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Social Movements and the Change of Economic Elites in Europe After 1945. The Belgian Case

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Social Movements and the Change of Economic Elites in Europe after 1945

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements ((PSHSM))

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Abstract

The world wars of the twentieth century have always been considered as rifts in history, as moments of change. The example of the First World War, with the disappearance of the European Old Regimes, the breakthrough of communism in Russia and the broadening of the democracies in Western Europe are all significant for this proposition. The outcome of the Second World War is another moment of change, but here views are much more divergent and certainly in Western Europe tendencies of change alternate with apparent tendencies of continuity. The example of the Belgian case and the way in which social movements, born out of the resistance to German occupation, succeeded or failed to impose themselves as motors of change in the post-war years are significant in this way.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Jozef Mampuys, ‘De christelijke vakbeweging’, in Emmanuel Gerard (ed.), De Christelijke Arbeidersbeweging in België, 1891–1991 (Leuven: Universitaire Pers, 1991), pp. 164–208; Leo Michielsen, Geschiedenis van de Europese Socialistische Arbeidersbeweging (Ghent: Masereelfonds, 1980), pp. 256–258.

  2. 2.

    Kurt van Daele, ‘De ontwikkeling van het sociaal-economisch overleg in het interbellum. De syndicale macht in de export gerichte sectoren als een verklarende factor’, in Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Nieuwste Geschiedenis XXXIII: 1–2 (s. d.), p. 133.

  3. 3.

    Guy Vanthemsche, De beginjaren van de sociale zekerheid in België 1944–1963 (Brussels: VUBPress, 1994), pp. 29–30.

  4. 4.

    Dirk Luyten, Sociaal-economisch overleg in België sedert 1918 (Brussels: VUBPress, 1995), pp. 17–89.

  5. 5.

    Jean Neuville, La CSC en l’An 40. Le déchirement et la difficile reconstruction de l’unité (Brussels, 1988), p. 351; Wouter Steenhaut, De Unie van Hand- en Geestesarbeiders. Een onderzoek naar het optreden van de vakbonden in de bezettingsjaren (1940–1944) (PhD diss., University of Ghent, 1982–1983).

  6. 6.

    Dirk Luyten and Rik Hemmerijckx, ‘Belgian Labour in World War II: Strategies of Survival, Organisations and Labour Relations’, in European Review of History 7:2 (2000), pp. 214–215.

  7. 7.

    Dirk Luyten, ‘The Belgian Economic Elite and the Punishment of Economic Collaboration after the Second World War; Power and Legitimacy (1944–1952)’, in Economic History Yearbook 2 (2010), pp. 97–98; John Gillingham, Belgian Business in the Nazi New order (Ghent: Jan Dhondt Stichting, 1977), pp. 57–72.

  8. 8.

    Rik Hemmerijckx, Van Verzet tot Koude Oorlog. 1940–1949: machtsstrijd om het ABVV (Brussels: VUBPress, 2003), pp. 44–81.

  9. 9.

    Dirk Luyten and Guy Vanthemsche, Het Sociaal Pact van 1944. Oorsprong, betekenis en gevolgen (Brussels: VUBPress, 1995), p. 368; Patrick T. Pasture, ‘The April 1944 ‘Social Pact’ in Belgium and its Significance for the Post-War Welfare State’, in Journal of Contemporary History 28 (1993), pp. 695–714.

  10. 10.

    José Gotovitch, Du rouge au tricolore: les communistes belges de 1939 à 1944 (Brussels: Labor, 1992), pp. 246–286; José Gotovitch, ‘De “magnats capitalistes” aux “patrons patriotes”: Communistes et patronat sous l’occupation’, in Serge Jaumin and Kenneth Bertrams (eds), Patrons, gens d’affaires et banquiers (Brussels: Le Livre Timperman, 2004), pp. 381–394.

  11. 11.

    Rik Hemmerijckx, ‘Le Mouvement Syndical Unifié (MSU) et la naissance du renardisme’, in Courrier hebdomadaire du CRISP, 1119–1120 (1986), p. 73.

  12. 12.

    Martin Conway, The Sorrows of Belgium. Liberation and Political Reconstruction, 1944–1947 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 58–62.

  13. 13.

    José Gotovitch, ‘Sous la Régence: Résistance et pouvoir’, in Courrier hebdomadaire du CRISP 999 (1986), p. 32.

  14. 14.

    José Gotovitch and Jules Gérard-Libois, Leopold III: de l’an 40 à l’effacement (Brussels. L. Pol-His, 1991), p. 328.

  15. 15.

    José Gotovitch, ‘Histoire du Parti Communiste de «Belgique»’, in Courrier hebdomadaire du CRISP 1582 (1997), p. 28.

  16. 16.

    Luc Huyse and Steven Dhondt, Onverwerkt verleden. Collaboratie en repressie in België 1942–1952 (Leuven: Kritak, 1991), p. 312.

  17. 17.

    Neuville, La CSC en l’An 40, p. 351; Rik Hemmerijckx, Machtsstrijd om het ABVV (Brussel: VUBPress, 2003), pp. 143–145.

  18. 18.

    Dirk Luyten, Burgers boven elke verdenking? Vervolging van de economische collaboratie in België tijdens de Tweede wereldoorlog (Brussels: VUBPress, 1996), p. 270.

  19. 19.

    Le Drapeau Rouge, 12 and 28–29 October 1944.

  20. 20.

    Dirk Luyten, ‘The Belgian Economic Elite’, in Economic History Yearbook 51:2 (2010), pp. 95–105.

  21. 21.

    Le Drapeau Rouge, 14 March 1945.

  22. 22.

    Luyten and Hemmerijckx, ‘Belgian Labour in World War II’, p. 224; Hemmerijckx, Van Verzet tot Koude Oorlog, pp. 147–148.

  23. 23.

    Hemmerijckx, Van Verzet tot Koude Oorlog, pp. 158–164 and pp. 169–170.

  24. 24.

    Conway, The Sorrows of Belgium, pp. 330–342; Hemmerijckx, Van Verzet tot Koude Oorlog, pp. 215–253; Rick Hemmerijckx, ‘The Belgian Communist Party and the Socialist Trade Unions, 1940–1960’, in Michael Waller, Marc Lazar, Stéphane Courtois (eds.), Comrades and Brothers. Communism and Trade Unions in Europe (London: Frank Cass, 1991), pp. 135–138.

  25. 25.

    Hemmerijckx, Van Verzet tot Koude Oorlog, pp. 257–329; Jules Gérard-Libois and Rosine Lewin, La Belgique entre dans la Guerre Froide et l’Europe (1947–1953) (Brussels, Pol-His, 1992), pp. 115–125.

  26. 26.

    Pierre Tilly, André Renard biographie (Brussels, Le Cri, 2005), p. 810.

  27. 27.

    Wouter Dambre, De Ondernemingsraden in België (Andwerp: Kluwer, 1985), pp. 32–33.

  28. 28.

    Vanthemsche, De beginjaren van de sociale zekerheid, pp. 56–77.

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Hemmerijckx, R. (2018). Social Movements and the Change of Economic Elites in Europe After 1945. The Belgian Case. In: Berger, S., Boldorf, M. (eds) Social Movements and the Change of Economic Elites in Europe after 1945. Palgrave Studies in the History of Social Movements. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77197-7_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77197-7_5

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