Skip to main content

Lymph Nodes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Atlas of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology
  • 1791 Accesses

Abstract

Just as the cytomorphological picture is composed of several microscopic components, the cytodiagnostic conclusion should be supported by several other components, such as the clinical setting and the ancillary techniques applied, particularly flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular genetic analyses for lymphomas, and immunohistochemistry for metastatic disease. In the strictest sense, cytomorphology should merely be regarded the first simple step of these methods. It should be emphasized that for most lymphomas, a lymph node biopsy is required for definitive diagnosis, with the possible exception of recurrent disease. Thus, the cytodiagnostic conclusion, with respect to the clinical context, and with application of the relevant ancillary techniques, should guide the decision whether to proceed to histopathological examination of the lymph node. The updated chapter adheres to the most recent WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms from 2016 and describes in detail the cytomorphological features of most of the entities encountered in everyday practice, including metastatic disease, with an extensive set of illustrations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 279.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Zajdela A, Ennuyer A, Bataini P, Poncet P. Value of the cytologic diagnosis of adenopathies by aspiration biopsy. Cytohistologic comparison of 1756 cases. Bull Cancer. 1976;63(3):327–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Russell J, Orell S, Skinner J, Seshadri R. Fine needle aspiration cytology in the management of lymphoma. Aust NZ J Med. 1983;13(4):365–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Kline TS, Kannan V, Kline IK. Lymphadenopathy and aspiration biopsy cytology. Review of 376 superficial nodes. Cancer. 1984;54(6):1076–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Pilotti S, Di Palma S, Alasio L, Bartoli C, Rilke F. Diagnostic assessment of enlarged superficial lymph nodes by fine needle aspiration. Acta Cytol. 1993;37(6):853–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Steel BL, Schwartz MR, Ramzy I. Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy in 1,103 patients. Role, limitations and analysis of diagnostic pitfalls. Acta Cytol. 1995;39(1):76–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Oh EJ, Hong SW, Jeong HJ, Yoon SO. The diagnostic approach to fine-needle aspiration of malignant lymphoma: using cytomorphology and immunocytochemistry with cell transfer method. Diagn Cytopathol. 2014;42(8):671–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Zeppa P, Marino G, Troncone G, Fulciniti F, De Renzo A, Picardi M, et al. Fine-needle cytology and flow cytometry immunophenotyping and subclassification of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a critical review of 307 cases with technical suggestions. Cancer. 2004;102(1):55–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Chen YH, Gong Y. Cytopathology in the diagnosis of lymphoma. Cancer Treat Res. 2014;160:211–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Wakely PE Jr. The diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma using fine-needle aspiration cytopathology: a work in progress. Cancer Cytopathol. 2010;118(5):238–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fulciniti F, Vetrani A, Zeppa P, Giordano G, Marino M, De Rosa G, et al. Hodgkin’s disease: diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration; a report based on 62 consecutive cases. Cytopathology. 1994;5(4):226–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Prasad RR, Narasimhan R, Sankaran V, Veliath AJ. Fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of superficial lymphadenopathy: an analysis of 2,418 cases. Diagn Cytopathol. 1996;15(5):382–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Das DK. Value and limitations of fine-needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis and classification of lymphomas: a review. Diagn Cytopathol. 1999;21(4):240–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Wakely PE Jr. Fine-needle aspiration cytopathology in diagnosis and classification of malignant lymphoma: accurate and reliable? Diagn Cytopathol. 2000;22(2):120–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Jimenez-Heffernan JA, Vicandi B, Lopez-Ferrer P, Hardisson D, Viguer JM. Value of fine needle aspiration cytology in the initial diagnosis of Hodgkin’s disease. Analysis of 188 cases with an emphasis on diagnostic pitfalls. Acta Cytol. 2001;45(3):300–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Chhieng DC, Cangiarella JF, Symmans WF, Cohen JM. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of Hodgkin disease: a study of 89 cases with emphasis on false-negative cases. Cancer. 2001;93(1):52–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Jogai S, Dey P, Al Jassar A, Amanguno HG, Adesina AO. Role of fine needle aspiration cytology in nodular sclerosis variant of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Acta Cytol. 2006;50(5):507–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Das DK, Francis IM, Sharma PN, Sathar SA, John B, George SS, et al. Hodgkin’s lymphoma: diagnostic difficulties in fine-needle aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol. 2009;37(8):564–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Young NA, Moriarty AT, Haja JC, Wilbur DC. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of lymphoproliferative disorders – interpretations based on morphologic criteria alone: results from the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Nongynecologic Cytopathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130(12):1766–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Caraway NP. Evolving role of FNA biopsy in diagnosing lymphoma: past, present, and future. Cancer Cytopathol. 2015;123(7):389–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Delgado J, Matutes E, Morilla AM, Morilla RM, Owusu-Ankomah KA, Rafiq-Mohammed F, et al. Diagnostic significance of CD20 and FMC7 expression in B-cell disorders. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003;120(5):754–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Mourad WA, Tulbah A, Shoukri M, Al Dayel F, Akhtar M, Ali MA, et al. Primary diagnosis and REAL/WHO classification of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma by fine-needle aspiration: cytomorphologic and immunophenotypic approach. Diagn Cytopathol. 2003;28(4):191–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Pileri S, Harris NL. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon: IARC Press; 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Meda BA, Buss DH, Woodruff RD, Cappellari JO, Rainer RO, Powell BL, et al. Diagnosis and subclassification of primary and recurrent lymphoma. The usefulness and limitations of combined fine-needle aspiration cytomorphology and flow cytometry. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;113(5):688–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Nicol TL, Silberman M, Rosenthal DL, Borowitz MJ. The accuracy of combined cytopathologic and flow cytometric analysis of fine-needle aspirates of lymph nodes. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;114(1):18–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cannon CR, Richardson LD. Value of flow cytometry in the evaluation of head and neck fine-needle lymphoid aspirates: a 3-year retrospective review of a community-based practice. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;124(5):544–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Dong HY, Harris NL, Preffer FI, Pitman MB. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and classification of primary and recurrent lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of the utility of cytomorphology and flow cytometry. Mod Pathol. 2001;14(5):472–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Liu K, Stern RC, Rogers RT, Dodd LG, Mann KP. Diagnosis of hematopoietic processes by fine-needle aspiration in conjunction with flow cytometry: a review of 127 cases. Diagn Cytopathol. 2001;24(1):1–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Stetler-Stevenson M. Flow cytometry in lymphoma diagnosis and prognosis: useful? Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2003;16(4):583–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sigstad E, Dong HP, Davidson B, Berner A, Tierens A, Risberg B. The role of flow cytometric immunophenotyping in improving the diagnostic accuracy in referred fine-needle aspiration specimens. Diagn Cytopathol. 2004;31(3):159–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Dunphy CH. Applications of flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry to diagnostic hematopathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128(9):1004–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Laane E, Tani E, Bjorklund E, Elmberger G, Everaus H, Skoog L, et al. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping including Bcl-2 detection on fine needle aspirates in the diagnosis of reactive lymphadenopathy and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 2005;64(1):34–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Dey P. Role of ancillary techniques in diagnosing and subclassifying non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas on fine needle aspiration cytology. Cytopathology. 2006;17(5):275–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Swart GJ, Wright C, Brundyn K, Mansvelt E, du Plessis M, ten Oever D, et al. Fine needle aspiration biopsy and flow cytometry in the diagnosis of lymphoma. Transfus Apher Sci. 2007;37(1):71–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Zeppa P, Vigliar E, Cozzolino I, Troncone G, Picardi M, De Renzo A, et al. Fine needle aspiration cytology and flow cytometry immunophenotyping of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: can we do better? Cytopathology. 2010;21(5):300–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Schmid S, Tinguely M, Cione P, Moch H, Bode B. Flow cytometry as an accurate tool to complement fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of low grade malignant lymphomas. Cytopathology. 2011;22(6):397–406.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Jorgensen JL. State of the Art Symposium: flow cytometry in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders by fine-needle aspiration. Cancer. 2005;105(6):443–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cozzolino I, Rocco M, Villani G, Picardi M. Lymph node fine-needle cytology of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: diagnosis and classification by flow cytometry. Acta Cytol. 2016;60(4):302–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Rajab A, Axler O, Leung J, Wozniak M, Porwit A. Ten-color 15-antibody flow cytometry panel for immunophenotyping of lymphocyte population. Int J Lab Hematol. 2017;39(Suppl 1):76–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. van Dongen JJ, Langerak AW, Bruggemann M, Evans PA, Hummel M, Lavender FL, et al. Design and standardization of PCR primers and protocols for detection of clonal immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene recombinations in suspect lymphoproliferations: report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BMH4-CT98-3936. Leukemia. 2003;17(12):2257–317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Burgart LJ, Robinson RA, Heller MJ, Wilke WW, Iakoubova OK, Cheville JC. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Mod Pathol. 1992;5(3):320–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Dictor M, Warenholt J, Isinger A. Resolving T-cell receptor clonality in two and genotype in four multiplex polymerase chain reactions. Haematologica. 2005;90(11):1524–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Langerak AW, Molina TJ, Lavender FL, Pearson D, Flohr T, Sambade C, et al. Polymerase chain reaction-based clonality testing in tissue samples with reactive lymphoproliferations: usefulness and pitfalls. A report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BMH4-CT98-3936. Leukemia. 2007;21(2):222–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. da Cunha Santos G, Ko HM, Geddie WR, Boerner SL, Lai SW, Have C, et al. Targeted use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in cytospin preparations: results of 298 fine needle aspirates of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Cytopathol. 2010;118(5):250–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Safley AM, Buckley PJ, Creager AJ, Dash RC, Dodd LG, Goodman BK, et al. The value of fluorescence in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma by fine-needle aspiration. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128(12):1395–403.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Caraway NP, Gu J, Lin P, Romaguera JE, Glassman A, Katz R. The utility of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of the translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) in the diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma on fine-needle aspiration specimens. Cancer. 2005;105(2):110–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kondratowicz GM, Symmons DP, Bacon PA, Mageed RA, Jones EL. Rheumatoid lymphadenopathy: a morphological and immunohistochemical study. J Clin Pathol. 1990;43(2):106–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Herndier BG. Surgical pathology of HIV associated lymphoproliferations. Cancer Surv. 1991;10:135–49.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kardos TF, Kornstein MJ, Frable WJ. Cytology and immunocytology of infectious mononucleosis in fine needle aspirates of lymph nodes. Acta Cytol. 1988;32(5):722–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Stanley MW, Steeper TA, Horwitz CA, Burton LG, Strickler JG, Borken S. Fine-needle aspiration of lymph nodes in patients with acute infectious mononucleosis. Diagn Cytopathol. 1990;6(5):323–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Clark DP, Ali SZ. Reed-Sternberg-like cells in lymph node aspirates in the absence of Hodgkin’s disease: pathologic significance and differential diagnosis. Diagn Cytopathol. 2002;27(6):335–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ramakrishnan T, Gloster E, Bonagura VR, Valacer DJ, Ilowite NT. Eosinophilic lymphadenitis in Lyme disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989;8(3):180–1.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Hartsock RJ, Bellanti JA. Postvaccinal lymphadenitis. GP. 1969;39(1):99–105.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Jeng YM, Tien HF, Su IJ. Phenytoin-induced pseudolymphoma: reevaluation using modern molecular biology techniques. Epilepsia. 1996;37(1):104–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Galed-Placed I. Fine needle aspiration cytology of dermatopathic lymphadenitis. Acta Cytol. 2000;44(5):931–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Santos-Briz A Jr, Lopez-Rios F, Santos-Briz A, De Agustin PP. Granulomatous reaction to silicone in axillary lymph nodes. A case report with cytologic findings. Acta Cytol. 1999;43(6):1163–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Stastny JF, Wilkerson ML, Hamati HF, Kornstein MJ. Cytologic features of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. A report of three cases. Acta Cytol. 1997;41(3):871–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kakkar S, Kapila K, Verma K. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in lymph nodes. Cytomorphologic diagnosis and pitfalls. Acta Cytol. 2001;45(3):327–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ruco LP, Remotti D, Monardo F, Uccini S, Cristiani ML, Modesti A, et al. Letterer-Siwe disease: immunohistochemical evidence for a proliferative disorder involving immature cells of Langerhans lineage. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1988;413(3):239–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ellison E, Lapuerta P, Martin SE. Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of mycobacterial lymphadenitis. Sensitivity and predictive value in the United States. Acta Cytol. 1999;43(2):153–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Balaji J, Sundaram SS, Rathinam SN, Rajeswari PA, Kumari ML. Fine needle aspiration cytology in childhood TB lymphadenitis. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76(12):1241–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Samaila M, Oluwole OP. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosis. Niger J Clin Pract. 2011;14(3):297–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Klemi PJ, Elo JJ, Joensuu H. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of granulomatous disorders. Sarcoidosis. 1987;4(1):38–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Stastny JF, Wakely PE Jr, Frable WJ. Cytologic features of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation consistent with cat-scratch disease. Diagn Cytopathol. 1996;15(2):108–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Cavett JR 3rd, McAfee R, Ramzy I. Hansen’s disease (leprosy). Diagnosis by aspiration biopsy of lymph nodes. Acta Cytol. 1986;30(2):189–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Saleh H, Williams TM, Minda JM, Gupta PK. Whipple’s disease involving the mesenteric lymph nodes diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration. Diagn Cytopathol. 1992;8(2):177–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Mittal P, Handa U, Mohan H, Gupta V. Comparative evaluation of fine needle aspiration cytology, culture, and PCR in diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis. Diagn Cytopathol. 2011;39(11):822–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hutchinson CB, Wang E. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010;134(2):289–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Osborn M, Aqel N, Levine TS. The fine needle aspiration appearances of Kikuchi’s lymphadenitis. Cytopathology. 2009;20(1):36–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Pai MR, Adhikari P, Coimbatore RV, Ahmed S. Fine needle aspiration cytology in systemic lupus erythematosus lymphadenopathy. A case report. Acta Cytol. 2000;44(1):67–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Viguer JM, Jimenez-Heffernan JA, Lopez-Ferrer P, Gonzalez-Peramato P, Vicandi B. Fine needle aspiration of toxoplasmic (Piringer-Kuchinka) lymphadenitis: a cytohistologic correlation study. Acta Cytol. 2005;49(2):139–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Savva D, Morris JC, Johnson JD, Holliman RE. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of toxoplasma gondii. J Med Microbiol. 1990;32(1):25–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Sah SP, Prasad R, Raj GA. Fine needle aspiration of lymphadenopathy in visceral leishmaniasis. Acta Cytol. 2005;49(3):286–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Jang DW, Khan A, Genden EM, Wu M. Syphilitic lymphadenitis diagnosed via fine needle aspiration biopsy. Diagn Cytopathol. 2011;39(8):603–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Dilip S, Toi P, Burman PP, Ramdas A, Varghese RG. Kimura’s disease – cytodiagnostic pointers: a case report. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2007;50(2):420–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Radaszkiewicz T, Hansmann ML, Lennert K. Monoclonality and polyclonality of plasma cells in Castleman’s disease of the plasma cell variant. Histopathology. 1989;14(1):11–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Younes M, Podesta A, Helie M, Buckley P. Infection of T but not B lymphocytes by cytomegalovirus in lymph node. An immunophenotypic study. Am J Surg Pathol. 1991;15(1):75–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Miliauskas JR, Leong AS. Localized herpes simplex lymphadenitis: report of three cases and review of the literature. Histopathology. 1991;19(4):355–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sudha A, Vivekanand N. Cytologic picture of Castleman’s disease: a report of two cases. J Cytol. 2010;27(4):152–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, Haverkamp H, Engert A, Balleisen L, Majunke P, Heil G, et al. Lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma: clinical presentation and treatment outcome in 100 patients treated within German Hodgkin’s Study Group trials. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(24):5739–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kardos TF, Vinson JH, Behm FG, Frable WJ, O’Dowd GJ. Hodgkin’s disease: diagnosis by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Analysis of cytologic criteria from a selected series. Am J Clin Pathol. 1986;86(3):286–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Moreland WS, Geisinger KR. Utility and outcomes of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in Hodgkin’s disease. Diagn Cytopathol. 2002;26(5):278–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Moriarty AT, Banks ER, Bloch T. Cytologic criteria for subclassification of Hodgkin’s disease using fine-needle aspiration. Diagn Cytopathol. 1989;5(2):122–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Kolonic SO, Prasek-Kudrna K, Roso V, Radic-Kristo D, Planinc-Peraica A, Dzebro S, et al. Value of fine-needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis of Hodgkin’s lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma: one centre experience. Coll Antropol. 2010;34(1):75–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Burkitt D. A sarcoma involving the jaws in African children. Br J Surg. 1958;46(197):218–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Magrath IT, Sariban E. Clinical features of Burkitt’s lymphoma in the USA. IARC Sci Publ. 1985;60:119–27.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Raphael M, Gentilhomme O, Tulliez M, Byron PA, Diebold J. Histopathologic features of high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The French Study Group of Pathology for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1991;115(1):15–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H, Banks PM, Chan JK, Cleary ML, et al. A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood. 1994;84(5):1361–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Schrager JA, Pittaluga S, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. Granulomatous reaction in Burkitt lymphoma: correlation with EBV positivity and clinical outcome. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(8):1115–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Hummel M, Bentink S, Berger H, Klapper W, Wessendorf S, Barth TF, et al. A biologic definition of Burkitt’s lymphoma from transcriptional and genomic profiling. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(23):2419–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Wickert RS, Weisenburger DD, Tierens A, Greiner TC, Chan WC. Clonal relationship between lymphocytic predominance Hodgkin’s disease and concurrent or subsequent large-cell lymphoma of B lineage. Blood. 1995;86(6):2312–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Cozzolino I, Varone V, Picardi M, Baldi C, Memoli D, Ciancia G, et al. CD10, BCL6, and MUM1 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma on FNA samples. Cancer Cytopathol. 2016;124(2):135–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Ottensmeier CH, Thompsett AR, Zhu D, Wilkins BS, Sweetenham JW, Stevenson FK. Analysis of VH genes in follicular and diffuse lymphoma shows ongoing somatic mutation and multiple isotype transcripts in early disease with changes during disease progression. Blood. 1998;91(11):4292–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Wahlin BE, Yri OE, Kimby E, Holte H, Delabie J, Smeland EB, et al. Clinical significance of the WHO grades of follicular lymphoma in a population-based cohort of 505 patients with long follow-up times. Br J Haematol. 2012;156(2):225–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Horn H, Schmelter C, Leich E, Salaverria I, Katzenberger T, Ott MM, et al. Follicular lymphoma grade 3B is a distinct neoplasm according to cytogenetic and immunohistochemical profiles. Haematologica. 2011;96(9):1327–34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Mansoor A, Akbari M, Auer I, Lai R. Cyclin D1 and t(11;14)-positive B-cell neoplasms resembling marginal zone B-cell lymphoma: a morphological variant of mantle cell lymphoma. Hum Pathol. 2007;38(5):797–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Wasik AM, Priebe V, Lord M, Jeppsson-Ahlberg A, Christensson B, Sander B. Flow cytometric analysis of SOX11: a new diagnostic method for distinguishing B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma from mantle cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56(5):1425–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Zhang YH, Liu J, Dawlett M, Guo M, Sun X, Gong Y. The role of SOX11 immunostaining in confirming the diagnosis of mantle cell lymphoma on fine-needle aspiration samples. Cancer Cytopathol. 2014;122(12):892–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Rizvi MA, Evens AM, Tallman MS, Nelson BP, Rosen ST. T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2006;107(4):1255–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Rudiger T, Weisenburger DD, Anderson JR, Armitage JO, Diebold J, MacLennan KA, et al. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (excluding anaplastic large-cell lymphoma): results from the Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Classification Project. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(1):140–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Mourad N, Mounier N, Briere J, Raffoux E, Delmer A, Feller A, et al. Clinical, biologic, and pathologic features in 157 patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma treated within the Groupe d’Etude des Lymphomes de l’Adulte (GELA) trials. Blood. 2008;111(9):4463–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  101. Attygalle AD, Chuang SS, Diss TC, Du MQ, Isaacson PG, Dogan A. Distinguishing angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma from peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, using morphology, immunophenotype and molecular genetics. Histopathology. 2007;50(4):498–508.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Tan BT, Warnke RA, Arber DA. The frequency of B- and T-cell gene rearrangements and Epstein-Barr virus in T-cell lymphomas: a comparison between angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified with and without associated B-cell proliferations. J Mol Diagn. 2006;8(4):466–75. quiz 527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Goto N, Tsurumi H, Sawada M, Kanemura N, Hara T, Kasahara S, et al. Follicular variant of peripheral T-cell lymphoma mimicking follicular lymphoma: a case report with a review of the literature. Pathol Int. 2011;61(5):326–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Morris SW, Kirstein MN, Valentine MB, Dittmer KG, Shapiro DN, Saltman DL, et al. Fusion of a kinase gene, ALK, to a nucleolar protein gene, NPM, in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Science. 1994;263(5151):1281–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Falini B, Pileri S, Zinzani PL, Carbone A, Zagonel V, Wolf-Peeters C, et al. ALK+ lymphoma: clinico-pathological findings and outcome. Blood. 1999;93(8):2697–706.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. ten Berge RL, Oudejans JJ, Ossenkoppele GJ, Meijer CJ. ALK-negative systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma: differential diagnostic and prognostic aspects – a review. J Pathol. 2003;200(1):4–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Keech JA Jr, Creech BJ. Anaplastic T-cell lymphoma in proximity to a saline-filled breast implant. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100(2):554–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. de Jong D, Vasmel WL, de Boer JP, Verhave G, Barbe E, Casparie MK, et al. Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in women with breast implants. JAMA. 2008;300(17):2030–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Xu J, Wei S. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma: review of a distinct clinicopathologic entity. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014;138(6):842–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Foss HD, Anagnostopoulos I, Araujo I, Assaf C, Demel G, Kummer JA, et al. Anaplastic large-cell lymphomas of T-cell and null-cell phenotype express cytotoxic molecules. Blood. 1996;88(10):4005–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Bonzheim I, Geissinger E, Roth S, Zettl A, Marx A, Rosenwald A, et al. Anaplastic large cell lymphomas lack the expression of T-cell receptor molecules or molecules of proximal T-cell receptor signaling. Blood. 2004;104(10):3358–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. A clinical evaluation of the International Lymphoma Study Group classification of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Classification Project. Blood. 1997;89(11):3909–18.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Berger F, Felman P, Thieblemont C, Pradier T, Baseggio L, Bryon PA, et al. Non-MALT marginal zone B-cell lymphomas: a description of clinical presentation and outcome in 124 patients. Blood. 2000;95(6):1950–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Berger F, Traverse-Glehen A, Felman P, Callet-Bauchu E, Baseggio L, Gazzo S, et al. Clinicopathologic features of Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia and marginal zone lymphoma: are they distinct or the same entity? Clin Lymphoma. 2005;5(4):220–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Alkuwari E, Auger M. Accuracy of fine-needle aspiration cytology of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients: a study of 115 cases with cytologic-histologic correlation. Cancer. 2008;114(2):89–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Pecciarini L, Giulia Cangi M, Doglioni C. Identifying the primary site of metastatic carcinoma: the increasing role of immunohistochemistry. Curr Diagn Pathol. 2001;7:168–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Ustun M, Risberg B, Davidson B, Berner A. Cystic change in metastatic lymph nodes: a common diagnostic pitfall in fine-needle aspiration cytology. Diagn Cytopathol. 2002;27(6):387–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Chi HS, Wang LF, Chiang FY, Kuo WR, Lee KW. Branchial cleft cyst as the initial impression of a metastatic thyroid papillary carcinoma: two case reports. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2007;23(12):634–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Orell SS, GF, editors. Fine needle aspiration cytology: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, Amsterdam; 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Fong Y, Coit DG, Woodruff JM, Brennan MF. Lymph node metastasis from soft tissue sarcoma in adults. Analysis of data from a prospective database of 1772 sarcoma patients. Ann Surg. 1993;217(1):72–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Dabbs D. Diagnostic immunohistochemistry. Philadelphia: Saunders, Elsevier; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Fletcher CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F, editors. Pathology and genetics of tumours of soft tissue and bone. Lyon: IARC press; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mats Ehinger .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ehinger, M., Åkerman, M. (2019). Lymph Nodes. In: Domanski, H. (eds) Atlas of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76980-6_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76980-6_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-76979-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-76980-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics