Security Research Division), 8; also xi–xix.

  98. 98.

    A. Defty (2004) Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda, 1945–53: The Information Research Department (London: Routledge), 10–11.

  99. 99.

    E. Barker (1983) The British between the Superpowers: 1945–50, (Basingstoke: Macmillan), 232.

  100. 100.

    R.J. Aldrich (2001) The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence (London: John Murray), 151.

  101. 101.

    J.N. Henderson to Secretary of State, Minute, 9 August 1945, TNA, FO 371/50442-W11020.

  102. 102.

    Sir A. Clark-Kerr to Ernest Bevin, 6 September 1945, TNA, FO 371/47883-N12165.

  103. 103.

    A. De Gasperi to Carandini, 24 August 1945, ACS, NC, b.2.

  104. 104.

    M. Newman (2009) Harold Laski: A Political Biography (Pontypool: Merlin Press), 293–296.

  105. 105.

    T. Insall (2003) Haakon Lie, Denis Healey and the Making of an Anglo-Norwegian Special Relationship 1945–1951 (Oslo: Oslo Academic Press), 76–83.

  106. 106.

    ‘Policy in Eastern Europe’, TNA, FO 371/65964-N4246.

  107. 107.

    Wilford, The CIA, the British Left, and the Cold War, 49.

  108. 108.

    Italy: political situation, 12 February 1948, TNA, FO 371/73156 -21359/G.

  109. 109.

    G. Gabrielli (2004) Gli amici americani: i socialisti italiani dalla guerra fredda alle amministrative del 1952, (Manduria: Lacaita), 189.

  110. 110.

    Signor de Gasperi Surmounts Another Crisis, Economist, Saturday, 14 April 1951.

  111. 111.

    Gainer to Warner, 22 December 1947, TNA, FO 371/71529-N425.

  112. 112.

    J. Lee, As I please, Tribune 31 August 1945. Warbey’s speech in LPACR 1946, 162.

  113. 113.

    LPACR 1946, 162–169.

  114. 114.

    R.B. Kirby, ‘Report by Labour attaché for period 20th October to 31st December 1946’, TNA, FO 371/66218-N1283.

  115. 115.

    Healey, The Time of My Life, 83.

  116. 116.

    ‘Gli addetti al lavoro nella diplomazia inglese’, gennaio 1946, ACS, NC, b.6.

  117. 117.

    C. Mayhew (1998) A War of Words: A Cold War Witness (London: Tauris), 40–41.

  118. 118.

    London information of the Austrian socialists in Great Britain, 15 August 1945; [T.Williamson], ‘Czechoslovakia’, LHASC, LP, International Sub-Committee, Minutes and Documents, 1945. ’National Council of Labour delegation to Germany (British zone)’, LHASC, LP, International Sub-Committee, Minutes and Documents, 1946. Vilim to M. Phillips, 22 November 1945, TNA, FO 371/47216-N16956. C.W.E. Duley, ‘Visit to Argentina and Uruguay. 15th August to 30th Sept. 1947’, 11 October 1947, TNA, BW 83/2.

  119. 119.

    I. Lukes (2012) On the Edge of the Cold War, American Diplomats and Spies in Postwar Prague (New York: Oxford University Press), 93. Nichols to Bevin, 20 August 1945, TNA, FO 371/47092-N11105.

  120. 120.

    Minutes of International Sub-Committee, 21 May 1946, LHASC, LP, International Sub-Committee, Minutes and Documents, 1946.

  121. 121.

    LPACR 1947, 168; 205.

  122. 122.

    Defty, Britain, America and anti-communist propaganda, 40–74.

  123. 123.

    Aldrich, The Hidden Hand, 151. Wilford shows the close relationship between the IRD and the Labour Party (Wilford, The CIA, the British left, and the Cold War, 48–49). Defty shows how pressure from the periphery encouraged the creation of a complex propaganda machinery (Defty, Britain, America and Anti-communist Propaganda, 40–52).

  124. 124.

    Healey to J.H. Watson, 8 December 1948, TNA, FO 1110/47-PR1211/G.

  125. 125.

    Minutes of the International Sub-Committee, 18 November 1947, LHASC, LP, ID, DH, 12.

  126. 126.

    Devin, L’Internationale socialiste, 320.

  127. 127.

    A. Carthy to F.J.C.Mennell, 9 January 1967, TNA, FCO 95/406.

  128. 128.

    Entry, Monday 24 July 1967, T. Benn (1988) Out of the Wilderness: 1963–1967 (London: Arrow), 508.

  129. 129.

    Healey, The Time of my life, 76.

  130. 130.

    Wodak to Schärf, 21 December 1945, in Wodak, Diplomatie zwischen Parteiproporz und Weltpolitik, 21–24.

  131. 131.

    T.C. Imlay (2014) ‘“The policy of social democracy is self-consciously internationalist”: The German Social Democratic Party’s Internationalism after 1945’, The Journal of Modern History, 86, 1, 86–97.

  132. 132.

    Insall, Haakon Lie, Denis Healey and the Making of an Anglo-Norwegian Special Relationship 1945–1951, 47–98; 227–272.

  133. 133.

    Healey to Kirby, n.d. [circa 24 December 1946], LHASC, LP, DH, 4, 14.

  134. 134.

    P. Dogliani (1985) ‘La ricostituzione dell’Internazionale Socialista nel primo decennio postbellico (1918–1928). Le caratteristiche nuove di quadri e organizzazioni’ in E. Collotti (ed.), L’Internazionale Operaia e Socialista tra le due guerre (Milano: Feltrinelli), 271–277.

  135. 135.

    E. Shaw (1988) Discipline and Discord in the Labour Party: The Politics of Managerial Control in the Labour Party, 1951–87 (Manchester: Manchester university press), 22.

  136. 136.

    Shaw, Discipline and discord in the Labour party, 57–64.

  137. 137.

    What’s happening, Tribune, 7 September 1945.

  138. 138.

    Mayhew, A War of Words, 107–108.

  139. 139.

    J. Lee, As I please, Tribune, 26 April 1946.

  140. 140.

    Minutes of the International Sub-Committee 19 March 1946, LHASC, LP, ID, Minutes and Documents, 1946.

  141. 141.

    See Chap. 4.

  142. 142.

    Healey to E.M. Donald, 10 October 1946, Heumos (ed.), Europäischer Sozialismus im kalten Krieg, 80.

  143. 143.

    Hankey, Minute, 18 April 1947, TNA, FO 371/65989-9821/G.

  144. 144.

    Nichols to C.F.A. Warner, 11 April 1947, TNA, FO 371/65989-9821/G.

  145. 145.

    The travels of John Mack in Eastern Europe can be found in TNA, FO 371/58611.

  146. 146.

    F.D. Warner, Minute, 23 May 1946, TNA, FO 371/58611-R7929.

  147. 147.

    P. Broomfield to H. White, 18 February 1946, TNA, FO 371/56765-N2793.

  148. 148.

    H. McNeil, Minute, TNA, FO 371/56459-N4914.

  149. 149.

    Hankey, Minute, 23 April 1947, TNA, FO 371/65989-9821/G.

  150. 150.

    ‘Notes on Italy’, LHASC, LP, ID, Harry Earnshaw, 1, 1–4.

  151. 151.

    H.B. Brenan, Minute 12 February 1948; Reddaway, Minute, 27 January 1948, TNA, FO 371/71448B-N1283.

  152. 152.

    Minutes of the International Sub-Committee, 16 November 1948, LHASC, LP, ID, DH, 12.

  153. 153.

    Healey to A.V. Clare (Fulham Central Labour Party), 11 September 1947, LHASC, LP, ID, DH, 07, 07.

  154. 154.

    M. Peterson to McNeil, 16 July 1946; McNeil to Peterson, 11 November 1946, TNA, FO 371/56766-N9529.

  155. 155.

    V. Cavendish-Bentinck to Hankey, 24 June 1946, TNA, FO 371/56356-N8441.

  156. 156.

    LPACR 1947, 18–19. LPACR 1948, 22.

  157. 157.

    See Chap. 6.

  158. 158.

    A. Bullock (1983) Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary: 1945–1951 (London: Heinenmann), 552–553.

  159. 159.

    M. Jones (1992) Michael Foot (London: Gollancz), 145–162.

  160. 160.

    Entry, 13 September 1952, P. Nenni (1982) Diari, Vol. 1, Tempo di Guerra Fredda: diari 1943–1956, (Milano: SugarCo), 543.

  161. 161.

    Carandini to De Gasperi, 8 September 1945, ACS, NC, b.2.

  162. 162.

    Carandini to De Gasperi, 9 March 1946, ACS, NC, b.2. These rumours were repeated in 1947, but Dalton told W.J. Donovan that they were ‘rubbish’ (Dalton, The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton, 407).

  163. 163.

    LPACR 1947, 106–107. ‘Bericht über die 46. Jahreskonferenz der britischen Arbeiterpartei’, Wodak, Zwischen Diplomatie und Parteiproporz, 426–428.

  164. 164.

    See Chap. 6.

  165. 165.

    R.B. Murray, Minute, 9 January 1947, TNA, FO 371/61321-AS 804.

  166. 166.

    A.J. Montague, ‘Report on visit of Mr C.E.W.Duley’, 17 November 1947, TNA, BW 83/2.

  167. 167.

    C.L. Thomas to A.R.H. Kellas, 27 June 1950, TNA, LAB 13/487. ACS, Dipartimento Generale di Pubblica Sicurezza, Ufficio ordine pubblico, Servizio ordine pubblico, Categoria G (associazioni), b.146, f.100/25 (Associazione Italo-Britannica).

  168. 168.

    C. Tilly (1984) Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons (New York: Russell Sage Foundation), 125.

  169. 169.

    B.D. Graham (1994) Choice and Democratic Order: The French Socialist Party, 1937–1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 262. A. Bergounioux and G. Grunberg (2005) L’ambition et le remords: les socialistes français et le pouvoir (1905–2005) (Paris: Fayard), 129–137.

  170. 170.

    H. Laski, Problems of the French Socialist Party, Forward, 17 July 1948, LHASC, LP, International Sub-Committee, Minutes and Documents, 1948.

  171. 171.

    R. Quilliot (1972) La SFIO et l’exercise du pouvoir: 1944–1958, (Paris: Fayard), 7.

  172. 172.

    Quilliot, SFIO et l’exercise du pouvoir, 377.

  173. 173.

    LPACR 1946, 197.

  174. 174.

    L. Levy to G. Valentin, 14 May 1947, L’Office Universitaire de Recherche Socialiste, Paris (OURS), Fonds Louis Lévy, APO 22, f. L. Lévy représentant du PS-SFIO à Londres 1946–1948.

  175. 175.

    J. Braunthal to R. Pontillon, 13 March 1952, IISH, SI, 605.

  176. 176.

    Quilliot, SFIO et l’exercise du pouvoir, 181. Also D. Lefebvre (1992) Guy Mollet: le mal aimé, (Paris: Plon), 180–181. Graham, Choice and Democratic Order, 333; 362.

  177. 177.

    Graham, Choice and Democratic Order, 84.

  178. 178.

    Imlay, ‘“The Policy of Social Democracy is Self-Consciously Internationalist”’, 86–97.

  179. 179.

    Levy to Valentin, 21 May 1947, OURS, Fonds Louis Lévy, APO 22, f. L.Lévy représentant du PS-SFIO à Londres 1946–1948.

  180. 180.

    ‘Relations between the PSLI (Partito Socialista Lavoratori Italiani) and the French socialists’, 6 November 1947, CIA-RDP82-00457R001000660001-1, Central Intelligence Agency, Freedom of Information Act, Electronic Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/cia-rdp82-00457r001000660001-1 (accessed 29 December 2017).

  181. 181.

    G. Devin (1987) ‘Guy Mollet et l’Internationale Socialiste’, B. Ménager, P. Ratte, J.-L. Thiébault, R. Vandenbussche, C.-M. Wallon-Leducq, Guy Mollet, Un camarade en république (Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille), 148.

  182. 182.

    Devin, L’Internationale socialiste, 289–300.

  183. 183.

    Imlay, ‘The Policy of Social Democracy is Self-Consciously Internationalist’, 86–97.

  184. 184.

    Lefebvre, Guy Mollet, 127–128.

  185. 185.

    Devin, ‘Guy Mollet et l’Internationale Socialiste’, 144.

  186. 186.

    N. Naïf (2008) ‘Les partis socialistes de Belgique. Entre conquêtes, compromis et renoncements : 120 ans de réformisme’, in C. Bougeard (ed.) Un siècle de socialismes en Bretagne : De la SFIO au PS (1905–2005) (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes), http://books.openedition.org/pur/4205, 135–151 (accessed 17 April 2018). Polasky, The Democratic Socialism of Emile Vandervelde, 220–252. M. Conway (2012) The Sorrows of Belgium: Liberation and Political Reconstruction, 1944–1947, (Oxford: Oxford University press), 177–189. D.S. White (1992) Lost Comrades: Socialists of the Front Generation, 1918–1945 (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press), 181–184.

  187. 187.

    Klotzbach, Der Weg zur Staatspartei, 54–69.

  188. 188.

    Drögemöller, Zwei Schwestern in Europa, 36–38; 44–48. D. Orlow (2000) Common Destiny: A Comparative History of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic Parties, 1945–1969 (New York: Berghahn Books), 20–22; 45–55.

  189. 189.

    A.F. Mreijen, ‘Goes van Naters, jhr. Marinus van der (1900–2005)’, in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland. http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn6/goes, accessed 3 March 2017.

  190. 190.

    E.F. Albrecht to J. Braunthal, 1 June 1951, IISH, SI, 755. Also, F. Wielenga, ‘Mozser, Alfred (1905–1979)’, in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland. http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/bwn1880-2000/lemmata/bwn4/mozser, accessed 3 March 2017. Drögemöller, Zwei Schwestern in Europa, 55–56.

  191. 191.

    K. Misgeld (1984) Sozialdemokratie und Aussenpolitik in Schweden: Sozialistische Internationale, Europapolitik und die Deutschlandfrage 1945–1955 (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag), 11–13.

  192. 192.

    Misgeld, Sozialdemokratie und Aussenpolitik in Schweden, 17–26; 72–77.

  193. 193.

    Insall, Haakon Lie, Denis Healey and the Making of an Anglo-Norwegian Special Relationship, 76–77.

  194. 194.

    J. Deutsch to Wodak, 18 April 1946, Wodak, Diplomatie zwischen Parteiproporz und Weltpolitik, 113.

  195. 195.

    Schärf to Wodak, 28 December 1946, Wodak, Diplomatie zwischen Parteiproporz und Weltpolitik, 296–298.

  196. 196.

    Wodak to Schärf, 6 May 1946; F. Popp to Wodak, 7 May 1946, Wodak, Diplomatie zwischen Parteiproporz und Weltpolitik, 132–133; 135–137.

  197. 197.

    M.F. Cullis, Minute, 2 May 1946, TNA, FO 371/55282-C4727.

  198. 198.

    W.H.B. Mack to O. Harvey, 27 February 1946; M.F. Cullis, Minute, 12 March 1946, TNA, FO 371/55290-C3006.

  199. 199.

    Schärf to Wodak, 27 September 1946; Schärf to Wodak, 7 October 1946, Wodak, Diplomatie zwischen Parteiproporz und Weltpolitik, 226–227; 233.

  200. 200.

    M.F. Cullis, Minute, 9 March 1946, TNA, FO 371/55282-C2696.

  201. 201.

    Wodak to Schärf, 8 December 1946, Wodak, Diplomatie zwischen Parteiproporz und Weltpolitik, 274–275.

Bibliography

  • Aldrich, R.J. (2001). The hidden hand: Britain, America and Cold War secret intelligence. London: John Murray.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, V.A. (1957). Trade union leadership: based on a study of Arthur Deakin. London: Longmans.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, E. (1983). The British between the superpowers: 1945–50. Basingstoke: Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Balthazar, H. (1972). L’Internationale Socialiste, Les debats de Londres en 1940–1941. Cahiers d’histoire de la seconde guerre mondiale, 2, 191–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergounioux, A. & Grunberg, G. (2005). L’ambition et le remords: les socialistes français et le pouvoir (1905–2005). Paris: Fayard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, A. (1983). Ernest Bevin: foreign secretary: 1945–1951. London: Heinenmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callaghan, J. (2007). The Labour Party and foreign policy: a history. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capozzi, E. (2002). Le costituzioni anglosassoni e l’Europa. Riflessi e dibattiti tra ‘800 e ‘900. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catterali, P. (Ed.). (2003). The Macmillan diaries, The cabinet years, 1950–1957. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collette, C. (1998). The International Faith: Labour’s Attitude to European Socialism, 1918–39. Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway, M. (2012). The sorrows of Belgium: liberation and political reconstruction, 1944–1947. Oxford: Oxford University press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, E. (2011). Il “campo sperimentale” del socialismo: la vittoria laburista del 1945 e i suoi riflessi sulla sinistra italiana. Dimensioni e problemi della ricerca storica, 24 (2), 11–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosland, A. (1975). Social democracy in Europe. London: Fabian society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Defty, A. (2004). Britain, America and anti-communist propaganda, 1945–53: the Information Research Department. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devin, G. (1993). L’Internationale socialiste: histoire et sociologie du socialisme internationale: 1945–1990. Paris: Presses de la Fondation national des sciences politiques.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, L. (1991). Multi-Track Diplomacy: A Systems Guide and Analysis. Grinnel and Iowa: Peace Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dogliani, P. (1985). La ricostituzione dell’Internazionale Socialista nel primo decennio postbellico (1918–1928). Le caratteristiche nuove di quadri e organizzazioni. In E. Collotti (Ed.). L’Internazionale Operaia e Socialista tra le due guerre (pp. 225–277). Milano: Feltrinelli.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, R.M. (2004). The Labour Party, nationalism and internationalism, 1939–1951. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drögemöller, M. (2008). Zwei Schwestern in Europa. Deutsche und niederländische Sozialdemokratie 1945–1990. Berlin: Vorwärts Buch.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulla, M. (2016). Les socialistes français et l’économie (1944–1981): une histoire économique du politique. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabrielli, G. (2004). Gli amici americani: i socialisti italiani dalla guerra fredda alle amministrative del 1952. Manduria: Lacaita.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, B.D. (1994). Choice and democratic order: the French Socialist Party, 1937–1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hanely, D. (1983). Un socialisme aux couleurs de l’Angleterre: le parti travailliste et l’Internationale Socialiste depuis 1945. In H. Portelli (Ed.). L’Internationale socialiste (pp. 57–66). Paris: Les Éditions Ouvrières.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healey, D. (1990). The time of my life. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healey, E. (2007). Part of the pattern: memoirs of a wife at Westminster. Oxford: ISIS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heumos, P. (Ed.). (2004). Europäischer Sozialismus im Kalten Krieg: Briefe und Berichte 1944–1948. Frankfurt: Campus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochfeld, J. (1946). An open letter from a Polish socialist to a friend of the Labour party. London: London Committee of the Polish Socialist Party.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imlay, T.C. (2014). ‘“The policy of social democracy is self-consciously internationalist”: The German Social Democratic Party’s Internationalism after 1945’, The Journal of Modern History, 86 (1), 81–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Insall, T. (2010). Haakon Lie, Denis Healey and the making of an Anglo-Norwegian special relationship 1945–1951. Oslo: Oslo Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. (1992). Michael Foot. London: Gollancz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, W. & Meyer, J.-H. (2013). Beyond Governments and Supranational Institutions: Societal Actors in European integration. In W. Kaiser & J.-H. Meyer (Eds.). Societal actors in European integration: polity-building and policy-making, 1958–1992 (pp. 1–14). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kaye, D.D. (2007). Talking to the enemy: track two diplomacy in the Middle East and South Asia. Santa Monica, CA: RAND National Security Research Division.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klotzbach, K. (1982). Der Weg zur Staatspartei : Programmatik, praktische Politik und Organisation der deutschen Sozialdemokratie 1945 bis 1965. Berlin: Dietz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramnick, I. & Sheerman, B. (1993). Harold Laski, A life on the left. London: Hamilton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. (1981). My life with Nye. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, D. (1992). Guy Mollet: le mal aimé. Paris: Plon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukes, I. (2012). On the Edge of the Cold War, American Diplomats and Spies in Postwar Prague. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayhew, C. (1998). A war of words: a Cold War witness. London: Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Misgeld, K. (1984). Sozialdemokratie und Aussenpolitik in Schweden: Sozialistische Internationale, Europapolitik und die Deutschlandfrage 1945–1955. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naïf, N. (2008). Les partis socialistes de Belgique. Entre conquêtes, compromis et renoncements: 120 ans de réformisme. In C. Bougeard (Ed.). Un siècle de socialismes en Bretagne: De la SFIO au PS (1905–2005) (pp. 135–151). Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, http://books.openedition.org/pur/4205

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nenni, P. (1982). Diari, Vol. 1, Tempo di Guerra Fredda: diari 1943–1956. Milano: SugarCo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, M. (2009). Harold Laski: a political biography. Pontypool: Merlin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlow, D. (2000). Common destiny: a comparative history of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic parties, 1945–1969. New York: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmar, I. (2006). Conceptualising the state-private network in American foreign policy. In H. Laville & H. Wilford (Eds.). The US Government, Citizen Groups and the Cold War: The State-Private Network (pp. 13–28). London: Routledge,

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, E. (2002). Denis Healey: a life in our times. London: Little Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimlott, B. (1985). Hugh Dalton. London: Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimlott, B. (Ed.). (1986a). The political diary of Hugh Dalton: 1918–40, 1945–60. London: Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pimlott, B. (Ed.). (1986b). The Second World war diary of Hugh Dalton 1940–45. London: Jonathan Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polasky, J. (1995). The democratic socialism of Emile Vandervelde: between reform and revolution. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, J. (1945). International labour movement. London: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Procacci, G. (Ed.). (1994). The Cominform: minutes of the three conferences 1947–1948–1949. Milano: Feltrinelli.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quilliot, R. (1972). La SFIO et l’exercise du pouvoir: 1944–1958. Paris: Fayard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ricotti, C.R. (2005). Il costituzionalismo britannico nel Mediterraneo. Milano: Giuffrè.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott-Smith, G. (2012). Western Anti-Communism and the Interdoc Network: Cold War Internationale. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, E. (1988). Discipline and discord in the Labour party: the politics of managerial control in the Labour party, 1951–87. Manchester: Manchester university press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stonor Saunders, F. (2000). Who paid the piper?: the CIA and the cultural Cold War. London: Granta Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, A. (2009). Parties at war: political organization in Second World War Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, A. (2014). Locking out the Communists: The Labour party and the Communist party, 1939–46. Twentieth Century British History, 25 (2), 226–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, C. (1984). Big structures, large processes, huge comparisons. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Goes van Naters, M. (1980). Met en tegen de tijd. Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dongen, L., Roulin, S. & Scott-Smith, G. (Eds). (2014). Transnational anti-communism and the cold war: agents, activities, and networks. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Kemseke, P. (2006). Towards an Era of Development, the globalization of socialism and Christian democracy: 1945–1965. Leuven: Leuven University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickers, R. (2003). The Labour party and the world. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, D.S. (1992). Lost Comrades: socialists of the front generation, 1918–1945. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wilford, H. (2003). The CIA, the British left, and the Cold War. London and Portland: F. Cass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, H.R. (2005). British Labour seeks a foreign policy, 1900–1940. New Brunswick: Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wodak, W. (1980). Diplomatie zwischen Parteiproporz und Weltpolitik: Briefe, Dokumente und Memoranden aus dem Nachlass Walter Wodaks 1945–1950. Salzburg: Neugebauer.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Independent Scholar, Rome, Italy

    Ettore Costa

Authors
  1. Ettore Costa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Costa, E. (2018). Parties and People, the Labour Party and the International Socialist Network. In: The Labour Party, Denis Healey and the International Socialist Movement. Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77347-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77347-6_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-77346-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-77347-6

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation