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Private Food Safety Standards in the EU

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Regulating and Managing Food Safety in the EU

Part of the book series: Economic Analysis of Law in European Legal Scholarship ((EALELS,volume 6))

Abstract

Food safety regulation in the EU is a complex arrangement of public laws and private food standards. This chapter discusses the structure of private food safety standards and the complex relationship of these private standards with public regulation in the EU. Private standards are very common in the food industry in many European countries. Food safety standards such as BRC, IFC and FSSC22000 are initiated and supported by powerful retailers and food manufacturers. Although compliance with these standards is not obliged by law, food business operators in particular markets are in fact forced to join a private certification scheme. Private standards are managed by a standard-owner. Verification of compliance of the major standards is delegated to accredited third-party certification bodies. The norms of private standards are built upon public standards (Codex, EU, ISO). The EU legal framework reinforced the proliferation of private food standards. Private standards did pioneering work in modernizing food regulation. Current EU food law benefitted from the experience of standard-owners, certification bodies and food industry with private standards. The EU legal framework allows public authorities in the Member States to take account of private food safety assurance schemes in their official controls. In several countries, authorities responsible for official food safety controls are investigating ways to collaborate with private food safety assurance systems as part of their monitoring and enforcement tasks. This development raises questions about the reliability of third party certification, the exchange of information between private and public actors, and the risks of regulatory capture and conflicts of interest.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    E.g. Bain et al. (2013), Busch and Bingen (2006), Henson and Humphrey (2009) and van der Meulen (2011a).

  2. 2.

    Hatanaka et al. (2005), Henson and Humphrey (2010), Oosterveer (2005) and van Waarden (2011).

  3. 3.

    Burch and Lawrence (2005) and Marsden et al. (2010).

  4. 4.

    Fuchs et al. (2009), ten Kate and van der Wal (2017) and Marsden et al. (2010), p. 156 ff.

  5. 5.

    Ansell and Vogel (2006), Fulponi (2006), Henson and Humphrey (2010) and van der Kloet (2011).

  6. 6.

    Bernauer and Caduff (2006), Henson (2011) and Vos (2000).

  7. 7.

    Baldwin et al. (2012), p. 68 ff.; Majone (1994).

  8. 8.

    Busch and Bingen (2006).

  9. 9.

    van Waarden (1985).

  10. 10.

    Lytton (2013) and Moran (1993).

  11. 11.

    See for example Fouilleux and Loconto (2017), pp. 5–6 who discuss the shift from community-shared value-oriented principles of organic farming to globalized auditable standards.

  12. 12.

    Food Chain Evaluation Consortium (2009).

  13. 13.

    Havinga (2006) and Henson and Humphrey (2010).

  14. 14.

    Lockie et al. (2013), p. 289.

  15. 15.

    See for multiple examples of private food standards Canivet (2006), Hammoudi et al. (2015), Henson and Humphrey (2009), van der Meulen (2011a) and Wright et al. (2013).

  16. 16.

    Havinga (2015a).

  17. 17.

    Henson and Humphrey (2011), pp. 153–154.

  18. 18.

    Havinga (2006).

  19. 19.

    See http://www.tesco.com/nurture/?page=nurturescheme, accessed 1 August 2017.

  20. 20.

    Henson and Humphrey (2010), p. 1639.

  21. 21.

    See http://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/for-consumers/, accessed 1 April 2016.

  22. 22.

    Levi-Faur (2011), p. 8.

  23. 23.

    Cafaggi and Iamiceli (2015), Clapp (2016), p. 125; Havinga (2015a).

  24. 24.

    Ahold (2016), p. 8.

  25. 25.

    Henson and Humphrey (2010), p. 1630.

  26. 26.

    See with regard to organic food: Arcuri (2015), Schmidt (2011), pp. 290 and 293. Henson and Humphrey (2010), p. 1630, refer to Label Rouge. Canadian FSEP is a voluntary HACCP program, Herath and Henson (2006).

  27. 27.

    See for organic food Arcuri (2015), Boström and Klintman (2006), Schmidt (2011); for HACCP Bernauer and Caduff (2006), Demortain (2007); for fair trade in French law and GAP in Switzerland FAO (2014).

  28. 28.

    Arcuri (2015), p. 15.

  29. 29.

    Fuchs et al. (2009); Retail economic power is increased through cooperation in international buying groups ten Kate and van der Wal (2017).

  30. 30.

    See for a more detailed description of these standards, their development and dissemination Havinga (2015a).

  31. 31.

    Figures on the website of the standards at 23 November 2016: BRC 23,000; FSSC 13,685; GlobalG.A.P. 140.000; IFS 16,800.

  32. 32.

    See on GFSI Fagotto (2017), Havinga and Verbruggen (2017) and Verbruggen and Havinga (2016).

  33. 33.

    Braithwaite and Drahos (2000), p. 554.

  34. 34.

    Havinga (2015a), pp. 61–63.

  35. 35.

    The 2017 edition of the GFSI Guidelines requires food safety schemes to ensure that unannounced audits are available as a preferred option (Article 2.5.5, GFSI Benchmarking requirements, GFSI Guidance document version 7).

  36. 36.

    Lytton and McAllister (2014).

  37. 37.

    E.g. Standards DS 3027, Agri confiance, UNI 10854, UNE 155000. Food safety standards are also developed by the national standardization organizations in Greece and Ireland (e.g. ELOT 1416, IS 343); these are public voluntary standards as the Greek standardization organization is state-owned and the Irish is a governmental institution. Canivet (2006), pp. 16–17).

  38. 38.

    See http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/certification/index_en.htm, accessed 1 August 2017.

  39. 39.

    Aréte (2010), p. 3.

  40. 40.

    See on regulatory phases Henson and Humphrey (2011), Havinga (2015b), pp. 31–33; Verbruggen and Havinga (2017), pp. 11–14.

  41. 41.

    Fuchs et al. (2011).

  42. 42.

    Black (1998), p. 124.

  43. 43.

    Verbruggen (2014), p. 239 ff.

  44. 44.

    Marsden et al. (2000), p. 193.

  45. 45.

    Marsden et al. (2010), p. 284.

  46. 46.

    See for example Casey (2017) on GlobalG.A.P.; and Henson and Humphrey (2011) on the relation between private standards and Codex.

  47. 47.

    Henson and Humphrey (2011), p. 160.

  48. 48.

    See for example Wright et al. (2013), who assessed many private food assurance schemes operating in the UK and give an overview of correspondence of scheme requirements with legislative requirements regarding food hygiene and safety.

  49. 49.

    See Henson and Humphrey (2010, 2011) and Havinga and Verbruggen (2017), pp. 196–197.

  50. 50.

    Article 5 of Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the hygiene of foodstuffs [2004] OJ L139/1. HACCP stands for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point.

  51. 51.

    Chatzopoulou (2015), pp. 2618–2619; Marsden et al. (2010), p. 255; Oldfield (2015).

  52. 52.

    Marsden et al. (2010), p. 103.

  53. 53.

    Marsden et al. (2010), p. 255. During the 1990s leading multinational food industries voluntarily adopted food safety management plans based on the principles of HACCP. Food quality systems of major retailers required HACCP from their suppliers. The large retailers were lobbying for making the operation of a HACCP food management system mandatory by law.

  54. 54.

    Article 5 of Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 on food hygiene.

  55. 55.

    Braithwaite (1982) and Black (1998).

  56. 56.

    Havinga (2014) and van der Meulen (2017).

  57. 57.

    Vos and Wendler (2006), pp. 90, 124–126.

  58. 58.

    See http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_food-safety/dgs_consultations/advisory_group_en.htm, accessed 1 August 2017.

  59. 59.

    Commission Communication ‘EU best practice guidelines for voluntary certification schemes for Agricultural products and foodstuffs’, 2010/C 341/04, pt. 1.2.

  60. 60.

    Havinga (2015b), pp. 29–33; Henson and Humphrey (2011), pp. 155–156.

  61. 61.

    Ahold, Aldi, Carrefour, COOP, Metro, Tesco (Havinga (2015a), p. 67).

  62. 62.

    See http://www.fssc22000.com/documents/certifiedorganizations/complete-list.xml?lang=en, accessed 1 August 2017.

  63. 63.

    Evaluation of the General Food Law: SME panel results, p. 10—available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/general_food_law/fitness_check/index_en.htm, accessed 1 August 2017.

  64. 64.

    Wright et al. (2013), p. 52.

  65. 65.

    MSC (2015), pp. 2 32–35.

  66. 66.

    See http://science.rspca.org.uk/sciencegroup/farmanimals/standards, accessed 1 August 2017.

  67. 67.

    Emonds (2015).

  68. 68.

    Emonds (2015).This is approximately 25% of total sales of meat, fish and dairy in supermarkets over 2015. Estimation based on figures at http://detailhandel.info/index.cfm/branches/levensmiddelenzaken/supermarkten/, accessed 1 August 2017.

  69. 69.

    Kurth and Glasbergen (2017) and van Waarden and van Dalen (2015).

  70. 70.

    Raone (2013), p. 14.

  71. 71.

    See for example ten Kate (2014) and Scottish Fair Trade Forum (2013).

  72. 72.

    See also Lockie et al. (2013), p. 284; Kalfagianni and Andrade Roche (2017).

  73. 73.

    van der Meulen (2011b), pp. 85–86. See Mendelson (2014) for a critical evaluation of the incorporation of private standards in US federal regulations by reference, focussing on transparency, accountability and potential harms.

  74. 74.

    Regulation (EU) 625/2017 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 on official controls and other official activities performed to ensure the application of food and feed law, rules on animal health and welfare, plant health and plant protection products [2017] OJ L 95/1, Articles 29(b), 37(4e), 40(1a), 41(a), 93(3a).

  75. 75.

    BRC Global Standard Food Safety Issue 7, p. 112.

  76. 76.

    Lockie et al. (2013), pp. 279–280.

  77. 77.

    van der Meulen (2017).

  78. 78.

    Article 9(1) Regulation (EU) 2017/625 on official controls. Article 3(1) Regulation (EC) No 882/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on official controls performed to ensure the verification of compliance with feed and food law, animal health and animal welfare rules [2004] OJ L165/1had a similar provision.

  79. 79.

    Article 9(1) Regulation (EU) 2017/625 and Recital 13 Regulation 882/2004/EC.

  80. 80.

    Verbruggen and Havinga (2015). Comparable developments are observed in Canada and the United States, see Havinga and Verbruggen (2017), McAllister (2012), pp. 10–15; Oldfield (2015).

  81. 81.

    See http://ketenborging.nl/kwaliteitsschemas-en-status/, accessed 1 March 2017.

  82. 82.

    Wright et al. (2013).

  83. 83.

    Regulating our Future program https://www.food.gov.uk/search?keyword=regulating%20our%20future accessed 12 April 2017.

  84. 84.

    Galland (2017) and Verbruggen and van Leeuwen (2015).

  85. 85.

    Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 July 2008 setting out the requirements for accreditation and market surveillance relating to the marketing of products [2008] OJ L218/30.

  86. 86.

    Casey (2017).

  87. 87.

    Havinga and Verbruggen (2017), p. 202.

  88. 88.

    ‘A new development has been unannounced audits, arriving at the factory at 8am and entering for the inspection. In the event that access is denied for these assessments, the supplier is delisted.’ Jan Kranghand, Regional Director QA MCCI Asia, Metro China at the GFSI meeting 2015 (http://www.mygfsi.com/files/Executive_Summary/GFSC_2015_Executive_Summary_HD.pdf, accessed 4 September 2015).

  89. 89.

    GFSI Benchmarking Requirements Guidance document version 7, Part 2: Requirements for the management of schemes, 2.5.5 (at: www.mygfsi.com).

  90. 90.

    Verbruggen (2014), p. 251.

  91. 91.

    van der Voort (2015), p. 511.

  92. 92.

    Short and Toffel (2010), p. 386.

  93. 93.

    Beuger (2012) and van Wijk and Six (2014).

  94. 94.

    See http://www.mygfsi.com/news-resources/news/444-call-for-participation-in-new-gfsi-technical-working-group-food-safety-culture.html, accessed 28 April 2016.

  95. 95.

    Havinga and Verbruggen (2017).

  96. 96.

    GFSI Guidance document, Sixth Edition, Version 6.3, October 2013, p. 63 (2.3.7, 2.3.8).

  97. 97.

    Havinga and Verbruggen (2017).

  98. 98.

    GFSI’s Technical Working Groups are making headway, 2016-10-26. http://www.mygfsi.com/news-resources/latest-news/575-gfsi-s-technical-working-group-are-making-headway.html, accessed 1 August 2017.

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Acknowledgement

The author benefitted very much from the collaboration with Paul Verbruggen and Frans van Waarden in several related projects and is grateful for the comments by Harry Bremmers and an anonymous reviewer.

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  1. Radboud University, Sociology of Law, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Tetty Havinga

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  1. Tetty Havinga
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  1. Law and Governance Group, Wageningen University and Research (WUR), Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Harry Bremmers

  2. Law School, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Kai Purnhagen

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Havinga, T. (2018). Private Food Safety Standards in the EU. In: Bremmers, H., Purnhagen, K. (eds) Regulating and Managing Food Safety in the EU. Economic Analysis of Law in European Legal Scholarship, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77045-1_2

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